Deck 2: The Cell: Structure and Function

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

A) lactose
B) glucose
C) fructose
D) deoxyribose
E) galactose

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The presence of

A) amino : polar
B) hydroxyl : polar chemical groups makes carbohydrates .
C) carboxyl : polar and acidic
D) amino : acidic
E) hydroxyl : nonpolar

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes glycogen?

A) It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues.
B) It forms the regulatory molecules known as enzymes.
C) It contains the genetic information found in cells.
D) It helps to protect vital organs from damage.
E) It serves as a structural component of human cells.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids.

A) Phospholipids
B) Triglycerides
C) Steroids
D) Eicosanoids
E) Saturated fatty acids

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is FALSE?

A) They are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins.
B) They can form between neighboring molecules.
C) They are responsible for many of the unique properties of water.
D) They can occur within a single molecule.
E) They are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.

Question 6

Based upon a sequence of 15 nucleotides in a strand of DNA, what is the maximum amount of amino acids produced?

A) 7
B) 50
C) 3
D) 5
E) 2

Question 7

is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas
_ is a polysaccharide found in
Plants that can be degraded by humans.

A) Glycogen : starch
B) Galactose : starch
C) Galactose : cellulose
D) Glycogen : cellulose
E) Lactose : starch

Question 8

are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles.

A) Steroids
B) Triglycerides
C) Phospholipids
D) Saturated fatty acids
E) Eicosanoids

Question 9

A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be

A) polyunsaturated.
B) polysaturated.
C) monounsaturated.
D) hypersaturated.
E) saturated.

Question 10

are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds.

A) Proteins
B) Polysaccharides
C) Lipids
D) Carbohydrates
E) Nucleotides

Question 11

What type of molecule is shown in Figure 2.2?

A) disaccharide
B) amino acid
C) monosaccharide
D) phospholipid
E) fatty acid

Question 12

The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a

A) polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water.
B) single polar region that is miscible in aqueous solution.
C) single nonpolar region that is not miscible in aqueous solution.
D) nonpolar region facing the outside and a polar region facing the inside of a cell.
E) nonpolar region that dissolves in water and a polar region that face one another.

Question 13

are modified fatty acids that function in intercellular communication and include prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

A) Phospholipids
B) Triglycerides
C) Eicosanoids
D) Saturated fatty acids
E) Steroids

Question 14

What interaction between the phosphate and the carbohydrate of a nucleotide holds the backbone of a DNA strand together?

A) disulfide bridges
B) covalent bonds
C) van der Waals forces
D) ionic bonds
E) hydrogen bonds

Question 15

Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water?

A) C₆H₁₄
B) triglyceride
C) fatty acid
D) cholesterol
E) NaCl

Question 16

What interaction between complementary bases holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?

A) ionic bonds
B) covalent bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) disulfide bridges
E) van der Waals forces

Question 17

act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones.

A) Cholesterol
B) Saturated fatty acids
C) Eicosanoids
D) Phospholipids
E) Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a pentose sugar?

A) glucose
B) sucrose
C) lactose
D) deoxyribose
E) fructose

Question 19

Which of the following nucleotide sequences accurately reflects the mRNA that would be produced from the double -stranded DNA shown in Figure 2.1?

A) 3'TGTCTCACTGTCTTG5'
B) 3'ACAGAGUGACAGAAC5'
C) 3'GTTCTGTCACTCTGT5'
D) 5'UGUCUCACUGUCUUG3'
E) 5'ACAGAGTGACAGAAC3'

Question 20

Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide?

A) glucose
B) lactose
C) galactose
D) fructose
E) glycogen

Question 21

Which of the following is/are found in DNA but not RNA?

A) adenine
B) ribose
C) uracil
D) both adenine and thymine
E) both thymine and deoxyribose

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?

A) storing the genetic code
B) providing electrons to the electron transport chain
C) expressing the genetic code
D) providing most of the energy for cellular processes
E) providing substrates for the citric acid cycle

Question 23

Which of the following molecule types is NOT a polymer?

A) protein
B) fatty acid
C) glycogen
D) RNA
E) DNA

Question 24

Each amino acid differs from others only by the

A) number of central carbon atoms.
B) characteristic of its R group.
C) number of its carboxyl groups.
D) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
E) size of its amino group.

Question 25

All of the following are basic components of proteins EXCEPT

A) potassium.
B) oxygen.
C) hydrogen.
D) carbon.
E) nitrogen.

Question 26

are molecules whose general structure includes a central carbon with a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen molecule, and a residual (R) group.

A) Proteins
B) Lipids
C) Nucleotides
D) Amino acids
E) Carbohydrates

Question 27

Based on Figure 2.3, what type of molecule is this?

A) phospholipid
B) steroid
C) nucleotide
D) fatty acid
E) amino acid

Question 28

Which of the following descriptions of a polymer is FALSE?

A) DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
B) A protein is a polymer of amino acids.
C) ATP is a polymer of phosphates.
D) Starch is a polymer of glucose.
E) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.

Question 29

The structure of a protein is formed between residual (R) groups of the amino acid backbone by a number of different chemical interactions, dependent upon the nature of the residual groups interacting.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinary

Question 30

Why are nucleotides (and their polymers) called nucleic acids when they contain nitrogenous bases?

A) There are more acids on the molecule than bases.
B) Phosphoric acid groups (becoming phosphates) are much stronger than nitrogen acts as a base.
C) Acids ending in " -ic" are the ionized versions of those molecules ending in " -ate."
D) Nitrogenous base is really a misnomer.
E) Acids always win out over a base.

Question 31

Ketoacids (a carboxylic acid group attached to a ketone) are often produced during fasting and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. What potential outcome of this would be of greatest concern?

A) burning ketone bodies
B) disoriented thinking
C) acetone breath
D) ketoacidosis
E) weight loss

Question 32

The most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and

A) potassium.
B) calcium.
C) oxygen.
D) phosphorous.
E) chlorine.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a base in RNA?

A) guanine
B) cytosine
C) thymine
D) uracil
E) adenine

Question 34

An acid is a molecule that acts as a(n)

A) hydrogen acceptor.
B) hydroxide donor.
C) electron donor.
D) proton acceptor.
E) proton donor.

Question 35

are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5 -carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

A) Lipids
B) Nucleotides
C) Phospholipids
D) Amino acids
E) Glycoproteins

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein?

A) growth hormone
B) Na⁺/K⁺ pumps
C) insulin
D) hemoglobin
E) collagen

Question 37

Alpha -helixes and fi -pleated sheets are examples of

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinary

Question 38

When the body needs to make the eicosanoid thromboxane for wound repair, what component of the plasma membrane does it use for their synthesis?

A) cholesterol
B) transmembrane glycoprotein
C) ATP
D) fatty acid from phospholipid
E) glycolipid

Question 39

Formation of peptide bonds occurs by condensation reactions between the group of one amino acid and the group of another.

A) glucose : glucose
B) fatty acid : glycerol
C) amino acid : amino acid
D) carboxyl : amino acid amino

Question 40

Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another is responsible for which of the following?

A) holding the two strands of DNA together by the law of complementary base pairing
B) twisting the DNA into a helical structure
C) primary protein structure
D) secondary protein structure
E) tertiary protein structure

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an amphipathic molecule?

A) phospholipid
B) integral membrane protein
C) glycolipid
D) connexon
E) glucose

Question 42

Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule?

A) integral membrane protein
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) peripheral membrane protein
E) triglyceride

Question 43

Hydrolytic reactions are when

A) two molecules are joined together, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.
B) the bond between two molecules is broken through the splitting of a water molecule, thereby creating two new bonds with the H and OH of that water in its place.
C) two molecules are joined together by adding a water molecule.
D) the bond between two molecules is broken, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.
E) water is removed from the cell.

Question 44

In eukaryotes, which of the following properties is TRUE for both DNA and RNA?

A) follow the law of complementary base pairing
B) involved in translation
C) propagation through semi -conservative replication
D) double -stranded
E) contain the bases uracil and thymine

Question 45

The

A) nucleus is the site of ribosomal RNA production.
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) cytosol
E) mitochondria

Question 46

What organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination?

A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) ribosomes
E) lysosomes

Question 47

Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane -bound structures called

A) the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) inclusions.
C) secretory vesicles.
D) the Golgi apparatus.
E) excretory vesicles.

Question 48

The is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well as where calcium is stored within the cell.

A) mitochondria
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) nucleolus

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) steroid hormone synthesis
B) In liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymes.
C) forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus
D) stores calcium
E) stores steroid hormones

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes?

A) carbohydrates
B) cholesterol
C) phospholipids
D) chromatin
E) proteins

Question 51

Where inside a cell is glycogen stored?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) mitochondria
C) lysosomes
D) cytosol
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 52

The presence of

A) cholesterol
B) glycoproteins in the plasma membrane can inhibit crystallization.
C) peripheral membrane proteins
D) phospholipids
E) integral membrane proteins

Question 53

Where is the genetic code stored?

A) heart
B) cytoplasm
C) vaults
D) brain
E) nucleus

Question 54

What is the site where steroids are stored in the cell?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) secretory vesicles
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) Steroids are lipid and will slide right through membranes; they cannot be stored in the cell.

Question 55

sugar.
Is composed of a nucleotide, where the phosphate is bound to two spots on the ribose

A) DNA
B) ADP
C) mRNA
D) cAMP
E) tRNA

Question 56

What is the layer of carbohydrates on the external surface of a cell called?

A) inclusion
B) glycogen
C) desmosome
D) glycocalyx
E) glycolysis

Question 57

Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, what membrane -bound structure functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondria
C) lysosome
D) nucleolus
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?

A) cholesterol
B) transmembrane proteins
C) transmembrane glycolipids
D) phospholipids
E) peripheral membrane proteins

Question 59

Which of the following descriptions of the function of the organelle is FALSE?

A) Breakdown of phagocytosed bacteria occurs in the peroxisomes.
B) Peptide hormone synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
E) Packaging of secretory products into vesicles occurs in the Golgi apparatus.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT an integral membrane protein?

A) occludins
B) channels for ion diffusion across membranes
C) actin
D) carrier proteins for mediated transport
E) connexons

Question 61

What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?

A) lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) ribosomes
D) mitochondria
E) peroxisomes

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

A) cellular catabolism
B) contraction
C) mechanical support
D) suspension of organelles
E) cellular movement

Question 63

are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules to diffuse directly from one cell to the other.

A) Dyneins
B) Cadherins
C) Occludins
D) Tubulins
E) Connexins

Question 64

Detoxifying enzymes may be localized in what organelle?

A) lysosomes
B) mitochondria
C) Golgi apparatus
D) peroxisomes
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 65

Which microtubular proteins are responsible for the distribution of chromosomes during cell division?

A) actin
B) spindle fibers
C) myosin
D) keratin
E) tubulin

Question 66

The protein one another. is responsible for generating force as microtubular proteins in cilia slide past

A) myosin
B) dynein
C) tubulin
D) actin
E) keratin

Question 67

In the digestive tract, absorption is controlled by mechanisms on the cell's apical membrane surface. What type of physical barriers would be in place to keep these mechanisms from being circumnavigated?

A) desmosomes
B) gap junctions
C) tight junctions
D) carrier proteins
E) microvilli

Question 68

Which cytoskeletal proteins provide the structural support for microvilli?

A) tight junctions
B) centrioles
C) microfilaments
D) microtubules
E) intermediate filaments

Question 69

Which of the following organelles contains its own DNA?

A) mitochondria
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) lysosomes
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 70

are membrane -bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade cellular and extracellular debris.

A) Lysosomes
B) Ribosomes
C) Mitochondria
D) Peroxisomes
E) Vaults

Question 71

Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific

A) receptor on another cell.
B) clathrin -coated vesicle
C) phagosome
D) organelle
E) nucleus

Question 72

In some cases, signals originating within one cell can diffuse directly to a neighboring cell through

A) tight junctions.
B) gap junctions.
C) occludins.
D) cadherins.
E) desmosomes.

Question 73

Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post -transcriptional processing?

A) addition of a poly A tail at the 3' end
B) splicing of nucleic acid fragments
C) formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar
D) removal of the introns from the strand
E) capping of the 5' end

Question 74

are proteins that fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier.

A) Dyneins
B) Occludins
C) Tubulins
D) Connexins
E) Cadherins

Question 75

Which of the following filaments is found in cilia and flagella?

A) microfilaments only
B) intermediate filaments only
C) microtubules only
D) microfilaments and microtubules
E) microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Question 76

Which of the following characteristics concerning ribosomes is FALSE?

A) can remain free in the cytosol
B) are the site of protein synthesis
C) can be located in the Golgi apparatus
D) contain ribosomal RNA
E) contain protein

Question 77

are proteins attached to intermediate filaments in regions where cells are exposed to mechanical stresses.

A) Tubulins
B) Connexins
C) Occludins
D) Cadherins
E) Dyneins

Question 78

are membrane -bound organelles that contain enzymes like catalase, which catalyzes the breakdown of H₂O₂ to H₂O and O₂.

A) Peroxisomes
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Vaults
E) Lysosomes

Question 79

In Tay -Sachs Disease, which organelle contains the impaired enzymes?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondria
C) centriole
D) Golgi apparatus
E) lysosome

Question 80

Keratin is an example of which type of cytoskeletal protein?

A) centrioles
B) microtubules
C) tight junctions
D) intermediate filaments
E) microfilaments