Deck 20: The Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the through _.

A)jejunum : complexing with intrinsic factor
B)ileum : complexing with intrinsic factor
C)jejunum : facilitated diffusion
D)duodenum : cotransport with sodium
E)duodenum : facilitated diffusion

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The flow of bile from the liver and juices from the exocrine pancreas converge at what structure?

A)common bile duct
B)bile duct
C)gallbladder
D)ampulla of Vater
E)common hepatic duct

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Where are the enzymes responsible for degrading disaccharides and limit dextrins located?

A)pylorus
B)ampulla of Vater
C)exocrine pancreas
D)brush border of the small intestine
E)endocrine pancreas

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the predominant hormone to inhibit gastric secretion and motility in response to distension of the duodenum?

A)gastrin
B)glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide
C)motilin
D)secretin
E)cholecystokinin

Question 5

What does entry of the bolus into the esophagus initiate by stimulating stretch receptors?

A)bolus formation
B)the swallowing reflex
C)peristalsis
D)the chewing reflex
E)receptive relaxation

Question 6

Which of the following contains the mucous membrane, but not the mesentery?

A)mucosa
B)muscularis externa
C)submucosa
D)myenteric plexus
E)serosa

Question 7

What is the main hormone that stimulates bile secretion in the liver?

A)gastrin
B)cholecystokinin
C)insulin
D)glucagon
E)secretin

Question 8

What is the brush border?

A)microvilli from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
B)villi from epithelial cells lining the stomach
C)microvilli from parietal cells
D)villi from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
E)villi from parietal cells

Question 9

In what subdivision of the four layers of the GI tract are Peyer's patches located?

A)submucosa of the mucosa
B)lamina propria of the serosa
C)mucous membrane of the serosa
D)myenteric plexus of the muscularis externa
E)lamina propria of the mucosa

Question 10

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the large intestine?

A)rectum
B)vermiform appendix
C)cecum
D)anus
E)colon

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the wastes eliminated by the liver in bile?

A)urea
B)certain drugs
C)bilirubin
D)trace metals
E)cholesterol

Question 12

What is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall called?

A)serosa
B)muscularis externa
C)mucosa
D)myenteric plexus
E)submucosa

Question 13

Which of the following contains the submucosal plexus?

A)submucosa
B)myenteric plexus
C)muscularis externa
D)serosa
E)mucosa

Question 14

What reflex stimulates the motility of the ileum in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach?

A)colonocolonic reflex
B)gastrocolic reflex
C)gastroileal reflex
D)intestino- intestinal reflex
E)ileogastric reflex

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of saliva?

A)lipases
B)amylases
C)bicarbonate ions
D)lysozymes
E)mucus

Question 16

Intrinsic factor is produced where?

A)chief cell
B)parietal cell
C)neck cell
D)acinar cell
E)G cell

Question 17

Sinusoids are openings where blood flows through and exchange takes place found in which of the following?

A)pancreas
B)small intestine
C)stomach
D)liver
E)large intestine

Question 18

What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

A)adventitia
B)mesothelium
C)mesenteries
D)serosa
E)peritoneum

Question 19

Microvilli of epithelial cells in the small intestine make up what structure?

A)lacteal
B)mucociliary ladder
C)villi
D)succus entericus
E)brush border

Question 20

Which of the following are mechanisms by which cholecystokinin (CCK)facilitates digestion of fats?

A)stimulation of bile secretion and contraction of the sphincter of Oddi
B)stimulation of bile secretion and liver contraction
C)stimulation of lipase secretion and gallbladder contraction
D)stimulation of gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
E)stimulation of lipase and bile secretion

Question 21

Acini are located in which of the following?

A)liver
B)small intestine
C)pancreas
D)stomach
E)large intestine

Question 22

ions are produced within the parietal cells and transported across the apical membrane via an active transporter while, at the same time, moves across the apical membrane through ion channels.

A)Hydrogen : bicarbonate
B)Hydrogen : chloride
C)Bicarbonate : hydrogen
D)Bicarbonate : chloride
E)Hydrogen : sodium

Question 23

What layer of the mucosa is connective tissue that contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

A)submucosal plexus
B)lamina propria
C)mucous membrane
D)muscularis mucosae
E)serosa

Question 24

What are Kupffer cells?

A)hepatocytes
B)cells of the stomach that secrete hydrogen ions
C)cells lining the pancreatic duct
D)cells lining the crypts of Lieberkühn
E)macrophages in the liver

Question 25

What enzyme activates procarboxypeptidase?

A)enterokinase
B)aminopeptidase
C)carboxypeptidase
D)pepsin
E)trypsin

Question 26

All of the following are branches of vessels found at the corners of the liver lobule EXCEPT the

A)hepatic portal vein.
B)bile duct.
C)hepatic duct.
D)hepatic artery.

Question 27

What degradation by- product of hemoglobin is removed from the blood by the liver, conjugated, and then secreted into the bile?

A)iron
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)lipoproteins
E)bilirubin

Question 28

All of the following are factors that affect the rate of gastric emptying EXCEPT

A)amount of peptides in the duodenum.
B)force of gastric contraction.
C)temperature of the chyme.
D)volume of the chyme in the stomach.
E)composition of the chyme.

Question 29

A lack of intrinsic factor can result in

A)aplastic anemia.
B)diarrhea.
C)pernicious anemia.
D)diabetes.
E)immune suppression.

Question 30

What is the decrease in rugae folding within the stomach in advance of the arrival of a bolus of food called?

A)receptive relaxation
B)esophageal reflex relaxation
C)gastric expansion
D)peristaltic relaxation
E)gastric unfolding

Question 31

What do neck cells of gastric pits secrete?

A)hydrogen ions
B)gastrin
C)intrinsic factor
D)pepsinogen
E)mucus

Question 32

Which of the following secretes lipase?

A)pancreas only
B)liver only
C)salivary glands only
D)both salivary glands and pancreas
E)pancreas and liver

Question 33

What blood vessel supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?

A)hepatic portal
B)superior mesenteric artery
C)hepatic artery
D)sinusoidal system
E)inferior gastric

Question 34

The peristaltic waves of the stomach will result in _ if the pyloric sphincter is closed.

A)stimulation of hormone secretion from the duodenum
B)an inhibition of further waves
C)the mixing of the chyme
D)some of the chyme being forced into the duodenum even
E)the formation of a bolus

Question 35

Which sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle between the anus and external environment?

A)internal anal sphincter
B)lower esophageal sphincter
C)external anal sphincter
D)upper esophageal sphincter
E)sphincter of Oddi

Question 36

A lacteal is a located in .

A)capillary : villus
B)patch of immune tissue : submucosa
C)nerve : submucosal plexus
D)nerve : myenteric plexus
E)lymphatic vessel : villus

Question 37

Digestion products of lipases are readily exchanged in the lumen with

A)micelles.
B)polysaccharides.
C)cholesterol.
D)low- density lipoproteins.
E)chylomicrons.

Question 38

The enzyme amylase is able to cleave glycogen and starch into

A)monosaccharides only.
B)limit dextrins only.
C)disaccharides only.
D)both disaccharides and limit dextrins.
E)both monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Question 39

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids that are not immediately transported into lumenal enterocytes aggregate into what type form in the lumen of the small intestines?

A)VLDLs
B)HDLs
C)phospholipid bilayer
D)micelles
E)chylomicra

Question 40

What is the technical word for chewing?

A)segmentation
B)haustration
C)accommodation
D)mastication
E)micturition

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of exocrine pancreatic secretions?

A)amylase
B)sucrose
C)nuclease
D)lipase
E)protease

Question 42

What causes segmentation?

A)contraction of longitudinal muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with its relaxation at adjoining segments
B)relaxation of circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle at one segment coupled to the relaxation of longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle in the adjoining segments
C)contraction of both the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle at one segment coupled with the relaxation of both at adjoining segments
D)contraction of the circular muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with its relaxation at adjoining segments
E)contraction of the circular muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with contraction of the longitudinal muscle at adjoining segments

Question 43

Which cell secretes pepsinogen?

A)G cell
B)acinar cell
C)chief cell
D)neck cell
E)parietal cell

Question 44

Which sphincter is composed of smooth muscle between the esophagus and stomach?

A)lower esophageal sphincter
B)internal anal sphincter
C)upper esophageal sphincter
D)sphincter of Oddi
E)pyloric sphincter

Question 45

Emulsification aids in the digestion of fats by

A)increasing the number of hydrophobic residues on the surface of the fat globule.
B)increasing the number of fat globules.
C)increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes.
D)the ability of bile salts to activate lipases that digest fats.
E)beginning the process of degrading the triglycerides within the fat globule.

Question 46

Where would the myenteric plexus be found?

A)mucosa
B)lamina propria
C)submucosa
D)muscularis externa
E)serosa

Question 47

What is the process whereby bile salts breakdown fat globules into smaller droplets?

A)saponification
B)lipolysis
C)emulsification
D)digestion
E)esterification

Question 48

Which of the following secretes a bicarbonate- rich fluid?

A)pancreas only
B)salivary glands only
C)liver only
D)both salivary glands and pancreas
E)salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

Question 49

What enzymes, secreted by the exocrine pancreas, degrade fats?

A)endopeptidases
B)lipases
C)nucleases
D)proteases
E)amylases

Question 50

What is a mixture of food particles with gastric juice called?

A)fundus
B)chyme
C)bolus
D)saliva
E)gastric secretions

Question 51

Intense contractions of the antrum accompanied by relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that function to sweep the stomach clean of its contents are called the

A)peristalsis.
B)receptive relaxation.
C)segmentation.
D)migrating motility complex.

Question 52

Which of the following is a gastric- phase stimulus for acid secretion?

A)the presence of fat and protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach
B)distension of the stomach and the act of swallowing
C)chewing, swallowing, and the presence of protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach
D)chewing and the act of swallowing
E)distension of the stomach and the presence of protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach

Question 53

What causes peristalsis?

A)contraction of the circular muscle layer and relaxation of the longitudinal muscle at the same segment
B)contraction of both the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled with the relaxation of both the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle in the distal segment
C)relaxation of the circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle at the same segment
D)relaxation of the circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled with the relaxation of longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle in the distal segment
E)contraction of the circular muscle layer and relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled with the contraction of longitudinal muscle and relaxation of the circular muscle in the distal segment

Question 54

To increase the absorptive efficiency of the small intestine, the surface area of the mucosa is increased by the presence of folds in the wall called , and projections of the cell membrane called .

A)villi : microvilli
B)lacteals : rugae
C)microvilli : lacteals
D)microvilli : villi
E)rugae : lacteals

Question 55

The absorption of fructose across the apical membrane of the lumenal epithelial cells occurs through what process?

A)diffusion
B)paracellular transport
C)sodium- linked secondary active transport
D)facilitated diffusion
E)primary active transport

Question 56

What is a glucose polymer found in plant products that cannot be degraded within the digestive tract of humans?

A)fructose
B)cellulose acetate
C)cellulose
D)chitin
E)pectin

Question 57

Which of the following substances does NOT require the interaction with a protein in the intestinal tract to be absorbed?

A)vitamin B12
B)iron
C)calcium
D)sodium
E)fat- soluble vitamins

Question 58

What cells secrete pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach?

A)neck
B)goblet
C)parietal
D)chief
E)G

Question 59

Which cell secretes gastrin into the bloodstream?

A)neck cell
B)acinar cell
C)parietal cell
D)G cell
E)chief cell

Question 60

What are the two sources of bicarbonate secreted into the lumen of the small intestine?

A)bile and exocrine pancreas
B)secretin and glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide
C)exocrine pancreas and secretory cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn
D)secretin and inhibin
E)both exocrine and endocrine pancreas

Question 61

In order to begin the process of fat digestion, the fat globules must be

A)emulsified by bile salts.
B)coalesced by lipase.
C)emulsified by lipases.
D)emulsified by trypsin.
E)coalesced by bile salts.

Question 62

The products of fat degradation are absorbed in the small intestines by what transport process?

A)sodium- linked secondary active transport
B)simple diffusion
C)primary active transport
D)paracellular transport
E)facilitated diffusion

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the hormone- related functions of the liver?

A)hormone synthesis
B)hormone storage
C)hormone degradation
D)hormone modification
E)secretion of hormone- binding proteins

Question 64

For calcium to be absorbed, it must bind to a hormone- regulated brush border protein called what?

A)calcium- binding protein (calbindin)
B)calciferol
C)calcitrol
D)vitamin D
E)calmodulin

Question 65

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall, from lumen to external surface?

A)serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
B)mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
C)mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
D)submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
E)serosa, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Question 66

The presence of food in the duodenum will cause secretion of what hormone to increase, thereby decreasing the sensation of hunger?

A)secretin
B)gastrin
C)glucagon
D)insulin
E)cholecystokinin

Question 67

Which layer consists primarily of connective tissue which gives the gastrointestinal tract its distensibility and elasticity?

A)muscularis externa
B)myenteric plexus
C)submucosa
D)mucosa
E)serosa

Question 68

As the food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with that facilitates its movement down the esophagus.

A)amylase
B)pancreatic juices
C)chyme
D)gastric juices
E)saliva

Question 69

The absorption of sodium throughout the small intestine is driven by _ _ transport and is typically linked to the absorption of .

A)passive : glucose
B)passive : bicarbonate
C)active : glucose
D)active : bicarbonate
E)active : chloride

Question 70

Islets of Langerhans are highly vascularized bits of endocrine tissue found where?

A)small intestine
B)pancreas
C)liver
D)large intestine
E)stomach

Question 71

What is the correct order of the three layers of the mucosa, from innermost to outermost?

A)mucous membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
B)mucosa, submucosa, serosa
C)mucous membrane, lamina propria, basement membrane
D)muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa
E)serosa, submucosa, mucosa

Question 72

Gastric reflux occurs when material flows backwards through which of the following structures?

A)lower esophageal sphincter
B)epiglottis
C)glottis
D)pyloric sphincter
E)upper esophageal sphincter

Question 73

The muscularis externa contains which of the following muscle groups?

A)a muscularis mucosae, which lubricates as it contracts
B)an outer longitudinal layer that requires neural input for contraction
C)an inner circular layer capable of slow- wave potentials only
D)both an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer
E)an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and a muscularis mucosae

Question 74

Which of the following sphincters is composed of skeletal muscle?

A)pyloric sphincter only
B)upper esophageal sphincter only
C)external anal sphincter only
D)both the pyloric and upper esophageal sphincters
E)both the upper esophageal and external anal sphincters

Question 75

Which of the following is an enterogastrone?

A)cholecystokinin
B)monoglyceride
C)epinephrine
D)bile
E)gastrin

Question 76

Which hormone stimulates gastric secretion and motility?

A)cholecystokinin
B)inhibin
C)gastrin
D)secretin
E)glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 77

The increase in absorbed nutrients in blood will cause secretion of what hormone to increase, thereby decreasing the sensation of hunger?

A)secretin
B)glucagon
C)cholecystokinin
D)insulin
E)gastrin

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT one of the hormones released by the gastrointestinal tract that regulates its function?

A)gastrin
B)glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide
C)secretin
D)cholecystokinin
E)glucose inhibitory peptide

Question 79

Lipids are absorbed as _ into _ .

A)fatty acids and monoglycerides : mesenteric capillaries
B)chylomicrons : lacteals
C)micelles : lacteals
D)chylomicrons : mesenteric capillaries
E)micelles : mesenteric capillaries

Question 80

What do parietal cells secrete?

A)hydrogen ions only
B)pepsinogen only
C)intrinsic factor only
D)both hydrogen ions and pepsinogen
E)both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor