Deck 21: Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases

Question 1

The normal habitat of is rodents, but humans bitten by fleas carrying the pathogen have fever, severely inflamed lymph nodes, and headache. Later, areas of black, necrotic tissue may develop.

A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Francisella tularensis
D) Yersinia pestis
E) Clostridium perfringens

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Vegetations are associated with which of the following disease processes?

A) toxoplasmosis
B) septicemia
C) plague
D) tularemia
E) endocarditis

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A few days of fever with vomiting followed by high fever, jaundice, and ʺblack vomitʺ are characteristic of

A) schistosomiasis.
B) Chagasʹ disease.
C) yellow fever.
D) dengue fever.
E) malaria.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a complication resulting from the

A) release of lipid A from dying Gram-negative bacteria.
B) attachment of bacterial cells to the endocardium.
C) release of heme from damaged RBCs.
D) release of cytotoxins.
E) triggering of the complement system.

Question 5

Blood is found in the of the heart just before it is pumped into the lungs.

A) right atrium
B) left ventricle
C) superior vena cava
D) right ventricle
E) left atrium

Question 6

How does Borrelia burgdorferi evade the bodyʹs defenses?

A) It is capable of antigenic variation.
B) It has a polysaccharide capsule.
C) It has manganese-containing enzymes.
D) It has a polysaccharide capsule and antiphagocytic proteins.
E) It is capable of antigenic variation and has manganese-containing enzymes.

Question 7

Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus is known as

A) oral hairy leukoplakia.
B) infectious mononucleosis.
C) Hodgkinʹs lymphoma.
D) Burkittʹs lymphoma.
E) chronic fatigue syndrome.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning tularemia?

A) The causative agent is an intracellular bacterial parasite.
B) Infection occurs by inhalation only.
C) The disease is transmitted from person to person.
D) The signs include a distinctive pattern of mild but recurring fever.
E) The disease is easily treated.

Question 9

Unprotected contact with the bodily fluids of an infected animal may result in

A) brucellosis.
B) Lyme disease.
C) blackwater fever.
D) African sleeping sickness.
E) toxoplasmosis.

Question 10

The chief diagnostic sign of brucellosis is

A) ʺbullʹs eyeʺ rash.
B) jaundice.
C) fever which recurs at 24 hour intervals.
D) fever which cycles every 72 hours.
E) petechiae.

Question 11

Toxic shock-like syndrome is associated with

A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
B) Staphylococcus pyogenes.
C) Neisseria meningitidis.
D) Streptococcus aureus.
E) both Staphylococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus aureus.

Question 12

Which of the following is characteristic of Yersinia pestis infections?

A) buboes
B) arthritis
C) jaundice
D) a ʺbullʹs-eyeʺ rash
E) petechiae

Question 13

Fever, difficulty breathing, extreme fatigue, and elevated heart rate are characteristic of

A) endocarditis.
B) Bangʹs disease.
C) infectious mononucleosis.
D) ehrlichiosis.
E) plague.

Question 14

A person is brought to the emergency room with constant high fever, extensive edema, low blood pressure, and petechiae. From which of the following may the person be suffering?

A) Lyme disease
B) septicemia
C) plague
D) brucellosis
E) infectious mononucleosis

Question 15

The chambers and valves of the heart are lined by the

A) endocardium.
B) myocardium.
C) erythrocytes.
D) pericardium.
E) vena cava.

Question 16

A blood sample from a patient is examined on a microscope. Bacterial cells are detected in the sample. The patient has

A) viremia.
B) lymphangitis.
C) lipidemia.
D) toxemia.
E) bacteremia.

Question 17

Epstein-Barr virus infections are typically asymptomatic in because of incomplete development of adaptive immunity.

A) adults
B) adolescents
C) young children
D) the elderly
E) AIDS patients

Question 18

Infection of the lymphatic vessels is known as

A) disseminated intravascular coagulation.
B) bacteremia.
C) recurrent fever.
D) lymphangitis.
E) petechiae.

Question 19

The appearance of this rash is characteristic of infections with which of the following?

A) Epstein-Barr virus
B) Yersinia pestis
C) Borrelia burgdorferi
D) dengue virus
E) Francisella tularensis

Question 20

Which of the following vessels carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A) capillaries
B) the pulmonary arteries
C) the superior vena cava
D) the aorta
E) the inferior vena cava

Question 21

Which of the following diseases is currently vaccine-preventable in humans?

A) yellow fever
B) plague
C) schistosomiasis
D) Lyme disease
E) malaria

Question 22

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is the result of

A) the chronic carrier state associated with dengue virus infection.
B) an antibody-antigen complex reaction.
C) a hyperimmune response to reinfection with dengue virus.
D) an immediate immune reaction to the initial infection with dengue virus.
E) an autoimmune disease.

Question 23

Lyme disease becomes chronic because

A) Borrelia can lie dormant in liver cells.
B) the bacterium resists phagocytosis.
C) Borrelia is an intracellular parasite of erythrocytes.
D) Borrelia changes its surface antigens frequently.
E) the bacterium resists phagocytosis and ʺhidesʺ erythrocytes.

Question 24

An indication of infection with Human herpesvirus 4 is

A) ʺswimmerʹs itch.ʺ
B) a bubo.
C) ʺbullʹs eyeʺ rash.
D) high fever and sore throat.
E) an ulcerating sore.

Question 25

A young man who is an avid outdoorsman goes to see his doctor complaining of fever with chills, headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Blood tests show that he has low levels of leukocytes and platelets. He may have contracted

A) tularemia.
B) Lyme disease.
C) brucellosis.
D) ehrlichiosis.
E) Chagasʹ disease.

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning Toxoplasma infection is CORRECT?

A) It is a rare infection.
B) It is typically contracted by eating undercooked meat.
C) In most individuals, the infection results in lasting damage to the heart.
D) Freshwater snails are intermediate hosts.
E) It is transmitted by biting insects.

Question 27

Plasmodium species reproduce sexually in

A) humans.
B) Ixodes ticks.
C) birds.
D) Aedes mosquitoes.
E) Anopheles mosquitoes.

Question 28

Which of the following is known to be teratogenic?

A) Epstein-Barr virus
B) Borrelia
C) Plasmodium
D) cytomegalovirus
E) dengue virus

Question 29

Which of the following is/are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?

A) malaria
B) yellow fever
C) dengue fever
D) both dengue fever and yellow fever
E) dengue fever, yellow fever, and malaria

Question 30

The normal hosts for Ebola viruses are probably

A) rodents.
B) bats.
C) birds.
D) cats.
E) humans.

Question 31

Which of the following is the infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A) epimastigotes
B) miricidia
C) pseudocysts
D) amastigotes
E) trypomastigotes

Question 32

Depletion of clotting proteins from the serum leads to the uncontrollable hemorrhaging seen in infections.

A) malaria
B) dengue virus
C) Ebola virus
D) Epstein-Barr virus
E) yellow fever virus

Question 33

Plasmodium falciparum produces proteins that cause in addition to the anemia due to erythrocyte destruction.

A) toxemia
B) damage to the heart muscle
C) capillary damage
D) DIC
E) black vomit

Question 34

Cycles of fever, chills, anemia and headache along with passage of dark colored urine are the symptoms of infection with

A) P. vivax.
B) dengue virus.
C) yellow fever virus.
D) P. falciparum.
E) P. ovale.

Question 35

A large number of people experience a high fever with a rash during the summer months in a small country. Epidemiologists suspect an emerging disease. Both Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes are endemic to the country. Researchers are able to detect +ssRNA in the blood of fever victims and in some mosquitoes. What type of pathogen might be responsible for the epidemic?

A) Plasmodium
B) plague bacteria
C) a flavivirus
D) a filovirus
E) a herpesvirus

Question 36

A young woman develops a fever after a recent trip to a Caribbean island. She also experiences severe headache and pain ʺin the bones.ʺ After a few days, she also develops a rash. Which of the following did she most likely contract?

A) Chagasʹ disease
B) Toxoplasma
C) yellow fever virus
D) dengue virus
E) malaria

Question 37

Which of the following diseases is a major problem for AIDS patients?

A) Lyme disease
B) brucellosis
C) hemorrhagic fevers
D) Chagasʹ disease
E) toxoplasmosis

Question 38

Another name for brucellosis is fever.

A) blackwater
B) rabbit
C) undulant
D) snail
E) yellow

Question 39

Schizogony is an important aspect of which of the following pathogens?

A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Schistosoma mansoni
C) Plasmodium species
D) Trypanosoma cruzi
E) Yersinia pestis

Question 40

ʺSwimmerʹs itchʺ is an initial symptom of which of the following?

A) malaria
B) schistosomiasis
C) tularemia
D) Lyme disease
E) Chagasʹ disease

Question 41

A person reports to a clinic complaining of fever and abdominal pain. The abdomen is swollen, and blood tests indicate kidney damage. A stool sample is examined under a microscope and found to contain the egg shown in the figure. The indications are consistent with infection with

A) Anaplasma phagocytophilium.
B) Trypanosoma cruzi.
C) Toxoplasma gondii.
D) Schistosoma mansoni.
E) Plasmodium falciparum.

Question 42

One of the factors leading to the initial characterization of Lyme disease in 1975 was the greater-than-expected incidence of (arthritis/osteomyelitis/mononucleosis) among children.

Question 43

Because of their small size, (larvae/nymphs/adults) of the tick genus Ixodes most often transmit Lyme disease to humans.

Question 44

People with genes for a form of hemoglobin known as hemoglobin C are at risk of fatal malaria disease.

Question 45

The three developmental stages of Ehrlichia are the elementary body, the initial body, and the morula.

Question 46

Epstein-Barr virus causes the cells it infects to become immortal because it suppresses (apoptosis/cytolysis/oncogenesis).

Question 47

When bacteria in the bloodstream invade the bones, this leads to a painful condition called (endocarditis/osteomyelitis/septicemia).

Question 48

The release of bacterial toxins into the blood leads to (bacteremia/septicemia/toxemia).

Question 49

Lipid A can cause septic shock.

Question 50

Small doses of antimicrobial drugs are effective in treatment of the late stages of Borrelia infection because the microbe is extremely susceptible.

Question 51

Only adult ticks of the genus Ixodes feed on humans.

Question 52

Human herpesvirus 4 is better known as cytomegalovirus.

Question 53

Blood returns to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary (arteries/veins/valves).

Question 54

The terms ʺbacteremiaʺ and ʺsepticemiaʺ are synonymous.

Question 55

Both bubonic and pneumonic plague cause the formation of buboes and tissue necrosis of the extremities.

Question 56

Patients with occult septicemia are asymptomatic.

Question 57

Undulant fever is also known as (brucellosis/malaria/tularemia).

Question 58

Cytomegalovirus infection of the retina is now treated with (interferon/fomivirsin/ganciclovir), the first antisense RNA drug.

Question 59

Vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus may occur in utero or at the time of vaginal birth.

Question 60

The zoonosis known as (ehrlichiosis/plague/tularemia) is transmitted to humans by fleas.

Question 61

Yellow fever is named for the (anemia/jaundice/vomiting) it typically causes.

Question 62

The Ebola and Marburg viruses are the sole members of the (Flaviviridae/Filoviridae/Herpesviridae) family, named for their unusual filamentous form. (Be sure to use proper form.)

Question 63

List and describe the three stages of malaria, paying attention to the various forms of the protozoan parasite present in each stage of the disease.

Question 64

Compare and contrast bubonic and pneumonic plague.

Question 65

The sporogonic cycle of (malaria/toxoplasma/schistosoma) takes place entirely within a mosquito.

Question 66

Compare and contrast dengue hemorrhagic fever and Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Discuss both the pathogens and the pathology.

Question 67

Explain the difference between bacteremia and septicemia, and describe some of the factors that can lead to septicemia.

Question 68

The intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni is a (mosquito/tick/snail).

Question 69

How does the age of the infected individual play a role in the development of Epstein -Barr virus (HHV-4) infections such as infectious mononucleosis?

Question 70

True bugs in the genus (Aedes/Ixodes/Triatoma) transmit Chagasʹ disease. (Be sure to use proper nomenclature form.)

Question 71

The final stage of Chagasʹ disease is typically fatal because the parasite infects cells of the (blood/heart/liver).