Deck 3: Police Ethics: Use of Force, Investigations, Interrogations, and Lying

Question 1

According to Miller (2015), studies have revealed that deadly force action is more likely to occur in which of the following circumstances?

A) Stake-outs and drug busts
B) Domestic violence and other disturbance calls
C) Traffic offenses
D) Personal disputes and/or accidents

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A 2008 survey found that % of respondents said force had been threated or used against them during their most recent contact with police.

A) 1.3
B) 1.4
C) 1.7
D) 1.8

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In a study on the use of force in the Miami-Dade Police Department, researchers reported that almost all cases (97%) concerned:

A) Officers striking the suspect
B) Acts of resistance by the suspect
C) Deadly force
D) The use of dogs, batons, or other weapons

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics in March 2015 the capture of only % of estimated law enforcement homicides occurred during 2003 to 2009 and 2011.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 50
D) 66

Question 5

According to Amnesty International in June 2015:

A) All of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
B) Half of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
C) One-third of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
D) None of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

Question 6

On average, how many police officers are murdered each year in the United States?

A) 70
B) 73
C) 85
D) 102

Question 7

According to Skolnick and Fyfe (1993), when the mere presence of police produces the desired outcome and use of force becomes irrelevant, this is known as:

A) Presence
B) Persuasive verbalization
C) Command verbalization
D) Firm grips

Question 8

According to Brown (2015), a poll conducted in August 2014 reported that % of Americans feel police do a "poor" or "only a fair job" in using appropriate force.

A) 46
B) 55
C) 61
D) 72

Question 9

In the case of the recent evidence suggests their number has no influence but there are conflicting studies that found the opposite to be the case.

A) Police arrests
B) Officer involved shootings
C) Bystanders
D) All of the above

Question 10

Despite the threats to their personal safety, police are never permitted to use:

A) deadly force
B) excessive force
C) force likely to cause great bodily harm
D) verbal threats

Question 11

In a study by Dai et al. (2011), they found that only police and their reception of citizen voices were significant factors in reducing citizen disrespect and non-compliance.

A) Age
B) Demeanor
C) Level of education
D) Years of experience

Question 12

According to the typical linear continuum of force policy, when police grip parts of the body to warn the individual that they are to remain motionless or move in a certain direction is known as:

A) Presence
B) Persuasive verbalization
C) Command verbalization
D) Firm grips

Question 13

In 1999 a study conducted by the Bureau of Statistics found that % of people who had contact with police reported officers used force or threatened to use force against them.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 14

According to Skolnick and Fyfe (1993), actions designed to overcome resistance that is forcible but not life threatening are known as:

A) Pain compliance
B) Impact techniques
C) Deadly force
D) Command verbalization

Question 15

Some studies have found that suspects brandishing weapons were likely to be subjected to police force but others reported mixed results.

A) Not as
B) Somewhat
C) Least
D) More

Question 16

According to the typical linear continuum of force policy, when police speak in persuasive tones that are firm, but not commanding, this is known as:

A) Pain compliance
B) Impact techniques
C) Deadly force
D) Persuasive verbalization

Question 17

What was the first law in the United States to require states applying for certain grants submit quarterly reports on inmate deaths in state prisons and local jails?

A) Deaths by Police Reporting Act of 2000
B) Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000
C) Deaths by Personnel Reporting Act of 2000
D) Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2013

Question 18

According to Paoline and Terrell (2011), officers were found to view verbal and passive resistance as:

A) Different
B) Non-existent
C) Similar
D) The most important factor

Question 19

According to Klahm and Tillyer (2010), some evidence suggests that has been found to be unrelated to propensity to use force by one study, but not in another.

A) Police training
B) Officer age
C) Years of experience
D) Level of education

Question 20

Approximately _______ persons are shot and killed by police each year in the U.S.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 300
D) 1000

Question 21

According to Kleinig (1996), When police methods shock the conscience or offend even hardened sensibilities, they are not abiding by:

A) Seemliness
B) Proportionality
C) Minimization
D) Practicability

Question 22

The Supreme Court has declared that the use of deadly force is permitted only when an officer is confronted with:

A) a suspect that poses a threat to himself or third person
B) a suspect that advances toward an officer in a threatening manner
C) a fleeing felon who tries to escape
D) a suspect who is suspected of being armed

Question 23

Officers who are unlikely to learn from their mistakes or change their style of policing and tend to be the subject of a disproportionate number of citizen complaints are known as:

A) Mistaken apples
B) Dysfunctional apples
C) Borderline apples
D) Rotten apples

Question 24

When analyzing the Dirty Harry situation, which of the following is not one of the four conditions faced by a police officer.

A) The officer has opportunity to achieve morally good end or outcome and intends to do so
B) The means used to achieve good end are not normally considered morally wrong
C) The use of means is perceived by the officer to be the best or only practicable means of ensuring the good end is met
D) The good likely to be achieved by using dirty hands far outweighs the bad consequences of using dirty means

Question 25

A study by Lawson (2015) of a simplified shooter video game found there was in shooter bias between black and white participants.

A) Some difference
B) Little difference
C) Major difference
D) No difference

Question 26

According to Kleinig (1996), shooting a person suspected of committing a misdemeanor violates:

A) Seemliness
B) Proportionality
C) Minimization
D) Practicability

Question 27

Individuals who supply information about other people covertly to the authorities are known as:

A) Witnesses
B) Victims
C) Informants
D) Undercover officers

Question 28

The taser was originally developed during the mid- .

A) 1930s
B) 1940s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s

Question 29

Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force applies the 'rotten apple' theory argument?

A) Psychological
B) Sociological
C) Organizational
D) Geographical

Question 30

Which court case held that tasers constitute an "intermediate, significant level of force that must be justified by a strong government interest that compels the employment of such force"?

A) Bryan v. McPherson
B) City of Oakland v. Barrows
C) Brown v. City of Golden Valley
D) Casey v. City of Fed. Heights

Question 31

In which Supreme Court case did the Court propose an objective test that focused on the nature of the police conduct, as opposed to the predisposition of the offender?

A) Sharon v. United States
B) Taylor v. United States
C) Sybil v. United States
D) Sherman v. United States

Question 32

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court determine the "reasonableness" standard must be used in judging excessive, but non-deadly force?

A) Tennessee v. Garner
B) Graham v. O'Connor
C) Scott v. Harris
D) Canton v. Harris

Question 33

What is a constitutional and moral right a person possesses in relation to others, particularly with regard to information possessed by others or in relation to the observation of others?

A) Rights
B) Privileges
C) Privacy
D) Legal ethics

Question 34

According to Clemons (2014), when police speak of their about people who may be suspicious they may be influenced by subconscious associations between race and criminality.

A) Gut reactions
B) Views
C) Bias
D) Attitudes

Question 35

Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force regards police culture as a determining factor because police are seen as isolated from citizens?

A) Psychological
B) Sociological
C) Organizational
D) Geographical

Question 36

The tightening of a suspect's handcuffs to punish an arrested person is unethical due to which of the following factors identified by Kleinig (1996) in assessing use of force in ethical terms?

A) proportionality
B) minimization
C) seemliness
D) intention

Question 37

Which court case held that an officer uses excessive force when they deploy a taser against a person when their crime is minor and they are not actively resisting, attempting to flee, or posing any imminent danger?

A) Bryan v. McPherson
B) City of Oakland v. Barrows
C) Brown v. City of Golden Valley
D) Casey v. City of Fed. Heights

Question 38

During the 1970s and 80s what emerged to explain the increasing number of persons with mental illness entering the justice system?

A) Emancipation hypothesis
B) Masculinity hypothesis
C) Mental hypothesis
D) Criminalization hypothesis

Question 39

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court validate the use of deadly force during a high speed vehicle pursuit where the suspect endangered the lives of police and innocent third parties?

A) Tennessee v. Garner
B) Graham v. O'Connor
C) Scott v. Harris
D) Canton v. Harris

Question 40

When dealing with targeted entrapment by the police, which of the following conditions is considered to be the most morally problematic?

A) There is sufficient evidence to believe target is likely to commit a crime
B) The person would have committed the crime or a similar crime whether he or she was a victim of the entrapment or not
C) The entrapment succeeds as a technique of detection where other methods, such as complaints investigation, have failed
D) All are equally morally problematic

Question 41

Although entrapment may be unethical, it is not a defense available to suspects.

Question 42

The right to privacy is absolute.

Question 43

Dirty means are not limited to actual torture.

Question 44

Which of Barker and Carter's (1995) typographies of police lying involves lying when it is necessary to the policing mission?

A) Accepted lying
B) Justified lying
C) Tolerated lying
D) Deviant lying

Question 45

Which of the following consequences of lying according to Kleinig (1996) may occur through the liar becoming more evasive for fear of being found out?

A) Others are harmed
B) Social trust is destroyed
C) The liar is harmed
D) None of the above

Question 46

Studies reveal that confession evidence is the most potent indicator of guilt for jurors.

Question 47

Studies have revealed that for jurors evidence is a potent indicator of guilt, possibly exceeding eyewitness evidence.

A) Hard
B) Polygraph
C) Confession
D) Scientific

Question 48

Which U.S. Supreme Court case governs interrogations of suspects in the custody of police?

A) U.S. v. Sherman
B) Miranda v. Arizona
C) Terry v. Ohio
D) McCulloch v. Maryland

Question 49

Reid (1962) suggests that a trained investigator can achieve % accuracy in differentiating truthful and untruthful statements.

A) 65
B) 75
C) 85
D) 95

Question 50

The police are not the only authority empowered to use physical force.

Question 51

Deception by police is not acceptable at any stage.

Question 52

The Taser was originally developed during the mid-1970s.

Question 53

Which of Barker and Carter's (1995) typographies of police lying involve police using lies that violate regulations as well as the law?

A) Accepted lying
B) Justified lying
C) Tolerated lying
D) Deviant lying

Question 54

The "Dirty Harry" problem or dilemma involves using unethical or illegal means to obtain desirable ends.

Question 55

Officers are concerned with mentally ill persons because of their perceived unpredictability.

Question 56

Which of the following consequences of lying according to Kleinig (1996) argues that a person who is lied to and discovers the lie suffers the consequence of the cynicism?

A) Others are harmed
B) Social trust is destroyed
C) The liar is harmed
D) All of the above

Question 57

Which act passed by England and Wales in 1984 requires all police interrogations to be recorded?

A) Police and Criminal Evidence Act
B) Electronic Recording Act
C) Electronic Eavesdropping Act
D) Police Interrogation and Criminal Evidence Act

Question 58

The use of deception by police in investigation and interrogation is both unethical and illegal.

Question 59

Which of Barker and Carter's (1995) typographies of police lying deals with the lie being made to pursue a legitimate organizational goal?

A) Accepted lying
B) Justified lying
C) Tolerated lying
D) Deviant lying

Question 60

Which type of lying is considered the most harmful?

A) Accepted lying
B) Justified lying
C) Tolerated lying
D) Deviant lying

Question 61

What right is not absolute and needs the balance to be achieved between it and confidentiality and rights to protection from crime?

Question 62

In which country did a crime survey find that 18.5% of those reporting believe that retired police and military personnel most frequently commit crimes?

Question 63

Discuss the impact of the Supreme Court case of Tennessee v. Garner (1985) on the issue of the use of force.

Question 64

U.S. rates of police shooting and killing compared to a rate of about per year in Canada.

Question 65

Identify and briefly describe the five factors Kleinig (1996) considers relevant to assessing the use of force in ethical terms.

Question 66

What are the perception police officers have regarding the mentally ill that they encounter?

Question 67

What name was given to the use of force that is conducted based on an attempt to achieve a morally good end or outcome?

Question 68

When is an officer permitted to use force?

Question 69

What is one of the most common forms of Taser?

Question 70

In which court case did the Supreme Court note that there is no precise definition of reasonableness, but gave four factors that are relevant?

Question 71

Which level of Skolnick and Fyfe's (1993) linear continuum of force policy involves actions that are designed to overcome resistance that is forcible but is not life threatening?

Question 72

Identify and briefly describe two of the five factors Kleinig (1996) considers relevant to assessing the use of force in ethical terms.

Question 73

What are the steps of Skolnick and Fyfe's (1993) linear continuum of force policy?

Question 74

List two of the requirements of Miami-Dade Police Department that officers must follow if force is used in an interaction with the public.

Question 75

Describe each of the types of deception used by law enforcement. Of these, which do you see as most problematic for suspects/defendants? Why?