Deck 16: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

A) Life review
B) Identity resolution
C) Life regrets
D) Struggle for independence

Answer 1

Life review

Question 2

Which theory suggests that continuing roles into late adulthood will lead to greater life satisfaction?

A) Activity
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Selective optimization with compensation theory

Answer 2

Activity

Question 3

Erikson believed that older adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

A) life review.
B) identity resolution.
C) integrity formation.
D) retrospective spirit.

Answer 3

life review.

Question 4

When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Vanda is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.

A) Gestalt
B) reminiscence
C) schema
D) drama

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson, what is the last stage of development in life?

A) Death vs. dying
B) Integrity vs. despair
C) Immortality vs. death
D) Independence vs. dependence

Question 6

As a minister, being conscientious about the welfare of her parishioners, Reverend Douglas creates many roles in her church for retired church members. Reverend Douglas appears to be applying:

A) disengagement theory.
B) socioemotional selectivity theory.
C) evangelical theory.
D) activity theory.

Question 7

A new finding that Canadian older adults who were more physically active had higher life satisfaction and greater social interaction than their physically inactive counterparts supports which theory of aging?

A) Activity theory
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Selective optimization with compensation theory

Question 8

Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of:

A) cognitive behavioral therapy.
B) past life regression therapy.
C) reminiscence therapy.
D) rational emotive therapy.

Question 9

Vashti believes that the more energetic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus she believes in:

A) activity theory.
B) Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair.
C) socioemotional selectivity theory.
D) selective optimization with compensation theory.

Question 10

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of development do individuals experience in late adulthood?

A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Intimacy vs. isolation
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Integrity vs. despair

Question 11

_____ reminiscence therapy has been found to reduce depressive symptoms and perceived stress.

A) Realistic-focused
B) Attachment-focused
C) Fantasy
D) Generational

Question 12

Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by:

A) retrospective glances on life's worth.
B) looking forward to death.
C) handing over the legacy to the next generation.
D) conflicting views of wisdom against integrity.

Question 13

All of the following are associated with reminiscence therapy in older adults EXCEPT:

A) increased self-esteem.
B) increased physical mobility.
C) increased psychological well-being.
D) increased mental health.

Question 14

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Integrity vs.despair
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 15

One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:

A) increased preoccupation with regrets.
B) reduced responsiveness to regrets.
C) moderate productivity.
D) engaging in prolonged periods of sedentary lifestyle.

Question 16

According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

A) integrity vs. despair
B) autonomy vs. shame
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 17

Which of the following statements about life review is FALSE?

A) Life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets.
B) Life reviews can include sociocultural dimensions.
C) Life reviews lead to revision or expanded understanding of experiences.
D) Life reviews include interpersonal relationship dimensions.

Question 18

All of the following are part of the life review process EXCEPT:

A) looking back at one's life experiences.
B) evaluating life experiences.
C) projecting future life experiences.
D) interpreting life experiences.

Question 19

Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of:

A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) activity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.

Question 20

Reminiscence therapy is likely to use all of the following resources EXCEPT:

A) personal video recordings.
B) personal audio recordings.
C) personal photographs.
D) new magazines.

Question 21

Why, according to the socioemotional selectivity theory, do older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members?

A) They crave financial security.
B) They want to maximize emotional risks.
C) They cannot communicate effectively with new individuals.
D) They place a high value on emotional satisfaction.

Question 22

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A) Activity
B) Selective optimization with compensation
C) Socioemotional selectivity
D) Psychoanalytical

Question 23

Older adults remember _____ when compared to that of younger adults.

A) about the same amount of positive and negative information
B) much more negative information
C) slightly more negative information
D) more positive information

Question 24

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 25

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and:

A) spiritual.
B) practical.
C) relational.
D) knowledge related.

Question 26

Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought.

A) negative
B) positive
C) depressed
D) flat

Question 27

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction as individuals get older:

A) minimizes health-related complications.
B) minimizes emotional risks.
C) maximizes social isolation.
D) maximizes financial freedom.

Question 28

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend MOST of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) Activity theory
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Social discontinuity theory
D) Disengagement theory

Question 29

Now that Benita is in late adulthood, the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will:

A) become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 30

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals declines during:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 31

Which theory gained support by the finding that as individuals grow older they had fewer peripheral social contacts but retained close relationships with people who provided them with emotional support?

A) Activity
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Selective optimization with compensation theory

Question 32

Which of the following theories challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A) Socioemotional selectivity theory
B) Activity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Social breakdown theory

Question 33

The _____ theory states that older adults become more selective about their social networks, placing high value on emotional satisfaction.

A) selective optimization with compensation
B) activity
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) disengagement

Question 34

Successful aging is related to three main factors:

A) assortment, enhancement, and remuneration.
B) reorganization, compensation, and optimization.
C) selection, optimization, and compensation.
D) remuneration, selection, and enhancement.

Question 35

According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 36

Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of:

A) activity.
B) selective optimization with compensation.
C) socioemotional selectivity.
D) social discontinuity.

Question 37

According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

A) Selection
B) Compensation
C) Optimization
D) Reorganization

Question 38

In which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the MOST obvious?

A) Reminiscing on life's regrets
B) Watching soaps on TV
C) Being bedridden due to illness
D) Narrating bedtime stories to grandchildren

Question 39

Older adults' reaction to negative circumstances is _____ when compared to that of younger adults.

A) about the same
B) much more strong
C) slightly more strong
D) less strong

Question 40

The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?

A) Selection
B) Optimization
C) Compensation
D) Remuneration

Question 41

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women 65 years of age and older were living in poverty in 2013?

A) 6%
B) 12%
C) 24%
D) 49%

Question 42

Juanita, in her late sixties, experiences high social support from her family and neighbors. Research on the Big Five factors of personality suggests that she is higher in _____.

A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 43

Deacon, 78 years old, is suffering with a lack of interest in life, fatigue, and hopeless. He seldom gets out of the house. According to recent research on the five-actor personality model, his severe depression is most likely associated with higher:

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.

Question 44

According to research on the five-factor personality model, who is most likely to display agreeableness?

A) Amy, a 20-year-old woman
B) Betty, a 40-year-old woman
C) Cora, a 60-year-old woman
D) Anna, an 80-year-old woman

Question 45

Approximately what percentage of U.S. men 65 years of age and older were living in poverty in 2013?

A) 7%
B) 11%
C) 24%
D) 49%

Question 46

A study of the five personality factors in older adults found that more severe depression was associated with all the following EXCEPT:

A) lower conscientiousness.
B) lower agreeableness.
C) higher neuroticism.
D) lower extraversion.

Question 47

Staudinger assessed personal life investments among 25- to 105-year-old participants. Which age range was the only one to not rate family as the highest domain?

A) 35 to 54 years old
B) 55 to 65 years old
C) 70 to 84 years old
D) 85 to 105 years old

Question 48

According to research on the five-factor personality model, who is most likely to be conscientious?

A) Kathy, a 20-year-old woman
B) Becky, a 40-year-old woman
C) Lisa, a 60-year-old woman
D) Heather, an 80-year-old woman

Question 49

Eric, 74 years old, is on a business trip and working out in a new gym. One of the workers at the gym approached Eric and said, "Are you familiar with the strength machines? You might have the weight too high." The worker is displaying:

A) elderism.
B) ageism.
C) generational inequity.
D) age compassion.

Question 50

Barbara, 72 years old, is organized, self-disciplined, and careful in what she does. Based on a longitudinal study of over 1,200 people from childhood into their seventies, her high level of _____ predicts she will outlive most of her friends.

A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) openness to experiences
D) extraversion

Question 51

A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion

Question 52

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

A) Openness to experience
B) Neuroticism
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 53

Ann Marie is a 63-year-old nurse. Her new manager, a woman much younger, is clearly pulling duties and responsibilities away from Ann Marie because of her age. Older adults being eased out of jobs because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded and are not considered cost effective are examples of:

A) sympathetic elderism.
B) age compassion.
C) generational inequity.
D) ageism.

Question 54

Staudinger assessed personal life investments among 25- to 105-year-old participants. Which age range was the only one to rate work as the highest domain?

A) 25 to 34 years old
B) 35 to 54 years old
C) 55 to 65 years old
D) 70 to 84 years old

Question 55

Donald, 63 years old, retired and then decided he wanted to get back in the workforce. He was recently turned down for a job that fit his resume because he is older. Older adults not being hired for new jobs because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded and are not considered cost effective are examples of:

A) elderism.
B) ageism.
C) generational inequity.
D) age compassion.

Question 56

Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as:

A) ageism.
B) adultism.
C) racism.
D) adultcentrism.

Question 57

Susan, 78 years old, is in a clothing store looking at blue jeans. The clerk asked who she was buying for, and when Jean said herself, the clerk immediately said, "Jeans may not be the best choice for you. Let me show you the clothes in a different section of the store." The clerk is displaying:

A) sympathetic elderism.
B) ageism.
C) generational inequity.
D) social anxiety.

Question 58

Based on 2013 data, who among the following is most likely to live in poverty?

A) Gladys, a 70-year-old African American female
B) Angel, a 70-year-old Latina female
C) Rachel, a 70-year-old non-Latina white female
D) Kurt, a 70-year-old non-Latino white male

Question 59

Carol's family wants to take her mother, Martha, out to eat for her eightieth birthday. Carol suggested a new restaurant that everyone is trying, but her daughter said, "That's not the kind of place to take Grandma. I don't think she would be comfortable there. Where do all the old people eat?" Her daughter is demonstrating:

A) sympathetic elderism.
B) age compassion.
C) generational inequity.
D) ageism.

Question 60

Which of the following is the MOST frequent form of ageism?

A) Assumptions about frailty of older adults
B) Assumptions about ailments caused by age
C) Disrespect for older adults
D) Older adults being edged out of their family life

Question 61

Marriage partners in late adults usually show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A) happiness.
B) greater financial resources.
C) less distress.
D) living longer than those who are single.

Question 62

For Marcella's seventy-fifth birthday her family bought her _____. Her daughter thought it was a perfect gift because a recent study of technology and older adults found that having one increased older adults' family ties and sense of overall connection to society.

A) a large screen television that can be used as a computer monitor
B) a picture frame that displays digital family photo slideshows
C) a smartphone
D) an iPad

Question 63

Researchers have found that poverty in late adulthood is linked to:

A) an increase in longevity.
B) an increase in physical and mental health problems in older adults.
C) greater sexual activity.
D) an increase in marital and life satisfaction.

Question 64

All of the following have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults except for:

A) the rising divorce rates.
B) their greater longevity.
C) their better health.
D) the increase in the percentage of grandparents raising their grandchildren.

Question 65

Approximately _____ of the total health bill of the United States is for the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12% of the population.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) half
D) one-third

Question 66

In 2014, _____ of U.S. adults over 65 years of age were married.

A) 80%
B) 75%
C) 59%
D) 20%

Question 67

Thornton, 68 years old, is talking to his son about getting remarried. Thornton and Hannah have been living together for a year, and he would like to get married. If his son's reaction is typical of the majority of adult children, he will:

A) support Thornton's decision.
B) reject Thornton and his new wife.
C) reluctantly accept Thornton's decision.
D) try to talk Thornton into postponing his decision for as long as possible.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about cohabiting older adults is TRUE?

A) Cohabiting older adults were more likely to receive partner care than married older adults, as per latest research
B) Research indicates that middle-aged and older adult cohabiting men and women reported higher levels of depression than their married counterparts.
C) Cohabiting older adults were more likely to have plans to marry their partner than cohabiting young adults.
D) Older adults cohabit primarily for financial reasons.

Question 69

Jessica, 84 years old, was hesitant about learning to use the Internet at her age. Her daughter finally convinced her by showing her data from a recent longitudinal study that found that Internet use by older adults was associated with a decrease of one-third in the likelihood of developing:

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) Alzheimer disease.
D) osteoporosis.

Question 70

The health-care needs of older adults are reflected in _____, the program that provides health-care insurance to adults over 65 under the Social Security system.

A) Medicaid
B) Eldercare
C) Medicare
D) Family Care

Question 71

Winslow, whose wife died recently, told his friend Ted, "I would like to meet a woman who has lost her husband and marry again. She would understand what I'm going through." Ted's response, having read the latest statistics in the paper, was "Good luck with that. You know there are about _____ times more of us than them."

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 72

Sebastian has four children. Among the four, who is most likely to help him with daily living activities when he is older?

A) Stephen, his oldest son
B) Sam, his second oldest son
C) Selena, his only daughter and next to the youngest
D) Scott, his youngest son

Question 73

A local community center is starting a "meet and greet" night specifically for older adults whose spouses have died. If their attendance matches U.S. statistics, they will have _____ times as many men as women.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 74

According to the 2013 Pew Research Center study, who of the following is likely to show the least Internet use?

A) Amy, a 20-year-old woman
B) Betty, a 40-year-old woman
C) Cora, a 60-year-old woman
D) Anna, an 80-year-old woman

Question 75

All of the following are associated with older adults using the Internet EXCEPT:

A) increased depression.
B) greater ease meeting people.
C) feeling less isolated.
D) feeling more connected.

Question 76

Adult daughters are _____ times more likely than are adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.

A) three
B) five
C) two
D) four

Question 77

Approximately what percentage of adults age 65 or over were widowed in 2014?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%

Question 78

_____ was more strongly linked to telomere length.

A) Spousal support
B) Community support
C) Support from adult children
D) Support from neighbors

Question 79

Stella and Theresa, both in their early seventies, were shocked to hear that one of their same-aged friends is getting divorced. The observation that couples in their age group are much less likely to divorce is probably due to:

A) cohort effects.
B) finances.
C) the need for health insurance.
D) having less energy for big changes.

Question 80

A recent study revealed that marital satisfaction in older adults was linked to whether an individual was _____ or not.

A) depressed
B) present
C) worried
D) satiated