Deck 21: The Endocrine System Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

Question 1

In order to maintain a positive energy balance, the body must

A) increase activity.
B) consume more energy than it expends.
C) reduce the amount of heat produced by the body.
D) expend more energy than it consumes.
E) limit caloric intake.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What happens to glucose during the postabsorptive state?

A) Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is spared for use by the nervous system.
B) Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is the primary energy source for all body cells.
C) Glucose is stored as glycogen and is the primary energy source for all body cells.
D) Glucose is stored as glycogen and spared for use by the nervous system.
E) Glucose is converted to fat for storage.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most energy stores for the body are in the form of

A) triglycerides : the liver
B) glycogen : skeletal muscle
C) glycogen : the liver
D) glycogen : adipose tissue
E) triglycerides : adipose tissue

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE of the absorptive state?

A) Energy input is less than output and thus is stored in macromolecules.
B) Energy input is equal to energy output and thus, the body is in energy balance.
C) Energy input exceeds output and thus is released from breakdown of macromolecules.
D) Energy input exceeds output and thus is stored in macromolecules.
E) Energy input is less than output and thus is released from breakdown of macromolecules.

Question 5

Which tissue/organ packages triglycerides into very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

A) intestinal tract
B) liver
C) skeletal muscle
D) pancreas
E) adipose tissue

Question 6

Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA?

A) Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it directly provides electrons to the electron transport chain.
B) Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it is a substrate for the Krebs cycle and for lipid synthesis.
C) Acetyl CoA provides electrons to the electron transport chain and is a substrate for fatty acid synthesis.
D) Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis.
E) Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and a substrate for carbohydrate synthesis.

Question 7

Which statement best describes why proteins are not synthesized into storage molecules?

A) Proteins denature too easily.
B) The body has no enzymes that can break down proteins.
C) Proteins cannot be stored because their peptide bonds cannot be broken.
D) Proteins primarily have a structural function in connective tissues and play many functional roles such as enzymes and hormones.
E) Proteins cannot be stored because they produce toxic waste products.

Question 8

When carbohydrates are consumed, they can be used to produce for storage.

A) carbon dioxide : fat
B) energy : glycogen
C) energy: cellulose
D) carbon dioxide : glycogen
E) energy : fat

Question 9

Which cell type stores the majority of the body's glycogen?

A) skeletal muscle
B) adipocyte
C) liver
D) kidney
E) nervous tissue

Question 10

In order to lose weight, a person must

A) be in a state of positive energy balance.
B) be less active.
C) produce more heat to increase energy consumption.
D) be in a state of negative energy balance.
E) consume more calories than are expended.

Question 11

What is the fate of most of the amino acids that enter the liver?

A) They are converted to glycogen.
B) They are converted directly into energy.
C) They are synthesized into proteins.
D) They are stored in very -low -density lipoproteins in their native form.
E) They are converted to keto acids that become fatty acids.

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates the form in which carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, respectively, are transported in the bloodstream?

A) glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins
B) glucose, dipeptides, and fatty acids
C) glycogen, tripeptides, and fatty acids
D) disaccharides, amino acids, and lipoproteins
E) glycogen, amino acids, and triglycerides

Question 13

Which metabolic pathway would be utilized for sprinting?

A) glycolysis
B) electron transport chain
C) formation of acetyl CoA
D) lipolysis
E) Krebs cycle

Question 14

What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals?

A) heart
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) skeletal muscles
E) brain

Question 15

When amino acids are used for energy, they must be deaminated. In the process, is produced, and eventually eliminated from the body in the form of .

A) carbonic acid : carbon dioxide and water
B) nitrogen : nitrous oxide and water
C) ammonia : nitrous oxide
D) ammonia : urea
E) nitrogen : bilirubin

Question 16

During the absorptive state, the primary energy source for most of the body cells is

A) fatty acids recently absorbed into the bloodstream.
B) glucose supplied from glycogen.
C) fatty acids supplied from triglycerides.
D) amino acids supplied from proteins.
E) glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 17

What is the fate of any excess glucose in the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen?

A) It is attached to very -low -density lipoprotein in its native form.
B) It is converted into fatty acids.
C) It accumulates within the cell until released.
D) It is converted into amino acids.
E) It is immediately released back into the bloodstream.

Question 18

Under which of the following conditions is the basal metabolic rate measured?

A) sitting, awake, and having fasted for 24 hours
B) lying down, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
C) lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 12 hours
D) standing, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
E) lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 24 hours

Question 19

provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue.

A) Proteins
B) Fats
C) Nucleic acid
D) Ketones
E) Carbohydrates

Question 20

Which statement BEST describes what type of exercise one would use if they want to burn a lot of fat?

A) light weight training over a short period
B) intense cardiovascular exercise over a short period
C) intense weight training over a long period
D) light -to -moderate exercise over a long duration
E) intense exercising until completely fatigued

Question 21

Glucagon is secreted from

A) alpha : anabolism
B) delta : anabolism
C) beta : anabolism
D) beta : catabolism
E) alpha : catabolism

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?

A) inhibit the breakdown of proteins
B) inhibit the breakdown of fats
C) inhibit the breakdown of glycogen
D) inhibit gluconeogenesis
E) inhibit glycogenesis

Question 23

Which statement best describes why exercise can increase the ability of the body to utilize insulin more effectively?

A) Exercise stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin.
B) Exercise increases your heart rate and therefore your blood flow getting insulin to the cells faster.
C) Exercise increases your metabolic activity rate.
D) Exercise triggers the formation of GLUT4 receptors on the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes.
E) Exercise increases the secretion of glucagon.

Question 24

How does insulin increase cellular uptake of glucose?

A) increasing the activity of the sodium -linked glucose transporter
B) causing GLUT1 to be incorporated into the membrane of cells
C) activating the Na⁺/K⁺ pump
D) causing the sodium -linked glucose transporter to be incorporated into the membrane of cells
E) causing GLUT4 to be incorporated into the plasma membrane of some cells

Question 25

The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from absorptive to postabsorptive state are largely triggered by increases in what hormone?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) thyroid hormone
E) epinephrine

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an action of the hormone glucagon?

A) increased protein degradation
B) increased gluconeogenesis
C) increased ketone synthesis
D) increased glycogenolysis
E) increased triglyceride synthesis

Question 27

Which of the following statements about the liver is TRUE?

A) The liver synthesizes triglycerides and packages them into lipoproteins during the absorptive state.
B) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver during the absorptive state.
C) The liver contains most of the triglyceride stores in the body.
D) Ketones are produced in the liver during the absorptive state.
E) The liver contains most of the glycogen stores in the body.

Question 28

Insulin is secreted by the _

A) alpha : anabolism
B) delta : anabolism
C) alpha : catabolism
D) beta : catabolism
E) beta : anabolism

Question 29

In the postabsorptive state, what do most cells use for energy?

A) amino acids
B) cellulose
C) lipids
D) glycogen
E) glucose

Question 30

The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from postabsorptive to absorptive state are largely triggered by increases in what hormone?

A) thyroid hormone
B) insulin
C) epinephrine
D) glucagon
E) cortisol

Question 31

Nutrients that are absorbed in excess of the body's needs are

A) excreted as waste products.
B) stored as glycogen.
C) stored in the skeletal muscles.
D) stored in skeletal and smooth muscle.
E) stored as fat.

Question 32

What is glucose sparing?

A) cells utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose
B) an increase in glycogenolysis to mobilize glycogen stores
C) cells utilize glucose for energy instead of fatty acids
D) an increase in glycogenesis to increase glycogen stores
E) an increase in gluconeogenesis to conserve glycogen stores

Question 33

Glucose molecules derived from glycogen must be

A) deaminated
B) dephosphorylated
C) phosphorylated
D) converted to a metabolic intermediate
E) converted to a fatty acid

Question 34

Which of the following increases the release of glucagon?

A) increased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
B) increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
C) decreased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids
D) decreased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
E) increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids

Question 35

During the postabsorptive state, what happens to the blood levels of insulin and glucagon?

A) Glucagon increases, whereas insulin levels do not change.
B) Insulin decreases, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase.
C) Insulin and glucagon both increase.
D) Insulin and glucagon both decrease.
E) Insulin increases, whereas blood levels of glucagon decrease.

Question 36

Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?

A) increased blood amino acids
B) increased blood glucose
C) increased epinephrine
D) increased parasympathetic nervous activity
E) increased glucose -dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 37

Insulin and glucagon are known as

A) antagonistic
B) synergistic
C) agonist
D) activated
E) permissive

Question 38

During prolonged periods of fasting the CNS acquires the ability to use thereby freeing it from some of its dependence on glucose.

A) fatty acids
B) ketones
C) amino acids
D) proteins
E) phosphates

Question 39

Breakdown of glycogen stores in what organ is required for the maintenance of blood glucose?

A) liver
B) adipose tissue
C) pancreas
D) skin
E) skeletal muscle

Question 40

The glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle cells

A) can be used by any skeletal muscle cell.
B) can only be used by that skeletal muscle cell.
C) is more hygroscopic than liver glycogen.
D) is released into the blood to maintain blood glucose.
E) is rarely used for energy.

Question 41

Which of the following increases blood glucose levels?

A) increases in insulin only
B) increases in glucagon only
C) increases in epinephrine only
D) increases in both insulin and epinephrine
E) increases in both glucagon and epinephrine

Question 42

What is the process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through electromagnetic waves called?

A) sweating
B) conduction
C) convection
D) radiation
E) evaporation

Question 43

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that involves insulin and how it affects the body. Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A) The cells of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus are less sensitive to insulin than the cells of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus is usually the result of a person's auto -immunity to the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin.
C) People with type 2 diabetes are most often diagnosed during adulthood while type 1 diabetics are diagnosed early in life.
D) There are fewer people in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus than there are people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
E) Type 1 diabetes mellitus is often associated with lifestyle habits while type 2 diabetes mellitus is almost always genetic.

Question 44

A patient would be considered to be hypoglycemic when his or her fasting blood glucose level is

A) 300 mg/dL.
B) 140 mg/dL.
C) 60 mg/dL.
D) 200 mg/dL.
E) 110 mg/dL.

Question 45

The primary mechanism for regulating body temperature is to

A) sweat.
B) release epinephrine.
C) vary the amount of blood flowing to the skin.
D) shiver.
E) produce pyrogens.

Question 46

The release of glucagon during the absorptive state by certain amino acids in a high -protein meal would facilitate the

A) maintenance of blood glucose in a low -carbohydrate meal.
B) synthesis of proteins.
C) growth of muscle.
D) synthesis of triglycerides.
E) uptake of amino acids.

Question 47

What is the process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through direct contact with a solid body called?

A) evaporation
B) conduction
C) radiation
D) sweating
E) convection

Question 48

Glucagon increases plasma glucose concentration by promoting

A) lipolysis : glycogenolysis
B) gluconeogenesis : glycogenolysis
C) ketone synthesis : triglyceride synthesis
D) glycogenolysis : triglyceride synthesis
E) glycogen synthesis : triglyceride synthesis

Question 49

A patient would be considered to be hyperglycemic when his or her fasting blood glucose level is

A) 60 mg/dL.
B) 130 mg/dL.
C) 140 mg/dL.
D) 110 mg/dL.
E) 90 mg/dL.

Question 50

Prolonged exposure to a cold environment can cause

A) poikilothermia.
B) normothermia.
C) hyperthermia.
D) ectothermia.
E) hypothermia.

Question 51

Glucagon secretion _ in diabetes mellitus because .

A) decreases : there is often an increase in sympathetic system activity in diabetes mellitus
B) increases : it will enhance the secondary active transport of glucose into the cells
C) decreases : the beta cells in the pancreas are responding to the hyperglycemia
D) increases : the plasma glucose levels are unstable and glucagon prevents hypoglycemia
E) increases : the alpha cells in the pancreas are signaling for more glucose

Question 52

The decrease in blood glucose activates glucose receptors in the brain, which leads directly to a(n)

A) increase in parasympathetic activity.
B) increase in the release of insulin.
C) decrease in parasympathetic activity.
D) decrease in the release of insulin.
E) increase in sympathetic activity.

Question 53

Which statement best describes the "wind chill factor"?

A) Wind chill is to the result of evaporation of sweat from your skin.
B) Wind chill is the result of convection transferring heat away from your body due to the movement of air.
C) Wind chill will occur regardless of air temperature.
D) Wind chill occurs when the air in the environment is colder than your body temperature.
E) Wind chill is to the result of conduction transferring your body heat via the movement of air.

Question 54

What condition occurs when heat production exceeds heat loss?

A) poikilothermia
B) hypothermia
C) hyperthermia
D) ectothermia
E) normothermia

Question 55

When a person sits on a metal chair on a cold day, they feel the cold of the metal. This is an example of

A) evaporation.
B) convection.
C) radiation.
D) conduction.
E) cold feet.

Question 56

What do peripheral thermoreceptors detect?

A) temperature in the hypothalamus
B) blood temperature
C) core body temperature
D) temperature in the heart
E) skin temperature

Question 57

Insulin decreases plasma glucose concentration in what three ways?

A) uptake of glucose into the cells, converting it to glycogen, and increasing gluconeogenesis
B) uptake of glucose into the cells, converting free glucose in cells to glycogen, and suppressing gluconeogenesis
C) storing it as glycogen in the liver, muscles, and pancreas
D) turning it into ATP, protein, and fats
E) through glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 58

What is the normal fasting range for blood glucose?

A) 90 -180 mg/dL
B) 70 -110 mg/dL
C) 10 -60 mg/dL
D) 150 -300 mg/dL
E) 50 -100 mg/dL

Question 59

Which statement best describes what will happen following a meal rich in proteins but low in carbohydrates?

A) The body would become toxic due to the breakdown of proteins into urea.
B) Glucose levels would rise only slightly because rising levels of amino acids would stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion.
C) The body would produce very little energy because proteins do not provide energy.
D) Glucose levels would drop slightly due to the secretion of insulin from both the carbohydrates and proteins in the digestive tract.
E) Glucose levels would increase dramatically due to gluconeogenesis.

Question 60

Which term best describes excess sugar in the urine?

A) glucosuria
B) hypoglycemia
C) hyperlipidemia
D) ketosis
E) hyperglycemia

Question 61

Which of the following does NOT enhance the release of growth hormone?

A) stress
B) sleep
C) exercise
D) increased plasma amino acids
E) increased plasma glucose

Question 62

What is the function of gap junctions in bone?

A) for action potential transmission that initiates bone deposition by osteoclasts
B) for action potential transmission that initiates bone resorption by osteoclasts
C) for action potential transmission that initiates bone deposition by osteoblasts
D) for action potential transmission that initiates bone resorption by osteoblasts
E) to provide nutrients to cells embedded within the rigid bone matrix

Question 63

What is the ultimate cause of the increase in body temperature associated with an infection (fever)?

A) increased error signal
B) pyrogen -induced upward movement of the set point
C) decrease in skin blood flow
D) increased rate of sweating
E) change in the thermoregulatory integrator from one area of the brain to another

Question 64

The primary mechanism by which our bodies can increase heat production in a cold environment is to

A) release epinephrine.
B) sweat.
C) produce pyrogens.
D) shiver.
E) vary the amount of blood flowing to the skin.

Question 65

Often a person with a fever will feel cold, have chills, and may actually start shivering. Which statement explains this phenomenon?

A) Pyrogens released by white blood cells decrease core temperature leading to hypothermia.
B) Pathogens that are causing the fever absorb heat and decrease the core temperature.
C) The body temperature falls below room temperature so the person suddenly feels cold.
D) Fever stimulates the release of acetylcholine which causes contraction in muscle.
E) The thermoregulatory center increases the set point for core temperature.

Question 66

Insulin -like growth factors function as

A) a hormone only
B) a paracrine only
C) a neurotransmitter only
D) a hormone and a paracrine
E) a hormone and a neurotransmitter

Question 67

Crystals called forces.

A) calcium chloride
B) sodium chloride give bone a mineral component that is able to withstand compressive
C) calcium bisphosphate
D) hydroxyapatite
E) osteoids

Question 68

Which of the following is a function of osteoblasts?

A) release of enzymes that digest osteoid
B) production of cartilage
C) production of osteoid
D) dissolving of calcium phosphate crystals
E) release of a chemical that triggers the conversion of cartilage cells to bone cells

Question 69

The increase in the set point of body temperature that occurs during a fever is caused by the release of substances from

A) white blood cells
B) bacteria
C) nerve cells
D) red blood cells
E) erythrocytes

Question 70

The secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone is stimulated by which of the following?

A) decrease in plasma glucose concentration
B) decrease in insulin -like growth factor release from the liver
C) increase in glycogenolysis in the liver
D) increase in gluconeogenesis in the kidneys
E) decrease in plasma amino acid concentration

Question 71

The growth -promoting functions of growth hormone rely partially on the activity of

A) insulin -like growth factors.
B) nerve growth factors.
C) epidermal growth factors.
D) epinephrine.
E) somatostatins.

Question 72

What cell type resorbs bone during remodeling?

A) chondrocytes
B) osteocytes
C) osteoclasts
D) osteoids
E) osteoblasts

Question 73

What cell type deposits bone during remodeling?

A) chondrocytes
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoids
D) osteocytes
E) osteoclasts

Question 74

What cell type is surrounded by calcified bone and secretes matrix to support bone?

A) osteocyte
B) chondrocytes
C) osteoclast
D) osteoblast
E) osteoid

Question 75

Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts?

A) breakdown of cartilage
B) formation of cartilage
C) calcification of bone
D) release of enzymes that degrade the osteoid
E) secretion of osteoid

Question 76

The primary reason for body odor is

A) that sweat is acidic and while at rest it degrades skin cells which creates an odor.
B) the bacterial breakdown of fatty acids and proteins in sweat which generates a waste product.
C) from the sodium and chloride in sweat.
D) that sweat is basic and most bases give off an odor when exposed to the environment.
E) because as sweat evaporates the bonds between sodium and chloride are broken which emits an odor.

Question 77

An organic compound called

A) calcium chloride
B) elastin
C) hydroxyapatite
D) osteoid
E) collagen

Question 78

Somatostatin is also known as

A) growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH).
B) epinephrine.
C) insulin -like growth factor (IGF).
D) growth hormone (GH).
E) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).

Question 79

What organ secretes insulin -like growth factors into the bloodstream?

A) pancreas
B) all organs
C) liver
D) skeletal muscle
E) adipose tissue

Question 80

In the young, the epiphyseal plate is composed of during growth.

A) cartilage : elongation of bone
B) bone marrow : thickening of bone
C) bone : thickening of bone
D) bone marrow : elongation of bone
E) cartilage : thickening of bone