Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

The emotions of _____ do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around 18 months of age.

A) pride and embarrassment
B) shame and fear
C) guilt and sadness
D) disgust and guilt

Answer 1

pride and embarrassment

Question 2

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about scattering the pieces of your brother's puzzle on the floor!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social
B) self-conscious
C) penitent
D) sympathetic

Answer 2

self-conscious

Question 3

Research has found that children of emotion-coaching parents are better at all of the following EXCEPT:

A) memory functioning.
B) focusing attention.
C) controlling their behaviors.
D) social competence.

Answer 3

memory functioning.

Question 4

By age four to five, most children have developed a theory of mind and the cognitive sophistication to start describing _____ in others.

A) physical traits.
B) psychological traits.
C) genetic traits.
D) genotypes.

Question 5

Emotional regulation is a foundational part of developing:

A) social competence.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

Question 6

_____ development involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

A) Emotional
B) Superego
C) Moral
D) Pragmatic

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT linked to a mother's emotion-coaching approach to helping children regulate their emotions?

A) More oppositional behavior
B) Children soothing themselves
C) More effective at regulating their negative affect
D) Better able to focus their attention

Question 8

All of the following are associated with improved understanding of emotions EXCEPT:

A) increase in prosocial behavior.
B) emotional regulation.
C) ability to reflect on emotions.
D) difficulty in interpreting facial expressions.

Question 9

_____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing
B) Emotion-facilitator
C) Emotion-coaching
D) Emotion-encouraging

Question 10

In Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, the young child clearly has begun to develop self-recognition and an awareness of his or her unique sense of self, called:

A) self-control.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-understanding.
D) self-centeredness.

Question 11

Kenny is at the age where he wants to try everything, using his surplus energy to explore and play with everything in his environment. He is also anxious to explore his social world through conversation and playing games. According to Erik Erikson, Kenny is demonstrating:

A) initiative.
B) autonomy.
C) industry.
D) trust.

Question 12

Marjorie watched her daughter burst into tears because she lost a game. Marjorie said, in front of the other children, "You stop that crying right now. Don't be a sore loser. Go to your room and come back when you are ready to act right." Marjorie is an:

A) emotion-coaching parent.
B) emotion-criticizing parent.
C) emotion-dismissing parent.
D) emotion-blind parent.

Question 13

When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

A) emotion-dismissing
B) emotion-criticizing
C) emotion-coaching
D) emotion-encouraging

Question 14

Preschool children mainly describe themselves in all of these terms EXCEPT:

A) physical activities.
B) material possessions.
C) body attributes.
D) psychological traits.

Question 15

According to Erik Erikson, children's initiative and enthusiasm will bring rewards when things work well and guilt when things do not work well; thus, _____ is also a factor in this stage.

A) conscience.
B) independence.
C) fear.
D) obedience.

Question 16

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in?

A) She praises her son when he performs a task well.
B) She ignores her child when he cries.
C) She engages in more scaffolding with her son.
D) She acknowledges her child's emotions.

Question 17

Stephen is learning to manage his frustration when he can't make something work the way he wants it to. He used to throw things and cry when frustrated, but now he's learning to ask for help. Stephen is developing:

A) guilt.
B) emotion regulation.
C) moral reasoning.
D) initiative.

Question 18

Barbara saw her son get embarrassed and feel guilty because he dropped a plate of food. She took him in another room and talked about paying attention and asking for help when he needs it. She talked to him about making an apology and helped him decide what he wanted to say. Barbara is an:

A) emotion-facilitator parent.
B) emotion-supportive parent.
C) emotion-coaching parent.
D) emotion-encouraging parent.

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 20

Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always smiling!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:

A) reflective of reality.
B) abstract and magical.
C) unrealistically negative.
D) unrealistically positive.

Question 21

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Peer-negotiated morality
D) Immanent justice morality

Question 22

Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will come immediately, thus they will look around in a concerned way after doing something wrong. This indicates a belief in the concept of:

A) immanent justice.
B) guilt and shame.
C) heteronomous justice.
D) authoritative justice.

Question 23

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates by dropping a box is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates when he was frustrated. Julie is demonstrating:

A) moral independence.
B) social competitiveness.
C) empathic thinking.
D) heteronomous morality.

Question 24

Josh and Jake were wrestling and knocked over a large plant. Josh tries quickly to straighten up the plant and hide what happens, while Jake starts backing away, crying, and quickly looking around. Jake believes in _____, Josh does not.

A) immanent justice.
B) guilt and shame.
C) heteronomous justice.
D) authoritative justice.

Question 25

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach
B) Evolutionary psychology approach
C) Behavioral and social cognitive approach
D) Biological approach

Question 26

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Heteronomous morality
D) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 27

When baby Lisa came into the room and saw her mother crying, she immediately started crying, too. Even though Lisa doesn't know why her mother is crying, she is showing:

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) correspondence.
D) modeling.

Question 28

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 1 to 4

Question 29

When Carson was younger he would get very upset if his school friends didn't follow rules when playing games. Now 11 years old, Carson has learned that it is important to discuss the rules of a game before it gets started, making sure everyone agrees to whatever rules are made. Carson has moved into:

A) heteronomous morality.
B) immanent justice.
C) preconventional thinking.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 30

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:

A) embarrassment.
B) empathy.
C) heteronomous morality.
D) a lack of perspective-taking.

Question 31

Jerome and Hani get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 32

A child at age _____ is likely to be fully in heteronomous morality, whereas children at age _____ are likely to be fully in autonomous morality.

A) 3; 8
B) 5; 12
C) 5; 8
D) 8; 12

Question 33

Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Basic morality
D) Extended morality

Question 34

Franklin is very upset because his teacher will not let him turn in an assignment late. His main argument is that he had started the project and he fully intended to finish it and turn it in. Even though he honestly forgot about the due date, his intention to turn it in is, in his view, the most important factor. He is demonstrating:

A) initiative.
B) conservational morality.
C) heteronomous morality.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 35

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations, because parents are:

A) inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) more likely to consider consequences rather than intentions.
C) in a power position, handing down the rules.
D) more likely to negotiate on rules.

Question 36

According to Freud, it is through a child's struggle to reduce anxiety and avoid parental punishment, while maintaining parental affection and internalizing parents' standards of right and wrong, that prompts the _____ to develop.

A) id
B) alter ego
C) ego
D) superego

Question 37

When children judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor, they are demonstrating:

A) autonomous morality.
B) heteronomous morality.
C) egocentrism.
D) moral independence.

Question 38

According to _____, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form _____.

A) Freud; the alter ego
B) Erikson; independence
C) Freud; the superego
D) Piaget; autonomous morality

Question 39

Xavier was riding his bike when he lost his balance and crashed into a neighbor's flower garden, damaging many plants. He looked around and didn't think anyone saw him, so he left quickly. As he's riding he thinks, "Whew that was close. Glad I got away with that." Xavier is showing:

A) autonomous morality.
B) empathy.
C) conservation.
D) heteronomous morality.

Question 40

Infants have the capacity for _____, but they lack the ability to discern another's inner psychological state, known as _____.

A) perspective taking; empathetic responses
B) empathetic responses; perspective taking
C) perspective taking; emotional regulation
D) emotional regulation; perspective taking

Question 41

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, with girls moving through the _____ while boys move through the _____.

A) Oedipus complex; Electra complex
B) Electra complex; Oedipus complex
C) Olympian complex; Electric complex
D) Electric complex; Olympian complex

Question 42

Based on a view from cultures around the world, which of the following statements is TRUE about parental influences on children's gender development?

A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
B) Mothers place fewer restrictions on their daughters.
C) Fathers engage in more activities with the daughters.
D) Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.

Question 43

Due to its importance in shaping gender-related behaviors, the _____ has been described as "gender school."

A) living room
B) playground
C) kindergarten classroom
D) television

Question 44

As Misty learns what is appropriate for boys and girls, she begins to organize new information according to those divisions. It is her gender _____ that informs her that anything that is pink must be made for girls.

A) role
B) identity
C) bias
D) schema

Question 45

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities
B) roles
C) schemas
D) types

Question 46

Harrison is often praised for his gender-typical behavior. His parents make statements like, "You are such a big boy when you climb the jungle gym by yourself!" Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?

A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Social cognitive theory
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Social role theory

Question 47

The social role theory suggests that:

A) the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) social roles are chosen, not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

Question 48

The behavioral and social cognitive approach to development supports all of the following EXCEPT:

A) what children do in one situation is weakly related to what they might do in other situations.
B) when children are reinforced for moral behavior, they will likely repeat that behavior.
C) punishment works better than reinforcement as a parenting technique.
D) when models who behave morally are provided, children tend to imitate them.

Question 49

Regarding peers and gender development, which of the following is FALSE?

A) Children under age 12 prefer to play in groups with both boys and girls.
B) Boys prefer larger groups of playmates than girls.
C) Boys are more likely to engage in competitive play.
D) Girls are more likely to interact in a reciprocal way.

Question 50

The _____ theory of gender proposes that the preschool child develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, and later adopts the characteristics of the same-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) social role

Question 51

Most children have a sense of being female or male by about _____ years of age.

A) One
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 52

Darcia and Renee are in a "mothers group," sharing stories about their children. Darcia reported that her daughter is showing a clear preference to play with other girls at the day care. Renee said, "My son started that, too, around age ___."

A) 3
B) 1
C) 2
D) 1.5

Question 53

Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

A) A little girl playing with toys dishes
B) A little boy playing with a doll
C) A little boy playing with a toy truck
D) A little girl playing with makeup

Question 54

Girls are more likely to engage in "_____," in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

A) collaborative discourse
B) rough-and-tumble play
C) ego displays
D) dominating play

Question 55

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:

A) roles.
B) identities.
C) expectancies.
D) rules.

Question 56

Gender _____ involves a sense of one's own gender, whereas gender _____ are the expectations about how gender shapes the way one should think, act, and feel.

A) schema; types
B) type; schemas
C) role; identities
D) identity; roles

Question 57

A recent study found that parents reported _____ than nonparents

A) more satisfaction in their lives
B) less enjoyment in their lives
C) more frustration in their lives
D) feeling worse on a daily basis

Question 58

Clara imitates her older sister by trying to wear shoes with high heels, and loves it when her sister puts makeup on her. Learning gender roles this way is consistent with the:

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) social cognitive theory.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) social role theory.

Question 59

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about five years of age onward:

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.
C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
D) boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Question 60

According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he or she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?

A) 3 or 4 years
B) 9 or 10 years
C) 5 or 6 years
D) 11 or 12 years

Question 61

Shane and Karen have a "hands-off" and "let the kids figure it out" approach to parenting. Both travel as part of their work, seldom interact with their children, and show a _____ parenting style. They believe working as much as they can to provide a comfortable lifestyle is the most important thing they can do for their children.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) indulgent

Question 62

Elise is among the most immature in her class. She has trouble interacting socially, which just compounds her low self-esteem and poor outlook on life. Elise is most likely living with parents who have a _____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 63

According to Baumrind, parents who are uninvolved in their child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, are displaying a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 64

Individuals in which of the following countries held the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment and were most likely to remember it being used by their parents?

A) Sweden
B) Spain
C) South Korea
D) United States

Question 65

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

A) Authoritarian
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 66

Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that the style of parenting used by many Asian American parents is:

A) best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.
B) similar to the American-style authoritarian parenting.
C) contrary to stereotypes in that Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.
D) domineering, controlling, and with rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

Question 67

When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law. If you break the law, then you pay the consequences. That's how you learn." Juan is probably a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 68

Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 69

Parents who encourage their children to be independent and show age-appropriate behaviors but still place limits and controls on their actions are:

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative.
C) indulgent.
D) neglectful.

Question 70

Suzie, age three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed immediately. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 71

Josh's mother encourages him to eat well, but usually gives in and makes whatever he wants for dinner, which is often burgers and fries. She often asks him if he has homework to do, but she trusts him to give her an honest response. She wants him to happy, and if that means staying up late then that's okay. Josh's mom is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 72

Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Indulgent
D) Neglectful

Question 73

According to Baumrind, parents who are highly involved with their children but let the children do whatever they want, are displaying a(n) ____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 74

Liam is an unhappy child with weak communication skills. He gets particularly nervous when he has to do something at school where he is compared to his classmates, such as spelling out loud or making an art project. Liam's parents are most likely to be:

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) indulgent.
D) neglectful.

Question 75

Dr. Hernandez is seeing clients for family therapy today. The first couple has a "hands-off" and "let the kids figure it out" approach. They are truly involved and concerned with their children, showing a _____ parenting style. They act like a consultant to their children, and believe their children can determine what is best.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) indulgent

Question 76

Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. In return, Ursula's mother insists that her daughter keep her grades up and go to bed early on most weeknights. As long as her daughter is managing her time and schedule wisely, Ursula's mother gives her daughter a great deal of independence. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 77

Logan is a supportive, warm, and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his children. He encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, and truly takes pleasure in watching them mature. Baumrind would classify him as a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 78

Lucy has strict rules for her children, and gets frustrated and angry when they aren't followed. When the children disobey she often spanks them and sends them off to their room without much explanation. Lucy is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 79

Bernard just brought home his report card and told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 80

Harold is focused only on himself, bullies his classmates, and generally ignores whatever the teacher says or asks him to do. These traits, along with his lack of respect and self-control, indicate he is likely living with parents who have a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful