Deck 15: The Cardiovascular System: Blood

Question 1

Which white blood cell is a non- phagocytic granulocyte? 17)

A)eosinophil
B)neutrophil
C)basophil
D)lymphocyte
E)monocyte

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which chemical forms the meshwork of the blood clot?

A)thromboxane A2
B)thrombin
C)von Willebrand factor
D)fibrin
E)arachidonic acid

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In activated platelets, arachidonic acid is converted to _, which _ formation of blood clots.

A)thromboxane A2 : inhibits
B)thromboxane A2 : stimulates
C)prostacyclin : stimulates
D)nitric oxide : inhibits
E)prostacyclin : inhibits

Answer 3

B

Question 4

B cells and T cells fall under what category of leukocytes?

A)eosinophils
B)basophils
C)lymphocytes
D)monocytes
E)neutrophils

Question 5

Thrombin plays a direct role in

A)the production of prothrombin.
B)the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
C)stimulating nitric oxide release.
D)causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
E)activating factor X.

Question 6

You notice on your patient's complete blood count (CBC)that she has a very low basophil count. Which statement best describes this abnormal result?

A)This is a common side effect of rheumatoid arthritis.
B)Sickle cell anemia may have inhibited basophil production.
C)The basophils may have been killed by a flu virus.
D)This may be due to an acute allergic reaction.
E)It can be an indication of a microbial infection.

Question 7

Which white blood cell is a phagocyte that also releases toxins from its cytoplasmic granules?

A)neutrophil
B)eosinophil
C)lymphocyte
D)monocyte
E)basophil

Question 8

Which chemical formed from arachidonic acid facilitates platelet plug formation?

A)von Willebrand factor
B)thromboxane A2
C)thrombin
D)fibrin
E)arachidonic acid

Question 9

What type of leukocyte secretes heparin?

A)neutrophils
B)basophils
C)lymphocyte
D)eosinophils
E)monocytes

Question 10

Which of the following leukocytes has cytoplasmic granules?

A)neutrophils only
B)basophils only
C)eosinophils only
D)both basophils and eosinophils
E)basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Question 11

A majority of the protein present within blood is synthesized within what organ?

A)central nervous system
B)kidneys
C)skeletal muscles
D)liver
E)lungs

Question 12

Which of the following leukocytes is a phagocyte?

A)neutrophils only
B)basophils only
C)monocytes only
D)both neutrophils and basophils
E)both neutrophils and monocytes

Question 13

Pernicious anemia is associated with which of the following?

A)bleeding
B)abnormal hemoglobin
C)inadequate bilirubin levels
D)insufficient vitamin B12
E)damage to the bone marrow

Question 14

Your patient is an elderly woman who has been treated with prednisone (a steroid)for years to treat her rheumatoid arthritis. In what type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count?

A)basophils
B)neutrophils
C)lymphocytes
D)monocytes
E)eosinophils

Question 15

A normal hematocrit is approximately what value?

A)75
B)10
C)90
D)25
E)45

Question 16

What is defined as a decrease in the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood?

A)anemia
B)hematocrit
C)polycythemia
D)hemolysis
E)hypoxia

Question 17

Which metabolite of hemoglobin imparts the yellowish tinge found in plasma and in the condition of jaundice?

A)bile
B)transferring
C)bilirubin
D)biliverdin
E)ferritin

Question 18

What substance binds to collagen and activates platelets?

A)arachidonic acid
B)thrombin
C)fibrin
D)thromboxane A2
E)von Willebrand factor

Question 19

Which statement best describes the function of globulins?

A)They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.
B)They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte.
C)They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.
D)They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.
E)They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots.

Question 20

Synthesis of red blood cells is called and occurs in the .

A)erythropoiesis : spleen
B)hemostasis : kidney
C)hemostasis : bone marrow
D)erythropoiesis : bone marrow
E)erythropoiesis : kidney

Question 21

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A)1 day
B)10 days
C)30 days
D)120 days
E)They last for as long as you live.

Question 22

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, and where is this enzyme located?

A)carbonic anhydrase, in erythrocytes
B)carbonic dehydrogenase, in hemoglobin
C)carbonic anhydrase, in hemoglobin
D)carbonic anhydrase, in plasma
E)carbonic dehydrogenase, in plasma

Question 23

Which white blood cell is the most abundant phagocyte in the blood?

A)lymphocyte
B)eosinophil
C)neutrophil
D)monocyte
E)basophil

Question 24

What substance inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?

A)arachidonic acid
B)protein C
C)fibrin
D)thromboxane A2
E)von Willebrand factor

Question 25

During hemoglobin metabolism, what is the yellow pigmented substance produced by the removal of the iron group called?

A)transferrin
B)myoglobin
C)bilirubin
D)ferritin
E)bile

Question 26

The enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction whereby carbon dioxide and water are converted to .

A)hydrolase : carbonase
B)carboxypeptidase : carbonic acid
C)prostacyclin : protein C
D)carboxypeptidase : acidic acid
E)carbonic anhydrase : carbonic acid

Question 27

High doses of aspirin can stimulate clotting by inhibiting the synthesis of

A)tissue plasminogen activator.
B)prostacyclin.
C)thrombomodulin.
D)plasmin.
E)protein C.

Question 28

Your patient has been admitted for an asthma attack. In what type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count?

A)basophils
B)monocytes
C)eosinophils
D)neutrophils
E)lymphocytes

Question 29

Which of the following leukocytes are phagocytes?

A)monocytes, lymphocytes, and reticulocytes
B)neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
C)monocytes, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes
D)monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages
E)neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 30

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A)arachidonic acid
B)von Willebrand factor
C)plasmin
D)prostacyclin
E)thrombin

Question 31

What cell type is the last stage of erythrocyte production prior to development of a mature erythrocyte?

A)myeloid stem cell
B)monocyte
C)lymphoid stem cell
D)reticulocyte
E)megakaryocyte

Question 32

What chemical dissolves blood clots?

A)fibrin
B)heparin
C)protein C
D)plasmin
E)thromboxane A2

Question 33

The iron- containing ring in hemoglobin is called _ _ and it binds _.

A)globin : oxygen
B)heme : oxygen
C)spectrin : carbon dioxide
D)heme : carbon dioxide
E)heme : carbon dioxide or oxygen

Question 34

Which type of white blood cell includes B and T cells?

A)lymphocyte
B)eosinophil
C)basophil
D)neutrophil
E)monocyte

Question 35

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate with respect to erythrocytes?

A)They lack mitochondria.
B)They contain large amounts of hemoglobin.
C)They lack nuclei.
D)They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E)They migrate into infected regions of tissue.

Question 36

Hemophilia is a genetic clotting disorder usually characterized by the absence of what clotting factor?

A)factor XIII
B)factor VIII
C)factor X
D)thrombin
E)von Willebrand factor

Question 37

The changing color of a bruise is caused by the breakdown products of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is broken down into , which is a green molecule. is a yellowish- brown molecule, again a breakdown product of hemoglobin.

A)ammonia: Bile
B)bile : Ammonia
C)biliverdin : Bilirubin
D)basophil : Plasma
E)bilirubin : Biliverdin

Question 38

Which statement best describes the function of albumins?

A)They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots.
B)They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.
C)They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.
D)They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.
E)They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte.

Question 39

What type of cell is the precursor for platelets?

A)megakaryocytes
B)macrophages
C)null cells
D)neutrophils
E)erythrocytes

Question 40

Which statement below best describes why diabetics are two times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than non- diabetics?

A)Diabetics tend to be obese and, therefore, cannot get enough aerobic exercise.
B)Diabetes promotes bacterial infections which will eventually destroy the heart.
C)Diabetes leads to heart disease because of the side effects of insulin on the cardiovascular system.
D)Diabetics must take insulin and, therefore, their blood glucose levels fluctuate causing tremendous stress on all systems of their bodies.
E)Diabetes leads to high cholesterol levels and, therefore, atherosclerosis.

Question 41

Lab results for your patient have just been sent from the lab and the lab tech has flagged the reticulocyte count as higher than normal. Which statement best describes why you should be concerned about a higher than normal recticulocyte count?

A)This may be an indication of leukemia.
B)This may be evidence of a myocardial infarction.
C)It may be a result of polycythemia.
D)This may indicate a severe hemorrhage.
E)It is a common side effect of iron- deficiency anemia.

Question 42

Which chemical, formed from arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet plug formation?

A)thromboxane A2
B)fibrin
C)prostacyclin
D)thrombin
E)arachidonic acid

Question 43

Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical?

A)liver, under control of bilirubin
B)bone marrow, under control of bilirubin
C)liver, under control of erythropoietin
D)bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin
E)kidney, under control of transferrin

Question 44

What cytosolic protein gives the membrane of erythrocytes its flexibility?

A)fibrin
B)fibrinogen
C)heme group
D)globin
E)spectrin

Question 45

Some athletes, in order to gain an advantage over their competitors, participate in blood doping. This process increases the number of red blood cells in their cardiovascular systems and in turn delivers more oxygen to their metabolically active tissues. Which statement best describes how athletes' blood dope and the dangers associated with blood doping?

A)Athletes receive blood transfusions to increase the number of red blood cells and by doing so increase their chances of developing aids or hepatitis C.
B)Leukocytes are injected because they are larger than red blood cells. However, they make the body more susceptible to infection.
C)Colony- stimulating factors are injected to increase the number of red blood cells. Too many, however, can clog arteries, causing a heart attack.
D)Erythropoietin is injected stimulating more red blood cell production. An increase in red blood cells increases the hematocrit which can increase blood pressure and weaken vessels making the chances of stroke increase.
E)Hemoglobin is injected, increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. However, too much hemoglobin can cause hemolysis.

Question 46

Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following?

A)prostacyclin
B)von Willebrand factor
C)serotonin
D)thrombin
E)fibrin

Question 47

What is the most abundant class of white blood cells?

A)monocytes
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)neutrophils

Question 48

What is plasma from which clotting factors have been removed called?

A)platelets
B)colony- stimulating factors
C)thrombocytes
D)serum
E)buffy white coat

Question 49

Which of the following white blood cells are granulocytes?

A)monocytes, lymphocytes, and reticulocytes
B)neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
C)neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
D)monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages
E)monocytes, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes

Question 50

Which of the following is the first step of hemostasis?

A)vascular spasm
B)formation of a fibrin clot
C)formation of a blood clot
D)secretion of histamine
E)formation of a platelet plug

Question 51

You're looking at your patient's complete blood count (CBC)and notice that he has a normal hematocrit but low hemoglobin. What is the most likely cause for this result?

A)iron- deficiency anemia
B)renal anemia
C)aplastic anemia
D)hemolytic anemia
E)hemorrhagic anemia

Question 52

Which statement best describes the function of fibrinogen?

A)It primarily affects the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.
B)It aids in the structural form of the erythrocyte.
C)It provides the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.
D)It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots.
E)It transports lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.

Question 53

Formation of a platelet plug is initiated by binding to .

A)ADP : platelets
B)von Willebrand factor : collagen
C)arachidonic acid : collagen
D)thrombin : platelets
E)fibrin : erythrocytes

Question 54

What triggers erythropoietin release?

A)damage to a blood vessel wall and subsequent exposure of collagen
B)infection in the blood
C)increased blood carbon dioxide levels
D)infection in the tissues
E)decreased blood oxygen levels

Question 55

Which statement best describes the importance of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

A)It allows for the movement of erythrocytes out of the capillaries.
B)It allows for phagocytosis of foreign particles.
C)It makes the erythrocyte small and flexible.
D)It provides a large surface are for the exchange of gases.
E)It conforms to the molecular shape of hemoglobin.

Question 56

Which white blood cell differentiates into macrophages in the tissue?

A)neutrophil
B)eosinophil
C)monocyte
D)basophil
E)lymphocyte

Question 57

Polycythemia is best defined as a

A)higher than normal concentration of erythrocytes.
B)lower than normal concentration of leukocytes.
C)higher than normal concentration of protein in the plasma.
D)higher than normal concentration of leukocytes.
E)lower than normal concentration of erythrocytes.

Question 58

What type of leukocyte defends against parasitic infections?

A)erythrocytes
B)monocytes
C)eosinophils
D)basophils
E)neutrophils

Question 59

What is the stoppage of bleeding called?

A)hemostasis
B)fibrinostasis
C)vasculostasis
D)erythrostasis
E)homeostasis

Question 60

Most coagulation factors are synthesized by what organ?

A)heart
B)liver
C)kidney
D)bone marrow
E)thymus

Question 61

What type of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages in the tissues?

A)monocytes
B)neutrophils
C)lymphocytes
D)basophils
E)eosinophils

Question 62

Protein C inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways.

Question 63

Olympic athletes train in Colorado Springs, Colorado because this location is at high altitude and near the 14,000 foot Pikes Peak. Which statement best describes why this location was chosen?

A)Oxygen levels are low and, therefore, more red blood cells are produced, giving the athletes an advantage when competing at lower altitudes.
B)The concentration difference for getting air into the lungs is greater at high altitudes.
C)Oxygen levels are low and therefore fewer red blood cells are available, which puts more physiological stress on the body. This leads to a greater efficiency of getting oxygen to the tissues.
D)The thinner air causes it to be easier to move into and out of the lungs, which leads to higher oxygen transport.
E)The thin air allows for less resistance when biking or running and, therefore, the athletes can run and bike faster, which builds up their endurance for future races

Question 64

What is a hematocrit measuring?

A)the amount of oxygen that can be transported by blood
B)the percentage of blood that is comprised of plasma
C)the percentage of blood that is comprised of red and white blood cells
D)the percentage of blood that is comprised of red blood cells only
E)the amount of hemoglobin in blood

Question 65

Low dosages of aspirin inhibit clotting by blocking the formation of which of the following?

A)factor VIII
B)vitamin K
C)factor X
D)thrombin
E)thromboxane A2

Question 66

Which of the following chemicals involved in the development of a platelet plug is secreted by activated platelets in response to ADP?

A)arachidonic acid
B)epinephrine
C)thromboxane A2
D)prostacyclin
E)serotonin

Question 67

What hematopoietic growth factor controls red blood cell synthesis, and what organ releases it?

A)erythropoietin, released by kidney
B)transferrin, released by bone marrow
C)calcitonin, released by kidney
D)parathyroid hormone, released by parathyroid glands
E)oxytocin, released by posterior pituitary

Question 68

An increase in plasma levels of causes a yellowish appearance of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This condition is called _ .

A)biliverdin : jaundice
B)bilirubin : hemostasis
C)bilirubin : jaundice
D)bile : pernicious anemia
E)bilirubin : renal anemia

Question 69

What chemical is released from aggregated platelets and stimulates the platelets to produce thromboxane A2?

A)prostacyclin
B)ADP
C)protein C
D)thromboxane A2
E)arachidonic acid

Question 70

What substance is a precursor for prostacyclin?

A)von Willebrand factor
B)fibrin
C)thrombin
D)arachidonic acid
E)thromboxane A2

Question 71

Most of the blood volume consists of erythrocytes.

Question 72

An elevated leukocyte count is indicative of infection. What procedure would give a physician a better guess at what type of infection?

A)a hemoglobin A1C test
B)a platelet count
C)a CBC
D)a differential white blood cell count
E)a bleeding time test

Question 73

Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ?

A)kidney
B)thymus
C)bone marrow
D)spleen
E)pancreas

Question 74

A fibrin clot can occur in the absence of platelet aggregation.

Question 75

In healthy endothelial cells, arachidonic acid is converted to , which _ formation of blood clots.

A)thromboxane A2 : stimulates
B)prostacyclin : inhibits
C)prostacyclin : stimulates
D)thromboxane A2 : inhibits
E)nitric oxide : inhibits

Question 76

The breakdown of bilirubin imparts the color in both feces and urine.

Question 77

Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 78

Carbonic acid reversibly dissociates to form what two products, without the need of an enzyme?

A)carbon dioxide and bicarbonate
B)water and bicarbonate
C)bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
D)water and carbon dioxide
E)water and hydrogen ion

Question 79

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A)hemoglobin
B)globulins
C)fibrinogen
D)albumin
E)carbonic anhydrase

Question 80

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on activation of what factor, which then activates prothrombin?

A)factor IV
B)factor X
C)tissue factor
D)platelet factor
E)calcium