Deck 1: What Is Immunology

Question 1

Which of the following is (are)characteristics of nonspecific, innate immunity?

A)Only needs to recognize agent as "non- self" to react.
B)Responds to all challenges equally.
C)Has no "memory." It does not react differently when reexposed to the same agent.
D)Reacts without prior exposure to the agent.
E)All of the above.

Answer 1

All of the above.

Question 2

The first successful human kidney transplant was in 1954. Why was it successful?

A)The recipient and the donor had identical tissue types.
B)The recipient and the donor were identical twins.
C)The recipient and the donor had identical ABO blood groups.
D)All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

Immunology was originally a subdiscipline of

A)blood banking.
B)transplantation.
C)anatomic pathology.
D)microbiology.

Answer 3

microbiology.

Question 4

A child has chicken pox and recovers. Later, she is exposed to chicken pox and does not get sick, but when she is exposed to influenza she does get sick. This is an example of

A)innate immunity.
B)vaccination.
C)nonspecific immunity.
D)adaptive immunity.

Question 5

The selective/clonal selection theory of immune response ultimately proved to be correct, but the instructional theory, while incorrect, seemed logical because

A)if thousands of preformed antibodies were present to antigens that are never encountered, this is excessively wasteful and poor use of the body's resources.
B)the immune system was shown to be capable of such a wide variety of substances that it seemed impossible that such a high number of different possibilities would be preformed without any prior exposure.
C)if one gene produces one antibody, then it didn't seem that humans had enough DNA to produce thousands of possible antibodies.
D)it seemed reasonable that a cell would be "instructed" to react to a specific antigen only when it was encountered.
E)All of the above.

Question 6

The English physician who vaccinated a boy with cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox was

A)Robert Koch.
B)Peter Medawar.
C)Louis Pasteur.
D)Edward Jenner.
E)Celsus Galen.

Question 7

In early studies of antibodies, which properties were recognized?

A)Ability to cause precipitation reactions.
B)Ability to agglutinate particles.
C)Antitoxin effects.
D)All of the above.

Question 8

The most primitive component of the immune response found even in some of the simplest forms of life is the ability to

A)distinguish self from non- self.
B)produce phagocytes.
C)mount a cellular immune response.
D)produce antibodies.

Question 9

The first research identifying the activity of antibodies demonstrated that

A)the immunity could be transferred from one animal to another using the serum component of blood.
B)the immunity was produced by B lymphocytes.
C)the immunity could be transferred from one animal to another using the cellular component of blood.
D)the immunity was produced by T lymphocytes.

Question 10

How were the cells responsible for cell- mediated immunity first identified as T lymphocytes?

A)Metchnikoff demonstrated phagocytosis of fungal spores by Daphnia blood cells.
B)Ehrlich demonstrated it using cells isolated from the Bursa of Fabricius in chickens.
C)Glick demonstrated it using cells isolated from chicken thymus.
D)Landsteiner demonstrated it showing incompatibility between sera of people with different blood groups.

Question 11

The first true vaccine given to a human containing the specific pathogen to which immunity was desired was

A)chicken fowl cholera.
B)anthrax.
C)tetanus.
D)rabies.
E)diphtheria.

Question 12

The definition of antigen is

A)the portion of the antibody that binds to the microorganism.
B)an infectious, pathogenic microorganism.
C)the portion of the white blood cell responsible for recognizing something as "non- self."
D)the exact portion of a microorganism or chemical that the immune system reacts against.

Question 13

In humans, after the recognition phase of the immune reaction, the response phase consists of

A)activation of the adaptive, specific immune components.
B)activation of the innate, nonspecific immune components.
C)both A and B.
D)Cannot tell from this information. It depends on the immunizing agent as to whether A or B is used.

Question 14

In the recognition phase of the immune response, the body must determine that

A)a microorganism is different that what is usually present in the normal flora.
B)the antigen encountered is "non- self."
C)a substance is capable of causing harm.
D)a microorganism is capable of causing actual disease.

Question 15

The person who won the Nobel prize in 1908 for his work in demonstrating phagocytosis by white blood cells is

A)Paul Erlich.
B)Elie Metchnikoff.
C)Edward Jenner.
D)Robert Koch.
E)Louis Pasteur.

Question 16

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)causes a disease in monkeys similar to AIDS in humans caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In theory, why would SIV be a candidate organism to be used in a human AIDS vaccine?

A)SIV could stimulate a humoral immune response against HIV.
B)SIV could stimulate a cellular immune reaction against HIV.
C)Monkey viruses cause disease in humans.
D)Monkey viruses cannot cause disease in humans.
E)SIV could stimulate an immune response against SIV that cross- reacts with HIV.

Question 17

Hyperacute rejection of a solid organ transplant occurs if there is a mismatch of

A)HLA types.
B)MHC types.
C)ABO blood types.
D)tissue types.

Question 18

A man opens up an old loaf of bread and inhales Penicillium spores from the organism growing inside. Inside the man's lungs, phagocytes engulf and digest the spores. The man never gets sick. This is an example of

A)vaccination.
B)adaptive immunity.
C)specific immunity.
D)variolation.
E)innate immunity.

Question 19

Which breakthrough below is mostly responsible for supporting the clonal selection theory of the immune response?

A)Discovery of the T cell receptor
B)Discovery of the genes encoding for different portions of antibody molecule
C)Discovery of how monoclonal antibodies can be produced artificially
D)Discovery of the chain structure of antibodies

Question 20

The first description of inflammation came from ancient Rome and included all the components listed below except

A)swelling.
B)pain.
C)pus.
D)heat.
E)redness.

Question 21

Paul Erlich was the first to propose that white blood cells had some structure that could bind to antigens similar to a "lock and key."

Question 22

The human immune system never responds against human tissues.

Question 23

Which of the cell types listed below needs to have antigen processed before it can be recognized?

A)B lymphocytes
B)Neutrophils
C)T lymphocytes
D)Eosinophils
E)Monocytes/macrophages

Question 24

It is believed that the phagocytic cells observed by Metchnikoff were macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

Question 25

The person who discovered the ABO human blood groups is .

Question 26

T cells recognize antigens by virtue their corresponding receptors on their cell surfaces.

Question 27

T lymphocytes recognized foreign antigen and discriminate self from non- self using

A)the MHC complex.
B)the T cell antigen receptor.
C)ABO antigens.
D)A and B.
E)A and C.

Question 28

Antibodies can only be formed against microorganisms or products they produce, such as toxins.

Question 29

In terms of organism survival, cellular immunity is more important than humoral immunity.

Question 30

Which of the following is true regarding immunoglobulins?

A)Immunoglobulins exist preformed on the surface of B lymphocytes.
B)They are the major mediator of specific humoral immunity.
C)Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies.
D)All of the above.

Question 31

are responsible for cell- mediated immunity while are responsible for humoral immunity.

Question 32

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A)An antibody produced by a mature, stimulated B cell.
B)An antibody produced in response to an antigen with a repeating epitope.
C)An antibody produced by a hybridoma cell.
D)An antibody produced in response to an antigen with only one epitope.
E)An antibody produced by an immature B cell.

Question 33

Louis Pasteur accidentally discovered vaccination using attenuated microorganisms by injecting an old bacterial culture into chickens.

Question 34

is when one's own tissues are attacked by one's own immune system.

Question 35

Rejection of transplanted organs can be minimized if testing is done to assess tissue compatibility between donors and recipients.

Question 36

When serum is divided into fractions by an electrical field, antibodies migrate in the beta fraction.

Question 37

B lymphocytes can react against unprocessed antigen.

Question 38

The adaptive arm of the immune system is capable of memory.

Question 39

How can hybridoma cells be kept alive for extended periods of time? (Check as many as apply.)

A)They can't. Once removed from the host animal the cells die quickly.
B)Growing them at refrigerator temperature.
C)Placing them into a susceptible host where they will form a tumor.
D)Using the appropriate cell culture techniques.
E)Growing them in a field of ionizing radiation.

Question 40

The study of organ transplantation was vastly improved when the cause of different tissue types, the , was discovered by Snell, Dausett, and Benacerraf.

Question 41

Explain what a hybridoma cell is and what it does.

Question 42

Explain why Jenner was successful in making a boy immune from smallpox by vaccinating him with cowpox.

Question 43

Briefly outline the clonal selection theory of adaptive immunity.

Question 44

What was variolation?

Question 45

Define attenuation and explain why attenuated organisms are useful for vaccines.