Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods-a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how:

A) socialization influences the development of behavior and cognitive skills in human beings.
B) evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
C) organisms pass on characteristics they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.
D) the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age.

Answer 1

evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE of mitosis in humans?

A) Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs in the sperm and egg cells.
B) Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells.
C) Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D) Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.

Answer 2

Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 3

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) chromosomes
D) mesosomes

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding genes?

A) Each gene corresponds with one specific protein.
B) Genes act independently of each other.
C) Humans have more genes than proteins.
D) Genetic expression is influenced by the environment.

Question 5

_____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Cognitive
C) Evolutionary
D) Humanistic

Question 6

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

A) Fertilization
B) Osmosis
C) Meiosis
D) Mitosis

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is TRUE?

A) Genes are not collaborative.
B) A single gene codes for a single, specific protein.
C) Genetic expression is unaffected by environmental factors.
D) Events inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

Question 8

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.

A) domain specific
B) maladjusted
C) nonoperational
D) general-purpose devices

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT a finding in the study of sleep deprivation and genetic expression described in the textbook?

A) It increased inflammation.
B) It increased cortisol production.
C) It impaired protein functioning.
D) It prompted the expression of stress-related genes.

Question 10

Dr. Pamarti is studying breast cancer by obtaining DNA samples from women who have breast cancer and those who don't, and completing genetic profiles on each group to find where the genetic differences are. This method is called:

A) genome-wide association.
B) genome-chromosome association.
C) genetic-protein association.
D) genetic-fertilization association.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the evolutionary perspective?

A) It is "one-sided evolutionism" and gives less attention to cognitive factors.
B) It is so easy to test that it creates more studies than can be followed.
C) It is difficult to refute because evolution occurs on such a grand time scale.
D) It does not dictate behavior.

Question 12

During the process of _____, the cell's nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells.

A) meiosis
B) osmosis
C) fertilization
D) mitosis

Question 13

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

A) Genes
B) Proteins
C) Ribosomes
D) DNA

Question 14

According to evolutionary psychology, the observed advantage in spatial skills for men over women might be the result of:

A) better education available to males.
B) the need to track and slay one's food to survive.
C) males' tendency to play video games.
D) males gathering seeds to plant for food.

Question 15

According to the concept of natural selection, the best-adapted individuals:

A) are more likely to survive and leave the most offspring.
B) are more likely to succumb to the depletion of environmental resources in an area.
C) are less likely to reproduce than their less well-adapted peers.
D) are not present in most cultures.

Question 16

The textbook reports that new studies using the genome-wide association method have focused on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) obesity.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) glaucoma.
D) anxiety.

Question 17

Which is NOT true of the genome-wide association method?

A) Its success led to the start of the Human Genome Project.
B) It involves machines that scan cells for variations in cells.
C) It is used to identify genetic variations linked to particular diseases.
D) It requires studying DNA from those with and without a particular disease.

Question 18

According to recent studies, the number of protein-producing genes is predicted to be:

A) greater than 100
,000.
B) greater than 200
,000.
C) less than 5
,000.
D) less than 20
,000.

Question 19

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA. Genes

A) They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
B) Chromosomes
C) RNA
D) Ribosomes

Question 20

_____ selection, as described by Darwin, is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce.

A) Natural
B) Environmental
C) Random
D) Necessary

Question 21

Jason was born with _____. The doctor tells his parents that compared to his peers, he will have a round face, flattened skull, an extra fold of skin over his eyelids, a thickened tongue, short limbs, and some intellectual difficulties.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) Klinefelter disease
C) Down syndrome
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 22

Which of the following is TRUE of Down syndrome?

A) It primarily occurs in African-American children.
B) It occurs when genetic imprinting goes awry.
C) Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.
D) It is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome Y.

Question 23

_____ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging, whereas ____genes_make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

A) Susceptibility; longevity
B) Longevity; mutated
C) Vulnerability; susceptibility
D) Mutated; good

Question 24

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how:

A) each zygote is unique.
B) longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases.
C) for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
D) mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability.

Question 25

Erin is 90 years old. She has relatively good health and is fully mobile. Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a much later age than most of their same-age friends. Which of the following genes might be responsible for this?

A) Susceptibility genes
B) Longevity genes
C) Vulnerability genes
D) Mutated genes

Question 26

Who is MOST likely to develop an X-linked disease?

A) Males
B) Females
C) Children of either gender
D) People with blonde hair

Question 27

According to your text, gene-gene interactions have been documented in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) alcoholism.
B) asthma.
C) arthritis.
D) anxiety.

Question 28

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

A) both genes in a pair are recessive.
B) it is the stronger gene.
C) the environment is right.
D) the dominant gene is also present in the pair.

Question 29

In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.

A) 46 paired
B) 23 unpaired
C) 23 paired
D) 46 unpaired

Question 30

During _____, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) osmosis
D) fertilization

Question 31

In some cases, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the _____ principle.

A) sex-linked genes
B) dominant-recessive genes
C) genetic imprinting
D) polygenic inheritance

Question 32

Joseph was born with the potential to be quite tall; however, during his childhood his family struggled and he didn't have a nutritious diet. The result is that Joseph is not as tall as his parents. Another way of describing Joseph's situation is that his ______ was(were) not expressed in his _____.

A) phenotype; genotype
B) susceptibility genes; longevity genes
C) genotype; phenotype
D) longevity genes; susceptibility genes

Question 33

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a:

A) blastocyst.
B) fetus.
C) gamete.
D) zygote.

Question 34

Carrie's parents both have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blonde hair from both parents, and as a result she has blonde hair. This indicates that the gene for blonde hair is a:

A) recessive gene.
B) dominant gene.
C) susceptibility gene.
D) longevity gene.

Question 35

_____ is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.

A) Down syndrome
B) Hemophilia
C) Huntington's disease
D) Sickle-cell anemia

Question 36

_____ genes are those that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

A) Susceptibility
B) Longevity
C) Vulnerability
D) Mutated

Question 37

Clark's genotype contains a dominant gene for brown eye color and a recessive gene for blue eye color. According to the dominant-recessive gene principle, which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark?

A) Black eyes
B) Blue eyes
C) Grey eyes
D) Brown eyes

Question 38

Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair. Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair. She has brown hair. This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a:

A) dominant gene.
B) recessive gene.
C) susceptible gene.
D) longevity gene.

Question 39

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) Phenotype
D) Stereotype

Question 40

Marly describes her friend, Gina, as having blonde hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's:

A) genotype.
B) genetic imprint.
C) phenotype.
D) X-linked inheritance.

Question 41

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has:

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) XYY syndrome.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 42

Joshua, two, has been diagnosed with _____, a disorder that is found more often in the American Jewish population. Unfortunately, for most children with this abnormality death is likely by age five.

A) spina bifida
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) sickle-cell anemia
D) Huntington's disease

Question 43

Which of the following is a gene-linked abnormality?

A) Down syndrome
B) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 44

Mary and Jim are expecting a child, and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has _____, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Their physician has explained that this gene-linked abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy.

A) spina bifida
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) PKU
D) Huntington's disease

Question 45

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

A) Passive genotype-environment
B) Evocative genotype-environment
C) Influential genotype-environment
D) Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

Question 46

Klinefelter syndrome occurs when an individual has a chromosomal pattern of:

A) XY.
B) XX.
C) XXY.
D) XYY.

Question 47

Paul suffers from hemophilia, so he is very concerned every time he gets a cut. His best treatment option is:

A) insulin.
B) blood transfusions.
C) physical therapy.
D) corrective surgery at birth.

Question 48

Rachel loves to read books and also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library so she can check out lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.

A) passive genotype-environment
B) evocative genotype-environment
C) influential genotype-environment
D) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

Question 49

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

A) Behavior influence
B) Behavior therapy
C) Behavior genetics
D) Behavior development

Question 50

Which of the following is found more often in females?

A) Turner syndrome
B) XYY syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 51

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from:

A) spina bifida.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) phenylketonuria.
D) Huntington's disease.

Question 52

Renee is short and has a webbed neck. While she is good in language-related classes, she struggles with math. Having determined she has a chromosomal disorder, doctors have diagnosed her with:

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) XYY syndrome.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 53

Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents allowed her to join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n):

A) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
B) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
C) passive genotype-environment correlation.
D) gene-gene correlation.

Question 54

Klinefelter syndrome affects:

A) only males.
B) only females.
C) both males and females equally.
D) more females than males.

Question 55

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has:

A) spina bifida.
B) hemophilia.
C) PKU.
D) diabetes.

Question 56

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

A) Sarah, a 21-year-old Asian woman
B) Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
C) Ella, a 27-year-old African-American woman
D) Destiny, a 38-year-old African-American woman

Question 57

Tamera has a genetic disorder where her red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal disk shape. The doctors tell Tamera's parents that she has _____.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) leukemia
D) Huntington's disease

Question 58

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with:

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) XYY syndrome.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 59

Which of the following is TRUE of phenylketonuria?

A) It results from a recessive gene.
B) It may be treated with insulin.
C) It results in death by five years of age.
D) It is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

Question 60

Samantha has been diagnosed with _____, which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) Huntington's disease
C) PKU
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT true of the germinal period?

A) The blastocyst implants in the uterus within the first five days after conception.
B) Fertilization occurs in the upper third of the fallopian tube.
C) The blastocyst forms in four days after conception.
D) Sperm and egg chromosome materials unite within three days after conception.

Question 62

Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A) The creation of the fertilized egg
B) Formation of the blastocyst
C) The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
D) Formation of support systems for cells

Question 63

During your physiology course the instructor asks, "Moving from the outer layer of embryonic cells to the inner layer, what are the layers called?" You immediately write down:

A) endoderm, epidermis, ectoderm, mesoderm.
B) ectoderm, epidermis, mesoderm, endoderm.
C) ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
D) ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Question 64

Wren is four weeks pregnant. Which of the following stages of prenatal development is Wren currently in?

A) Embryonic
B) Fetal
C) Placental
D) Germinal

Question 65

Recent studies have shown that individuals with a short version of a gene labeled five-HTTLPR have an elevated risk of developing depression, but only if they also lead stressful lives. This is an example of:

A) heredity-environment correlation.
B) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C) gene * environment (G * E) interaction.
D) passive genotype-environment interaction.

Question 66

_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.

A) Heredity-environment correlation
B) Evocative genotype-environment correlation
C) Gene * environment (G * E) interaction
D) Passive genotype-environment interaction

Question 67

The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm.

A) blastocyst
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) trophoblast

Question 68

Rachel is in the first period of prenatal development, just following fertilization. Even though she doesn't know it, she is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) implantation
D) germinal

Question 69

The zygote first begins rapid cell division in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) implantation
D) germinal

Question 70

_____ refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall.

A) Implantation
B) Conception
C) Fertilization
D) Involution

Question 71

Which of the following is in the correct order of the three periods in prenatal development from conception to birth?

A) Fertile, embryonic, postterm
B) Preterm, germinal, postterm
C) Gestational, germinal, postnatal
D) Germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 72

All body parts eventually develop from the layers of the embryo, with the ______ producing the internal parts and the _______ producing the surface parts.

A) endoderm; mesoderm
B) mesoderm; endoderm
C) endoderm; ectoderm
D) ectoderm; endoderm

Question 73

Timothy is a quiet six-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. As a result, he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n):

A) passive genotype-environment correlation.
B) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
C) gene * environment (G * E) interaction.
D) evocative genotype-environment correlation.

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?

A) Uncooperative, distractible children receive more unpleasant and disciplinary action from parents and teachers.
B) Outgoing children tend to seek out social contexts in which to interact with people.
C) Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.
D) Infants who smile more receive more attention from individuals in their social environment.

Question 75

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

A) epigenetic
B) biosocial
C) sociogenetic
D) socioenvironmental

Question 76

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sports team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

A) passive genotype-environment
B) evocative genotype-environment
C) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
D) influential genotype-environment

Question 77

The _____ is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.

A) ectoderm
B) perineum
C) cytocyst
D) trophoblast

Question 78

The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) trophoblast
D) mesoderm

Question 79

The _____ is a layer of the embryo which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system.

A) endoderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) epidermis

Question 80

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child who is a favorite at home and school and receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n):

A) passive genotype-environment correlation.
B) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C) influential genotype-environment correlation.
D) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.