Deck 13: Considering the Consequences Pleasure and Happiness

Question 1

Which famous philosopher is said to have provided a more refined version of the doctrine of consequentialism?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Stuart Mill
C) Thomas Kent
D) Aristotle

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mill argued that the only ultimate value is pleasure or happiness, and he appears to equate the two.

A) Methodologically
B) Egoistically
C) Hedonistically
D) Pleasurably

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Because utilitarianism is a/an , they want to make the world a better place for all and increase the extent of well-being throughout the world.

A) Benevolent moral doctrine
B) Pleasure doctrine
C) Ethical doctrine
D) Hedonistic doctrine

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bentham and Mill associated pleasure with:

A) Work ethic
B) Morality
C) Happiness
D) Cost

Question 5

The hedonistic calculus has elements.

A) Two
B) Five
C) Seven
D) Ten

Question 6

What is an important and widely discussed theory of ethical action and establishes that what makes an act morally right or wrong is its consequences and nothing more?

A) Egoism
B) Virtue
C) Pluralism
D) Consequentialism

Question 7

The theory of hedonism contends:

A) that the ultimate intrinsic good is pleasure
B) that Beccaria was accurate in his definition of deterrence
C) that Bentham was responsible for creating a new class of offenders
D) the intrinsic pleasure from avoiding pain is the basis for ethical decision making

Question 8

What emphasizes the effects of an action, and if an action produces more beneficial effects than harmful effects, it is considered an ethical action?

A) Hedonism
B) Utilitarianism
C) Ethicalism
D) Morality

Question 9

For utilitarians, morality is nothing more than:

A) an attempt to bring about as much happiness as possible
B) weighing the cost and benefits of each action
C) sorting out good and evil intentions
D) examining motives of actors

Question 10

John Stuart Mill equated pleasure and:

A) pain
B) happiness
C) duty
D) public policy

Question 11

Two early consequentialist or utilitarian theorists were Jeremy Bentham and:

A) Emanuel Kant
B) Thomas Kent
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Karl Sondheim

Question 12

The motives for the act or the nature of the act itself are not important considerations for:

A) Pluralists
B) Consequentialists
C) Egoists
D) Relativists

Question 13

Mill referred to the principle of utility as the:

A) Greatest ethical principle
B) Greatest moral principle
C) Greatest happiness principle
D) Greatest hypothetical principle

Question 14

For consequentialists, the ultimate goal of morality is to:

A) Make the world a better place for all.
B) Maximize self-interest.
C) Create a perfect world.
D) Create a Nirvana.

Question 15

Bentham developed a method for calculating pleasure versus pain, known as the:

A) Hedonistic calculus
B) Pleasure calculus
C) Swine calculus
D) Satisfaction calculus

Question 16

Which famous philosopher is considered to have originated the doctrine of consequentialism?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Thomas Kent
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Aristotle

Question 17

Mill was criticized for which aspect of his doctrine which was categorized by many as being "worthy of swine"?

A) Pain
B) Hedonistic
C) Brutality
D) Deterrence

Question 18

With regard to what may be good for ourselves:

A) Does not require the actor to totally ignore it.
B) Always requires selfless action.
C) Condemns even unintended self-benefit.
D) Requires that it be the center of moral decision-making.

Question 19

reject the idea that actions are right because God says they are or because they are inherently moral in their own right.

A) Egoists
B) Moralists
C) Ethicalists
D) Utilitarians

Question 20

Consequentialist theorists are also known as:

A) Egoists
B) Utilitarians
C) Pluralists
D) Moralists

Question 21

believe that if more pleasure is produced, the act will be considered morally right.

A) Rule consequentialists
B) Ego consequentialists
C) Act consequentialists
D) Pleasure consequentialists

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the arguments of act consequentialists?

A) whether or not an act promotes the greatest good
B) links acts to whether or not they subscribe to moral rules
C) acts should be considered on a case-by-case basis
D) neglects moral rules

Question 23

According to critics of utilitarian or consequentialist theory, in these theories:

A) The interests of friends and family may be given extra weight in decision-making.
B) Children and the poor are entitled to special treatment.
C) Every person is ranked equally.
D) The actor is entitled to give him/herself extra weight in decision-making.

Question 24

Supererogatory actions:

A) are not strictly required, but are praiseworthy
B) are the same as Kant's categorical imperatives
C) require action by the individual in certain circumstances
D) are not at all a consideration for utilitarians

Question 25

In theory, critics argue, a utilitarian would _________ in order to prevent a race riot.

A) commit perjury
B) join the National Guard
C) call the police
D) threaten others

Question 26

are subject to criticism for the argument that if they take rules to be absolute and without exception, then they will have abandoned consequentialism.

A) Ego consequentialists
B) Act consequentialists
C) Pleasure consequentialists
D) Rule consequentialists

Question 27

Act Consequentialism rejects general rules and:

A) Relies instead on long-term planning.
B) Requires decisions on a case-by-case basis.
C) Rejects rational evaluation of consequences.
D) Requires self-sacrifice in every act.

Question 28

Another criticism of utilitarianism is that, to assume that people are all of equal worth and should to the maximum extent be benefited by any act, would be to:

A) ignore the underclass of society
B) ignore the government's limited resources
C) ignore the higher value of one's family
D) attempt the impossible

Question 29

Critics also argue that a true utilitarian, concerned with the problem of poverty in society, would:

A) give away all of his assets
B) make regular donations to the poor
C) run for office to reduce poverty
D) support food stamp policies

Question 30

In considering public policy about punishment, a utilitarian would argue that punishment is justified if:

A) The pain and suffering to those who are punished is outweighed by the benefits of punishment
B) Those benefits cannot be achieved with less suffering
C) Those benefits cannot be achieved at a lower cost to those who are being punished
D) All of the above

Question 31

A that requires us to subordinate everything to promote the general welfare would have the effect of causing us to give no priority to our own interests.

A) Moral dilemma
B) Utilitarian ethic
C) Moral ethic
D) Consequentialist ethic

Question 32

Utilitarianism is also criticized because it does not take __________ into account.

A) Rules
B) Desires
C) Promises
D) Intentions

Question 33

would argue that their actions can be defended if they produce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness.

A) Rule utilitarianism
B) Act utilitarianism
C) Ego utilitarianism
D) Moral utilitarianism

Question 34

John Stuart Mill argued that ethical questions could be settled only by _______ the results.

A) thoughtful consideration of
B) empirical investigation of
C) public opinion polls on
D) intuitive evaluations of

Question 35

Utilitarianism is mistaken in claiming that only consequences matter, and this can be illustrated by reference to:

A) Backward-looking reasons
B) Moral dilemmas
C) Act consequentialism
D) Moral utilitarianism

Question 36

is generally linked to a particular activity or feeling in contrast to happiness, which is more a state of mind.

A) Morality
B) Pleasure
C) Resilience
D) Benevolence

Question 37

In contrast to Act Consequentialism, Rule Consequentialism:

A) Relies on direction from the King or Ruler.
B) Allows use of general rules or principles.
C) Focuses on the origin of the rule of behavior.
D) Rejects general rules or principles.

Question 38

Utilitarianism emphasizes that the rightness of an act has to do with the , that is, it has to do with what will happen as the result of our actions.

A) Consequences
B) Rules
C) Imperatives
D) Future

Question 39

do not advocate obedience to rules just because they are rules.

A) Rule consequentialists
B) Ego consequentialists
C) Act consequentialists
D) Pleasure consequentialists

Question 40

Critics of consequentialism or utilitarianism argue that such theories:

A) Fail to consider the effects of behavior.
B) Do not use empirical evaluations.
C) Provide no guidance for public policy.
D) Are inconsistent with the notion that people have rights.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the process for resolving an ethical dilemma from a utilitarian perspective?

A) identify all the options
B) identify all those affected by the decision
C) describe the harms and benefits to all those affected under each option
D) choose the option that provides the most benefits for the individual person concerned

Question 42

Utilitarian/Consequentialist theory can never justify euthanasia.

Question 43

If a police officer with a distinguished record is found to have given false testimony about a minor fact, such where he states he put a recovered weapon into a police vehicle after arresting an offender when his partner in fact did so, the utilitarian prosecutor considering a perjury prosecution should give great weight to:

A) the community
B) the police department
C) the officer who gave the testimony
D) the offender

Question 44

One problem in using Utilitarian theory is that it may be difficult to predict outcomes accurately.

Question 45

Consequentialism is an important and widely discussed theory of ethical action.

Question 46

One important early step in application of utilitarian theory is to:

A) Evaluate the long-term results.
B) Conduct empirical research on the effects.
C) Consider various options.
D) Decide which persons need help the most.

Question 47

In conducting a utilitarian analysis, one must consider:

A) the rights of the individual
B) the rights of the poor
C) the rights of the majority
D) all those affected by the decision

Question 48

Utilitarians embrace the idea that actions are right because God says they are.

Question 49

It is argued that is a guide for making decisions in the real world and for situations we actually face.

A) Hedonism
B) Moralism
C) Ethicalism
D) Utilitarianism

Question 50

It is sometimes suggested that consequentialism is a less than efficient way of living and deliberating on issues because it requires long and complicated that tend to make a person overly hesitant and ineffectual.

A) Calculations of morality
B) Calculations of ethics
C) Calculations of utility
D) Calculations of hedonism

Question 51

A/An faced with the situation of giving false testimony would likely do so because the consequences of that particular act would be good.

A) Rule utilitarian
B) Act utilitarian
C) Hedonistic utilitarian
D) Moral utilitarian

Question 52

Which of the following would a utilitarian oppose?

A) medical research
B) public aid
C) prisons
D) experimentation on animals

Question 53

Under utilitarian theory, some commonly held moral feelings may be mistaken.

Question 54

In Utilitarian theory, every person's life and interests are ranked equally.

Question 55

In the case of a race riot, a/an would ask which general rules of conduct would promote the greatest happiness.

A) Rule utilitarian
B) Act utilitarian
C) Hedonistic utilitarian
D) Moral utilitarian

Question 56

Utilitarianism requires that people ignore their own self-interest.

Question 57

One of the first steps in applying Utilitarian/Consequentialist theory is to identify the various options.

Question 58

Utilitarian theory can include the interests of animals.

Question 59

If an action does not produce more beneficial effects than harmful effects, it is considered an ethical action.

Question 60

Under utilitarian theory, euthanasia of a terminally ill, suffering person who asks to be killed:

A) Can never be justified by Act Utilitarianism.
B) Can never be justified by Rule Utilitarianism.
C) Can be justified in some circumstances.
D) Cannot be evaluated by that theory.

Question 61

Bentham and Mill associated _______________.

Question 62

The two basic forms of consequential theory are _______ consequentialism.

Question 63

Mill contended that ethical questions could be settled only by _______ investigation.

Question 64

The first step in Utilitarian decision analysis is to identify all the _______.

Question 65

Discuss and evaluate two criticisms of Consequentialism. Please provide an example of each.

Question 66

Two of the criticisms of Consequentialism are that it can lead to injustice and ignores individual rights. Please provide an example of each situation.

Question 67

emphasizes the effects of an action, and if an action produces more beneficial effects than harmful effects, it is considered an ethical action.

Question 68

Mill referred to the Utilitarian principle of utility as the Greatest _________ Principle.

Question 69

Act Consequentialists make decisions on a _______ basis.

Question 70

Identify and describe the three propositions of utilitarian theory.

Question 71

Discuss, define, compare and contrast Rule and Act Consequentialism. Please give an example of each. Which of two do you think is best? Please explain your position.

Question 72

Describe the first three steps on the Utilitarian evaluation of an ethical dilemma. Select and ethical dilemma and provide a specific example of each of these three steps.

Question 73

In considering public policy about punishment, a utilitarian would argue that punishment is justified if what two conditions exist?

Question 74

The last names of two classical utilitarian theorists are _______.

Question 75

An objection to includes the fact that it is extremely time-consuming to calculate the consequences of every individual action.