Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Marco has wanted to be a chemist for as long as he can remember. He is fascinated with how chemicals react and change, particularly chemicals in the human body. Even though some people call him "nerdy" and "boring," Marco dreams of wearing the label "chemist." Erikson would say he is building his sense of:

A) autonomy.
B) identity.
C) initiative.
D) industry.

Answer 1

identity.

Question 2

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

A) The choices and alternatives they have access to
B) Their socioeconomic and academic profile
C) The existence or extent of their sense of crisis and commitment
D) The existence or extent of parental and social support

Answer 2

The existence or extent of their sense of crisis and commitment

Question 3

Yvette, a high school junior, is struggling with whether she wants to be an active part of her extended family, going to college and settling down close to home, or if moving to a more exciting area, charting her own path, and settling down near a city is what she wants. In Erikson's terms, she is struggling with:

A) shame and doubt.
B) identity confusion.
C) guilt.
D) inferiority.

Answer 3

identity confusion.

Question 4

According to Erik Erikson, which developmental stage is experienced during adolescence?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Intimacy versus isolation
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Identity versus identity confusion

Question 5

Monique admires her friends who seem to have their lives figured out. She struggles with inconsistencies and conflicts. The things that interest her generally aren't things people make a career out of. She enjoys parts of her culture, but disagrees with some of the attitudes and perspectives. In Erikson's terms, she is struggling with:

A) shame and doubt.
B) identity confusion.
C) guilt.
D) inferiority.

Question 6

Abigail's parents own a small restaurant. She has helped out and worked there for as long as she can remember. Her father keeps saying that Abigail will eventually run the business side and her brother, Anthony, will run the kitchen. Abigail has accepted this for her future, knowing it would devastate her parents if she didn't. Abigail is displaying:

A) identity foreclosure.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 7

_____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives, whereas _____ is one's personal investment in identity.

A) Commitment; crisis
B) Construction; competence
C) Conscientiousness; confidence
D) Crisis; commitment

Question 8

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

A) Synthesizing identity components is easy for most people.
B) Decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life.
C) Identity development occurs in a single, one-step process.
D) Identity development is a lifelong process of adjustments.

Question 9

Identity development:

A) is a single, easy process.
B) is a mix of negations and affirmations.
C) happens cataclysmically.
D) involves making decisions once and for all.

Question 10

Christopher is trying to figure out what he wants to do after high school by volunteering at a local hospital and tutoring children after school. He keeps changing his mind on what he wants to focus on in college, and every time he settles on something he soon starts to question the decision. Christopher is displaying:

A) identity foreclosure.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 11

Cala is proud of her Arabic heritage. She enjoys the art, food, and culture, and plans to pass it along to her children some day. As Cala realizes this is important to her, Erikson would say she is building her sense of:

A) autonomy.
B) identity.
C) initiative.
D) industry.

Question 12

Leopold enjoys his life and gets excited about any new opportunity. He really enjoyed biology last year, so he proclaimed he wanted to be a doctor. Over the summer he had an opportunity to fly in a small plane, and promptly announced he wanted to be a pilot and study aerodynamics. Erikson would predict that this trend should continue as long as Leopold is in:

A) psychosocial moratorium.
B) sociological amnesty.
C) societal moratorium.
D) behavioral reprieve.

Question 13

Ms. Kroger asked her tenth-grade class to write an essay to answer the question, "If someone could only know three things about you, what would they be?" By asking her students to choose their most important personal characteristics and explain why those things are important, she is asking them to work with Erikson's stage of:

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) identity versus identity confusion.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson, during the _____ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 15

What is Erikson's term that describes a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

A) Sociological amnesty
B) Societal moratorium
C) Psychosocial moratorium
D) Behavioral reprieve

Question 16

Noah is a happy guy who makes jokes about everything. While his friends are researching colleges and careers, Noah prefers to spend time on his motorcycle. Everyone keeps telling him that he should be concerned about the future, but he really never thinks much beyond the next few weeks. Noah is displaying:

A) identity moratorium.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) identity achievement.

Question 17

Olivia's mother is a nurse, and believes Olivia should have a career in physical therapy. Olivia is comfortable with that decision, thinking it is a plan anyone should be happy with. Olivia is displaying:

A) identity moratorium.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) identity achievement.

Question 18

Krysta continually changes her "look" depending on trends and her mood. You never know if she will show up in workout clothes, casual attire, or a nice suit. She usually keeps her hair in the latest styles while also changing the color. Erikson would predict that this trend will continue as long as Krysta is in:

A) psychosocial moratorium.
B) sociological amnesty.
C) societal moratorium.
D) behavioral reprieve.

Question 19

Identity _____ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 20

Jayden never seems to care about anything. He doesn't have a plan for what to do after high school, saying he'll figure that out after graduation. He tries to take the easiest classes and uses his free time to play video games. Jayden is displaying:

A) identity foreclosure.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?

A) In the last few years of college, the number of individuals categorized as identity diffused increases.
B) College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
C) College is the time when exploration closes and commitments are acted upon.
D) A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

Question 22

A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity and time when many individuals reach identity achievement is:

A) late childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) young adulthood.

Question 23

Tea, a Latina female, retains many of her family's customs and attitudes, but also has embraced many of the attitudes expressed by her non-Latino white peers. Tea has developed a:

A) bicultural identity.
B) gender identity.
C) societal identity.
D) mixed identity.

Question 24

Samantha was born in China and adopted as an infant by an American couple. Now in adolescence, Samantha wants to know all she can about the area of China where she was born. She is also connected with Chinese Americans through social media. Samantha is developing her ______ identity.

A) cultural
B) ethnic
C) gender
D) collective

Question 25

Researchers find that a positive ethnic identity is related to _____ for minority adolescents.

A) a loss of friends
B) parental conflicts
C) lower substance abuse
D) paradoxical identity

Question 26

Which of the following statements about autonomy-granting in adolescence is TRUE?

A) Boys are given more independence than girls.
B) Girls and boys are given equal autonomy during adolescence.
C) Girls are given more independence than boys.
D) Girls and boys are hardly given any autonomy during adolescence.

Question 27

_____ generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much.

A) First-
B) Second-
C) Third-
D) Skipped-

Question 28

Irena, age 16, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irena enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irena seems to have formed a _____ identity.

A) bilingual
B) bicultural
C) mixed-cultural
D) culturally confused

Question 29

A recent meta-analysis showed that higher levels of parental monitoring and rule enforcement were linked to:

A) strained parental relationships and increased tension.
B) higher academic scores and increased parental conflict.
C) delinquency and rebellion.
D) greater use of condoms and later initiation of sexual intercourse.

Question 30

Which of the following is an identity status where crisis and commitment are both present?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 31

For several months Vivian was torn between choosing a college major in music, business, or journalism. After some thought, she decided to major in journalism and minor in music. She needed to move forward on her goals, and if she doesn't like those classes then she will choose a different path. Vivian is displaying:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 32

It is Saturday, and Victoria's mother wants to know what her plans are for the day. Her mother is quick to remind Victoria of the rules, such as texting her mother at least once every hour she is away from the house, and her curfew of 9 p.m. The psychological term for Victoria's mother's behavior is:

A) consulting.
B) parental discretion.
C) nagging.
D) parental monitoring.

Question 33

_____ generation immigrants are likely to think of themselves as "American," and ethnicity comes through food and social networks.

A) First-
B) Second-
C) Third-
D) Skipped-

Question 34

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades. Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

A) voluntarily disclose less about her activities to her parents.
B) be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents.
C) be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.
D) be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

Question 35

Mia needs to make a plan for her life after high school. She enjoys volunteering with older adults at an assisted living facility, but her friend's mother runs a bakery and that seems exciting, too. She also hates to give up on her dream of studying whales. She's getting frustrated with herself and wants to make a decision, but just can settle on anything. Mia is displaying:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 36

Felicity is showing the influence of bicultural identity. While she respects her parents and her culture, she wants more independence and decision-making power than she is currently given. Typical of Mexican-origin adolescent girls living in the United States, she is expecting autonomy:

A) at an earlier age than her mother prefers.
B) at a later age than her mother prefers.
C) later than her non-Latino peers prefer.
D) at an earlier age than her brothers.

Question 37

Most researchers agree the percentage of individuals in identity diffusion drops and that of identity achievement increases during:

A) late childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) middle adulthood.

Question 38

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

A) few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
B) while most parents want autonomy, adolescents want a connection.
C) most parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries, while adolescents want to maintain the status quo.
D) most parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

Question 39

One way of learning about identity development is to use a _____ to gather the stories people use to define themselves and provide meaning in their lives.

A) narrative approach
B) linguistic approach
C) peer-based approach
D) constructed approach

Question 40

Yolanda is an adolescent in a traditional Latino family. She knows to expect all of the following except that:

A) she will be given as much freedom as her brothers.
B) her parents believe they have authority and they should be respected.
C) the children in her family (including herself) will have restricted autonomy.
D) she will be monitored more closely than her brothers.

Question 41

All of these are characteristics of cliques EXCEPT:

A) the members have always been friends.
B) the members are usually of the same sex.
C) the members share mutual interests.
D) the members are about the same age.

Question 42

Lana has five close friends that she spends time with. They didn't know each other at first, but they were on the same neighborhood soccer team. Now they study, shop, and go to parties together. The appropriate term for Lana's friends is a:

A) club.
B) crowd.
C) clique.
D) squad.

Question 43

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have:

A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends, but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are all of the same sex.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 44

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

A) parents should take an authoritarian approach to controlling the lives of adolescents.
B) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
D) even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as far as possible.

Question 45

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development.
D) As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 46

Reggie, age 16, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

A) the development of Reggie's ethnic identity.
B) differing political perspectives.
C) differing religious perspectives.
D) everyday events of family life.

Question 47

Isabella, a high school student, is talking to her stepsister, Emma, about friends in elementary school. Emma says she wants as many friends as she can get. Typical of her age, Isabella wants to have:

A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends, but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are all girls.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 48

Sullivan argued that the need for social _____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

A) respect
B) compatibility
C) intimacy
D) similarity

Question 49

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report:

A) feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships.
B) continuing financial dependence on their parents.
C) relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.
D) a conflicted relationship with their parents.

Question 50

Enrique is at a local mall, standing around with other guys who play football and basketball. He only knows a few of them, but he feels more comfortable with them than with other strangers or hanging out by himself. The appropriate term for this group of "jocks" is a:

A) clique.
B) club.
C) crowd.
D) squad.

Question 51

Conflict with parents often escalates during _____ and lessens as the adolescent reaches age ____ or soon after.

A) early adolescence; 17
B) early adolescence; 25
C) late adolescence; 20
D) late adolescence; 25

Question 52

At which grade level does conformity to peers, particularly to their antisocial standards, peak?

A) Sixth and seventh grades
B) Eighth and ninth grades
C) Tenth and eleventh grades
D) Twelfth grade

Question 53

What is the difference between cliques and crowds?

A) Cliques are more personal than crowds.
B) Cliques contain more members than crowds.
C) The formation of crowds is based on friendship, while cliques are based on reputation.
D) The members of crowds spend a lot of time together, while the members of cliques do not.

Question 54

Which is FALSE regarding adolescent friendships?

A) Boys are more likely to disclose information about problems to a friend than girls.
B) Adolescents adapt their smoking and drinking behavior to that of their best friends.
C) Having coercive, conflict-ridden friendships is a developmental disadvantage.
D) Adolescents depend on friends more than parents for companionship.

Question 55

Priscilla is in the eighth grade. Her group of friends has recently started shoplifting at department stores. According to research into peer relations, what is Priscilla most likely to do in this scenario?

A) Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not.
B) Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers.
C) Priscilla will join her friends in the antisocial behavior.
D) Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Question 56

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

A) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes can serve the positive developmental function.
B) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C) parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems.
D) as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents.

Question 57

Several adolescents may form what researchers would call a _____ because they have spent time with each other, share mutual interests, and enjoy each other's company.

A) club
B) clique
C) crowd
D) squad

Question 58

Dante and Franco, both 12 years old, are very interested in girls, romance, and sex. When they are alone, it's all they talk about. They are in the _____ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

A) exploring romantic relationships
B) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
D) facilitating romantic connections

Question 59

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A) It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) It helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C) It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D) It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

Question 60

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:

A) should not be concerned, since having older friends has been linked to positive school achievement.
B) should encourage the behavior since his older friends will help him make a successful transition to adulthood.
C) has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in deviant behaviors.
D) should not worry, because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 61

Tony, from a Catholic family, is looking forward to being a full participant in his religious community. His confirmation ceremony is his:

A) graduation from high school.
B) wedding day.
C) rite of passage.
D) permission to get married.

Question 62

Habib's family is originally from the Middle East, although he was born in the United States. He is considered to be a member of an immigrant family because:

A) his father was born outside of the United States.
B) he is bilingual.
C) his culture is different from many non-Latino white families.
D) he lives in a neighborhood with many other immigrant families.

Question 63

Bella just told her friend, Paulina, that she has a crush on Dante. Paulina is honored to know this information, and both keep it a secret from Dante. Bella and Paulina are in the _____ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

A) exploring romantic relationships
B) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
D) facilitating romantic connections

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent health from a global perspective is TRUE?

A) More adolescents around the world are dying from infectious diseases than before.
B) Many adolescent health-compromising behaviors, especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex, are decreasing in frequency.
C) The rate of HIV infection in sub-Saharan countries has decreased marginally in recent years.
D) Fewer adolescents around the world die now from malnutrition.

Question 65

Which of the following distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) High socioeconomic status
B) Acceptance of Western culture
C) Rigid social structure
D) Low access to formal education

Question 66

Which of the following statements about gender differences around the world is TRUE?

A) With a few exceptions, males have greater access to educational opportunities than females.
B) Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
C) In India, there are far more restrictions on the sexual activities of males than of females.
D) In Arab countries, both adolescent males and females encounter the same amount of restriction on sexual activities.

Question 67

Stefan and Martina are preparing to graduate from high school and go to the same college. They have been in a stable relationship for 14 months. They are in the _____ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

A) exploring romantic relationships
B) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
D) facilitating romantic connections

Question 68

In terms of adolescents developing romantic relationships, early bloomers are those who are in or have been in a relationship at age _____ or younger, and late bloomers are those who have not had a relationship that lasted more than four months by age _____.

A) 13; 19
B) 15; 19
C) 13; 17
D) 10; 15

Question 69

Sexual minority youth who date other-sex peers are often:

A) creating drama to get attention.
B) trying to clarify their own sexual orientation.
C) trying to make their parents happy.
D) trying to find a long-term heterosexual relationship.

Question 70

A study of 200 tenth-graders revealed that:

A) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents.
B) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
C) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms.
D) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior.

Question 71

Chantou, a young girl in Cambodia in Southeast Asia, and her brother, Bourey, will have a different experience due to cultural expectations of men and women. Chantou will have:

A) fewer restrictions on her sexual activity.
B) greater restrictions on her sexual activity.
C) an experience similar to girls in Japan.
D) an experience similar to girls in Spain.

Question 72

Tiffany is at the point in adolescence where all the girls are talking about who they have a crush on. She is playing along, but is realizing her thoughts are different from the others. Typical of sexual minority youth, she agrees to go out with Doug as a way to:

A) show that she is just like her friends.
B) clarify her sexual orientation.
C) make her parents happy.
D) find a long-term heterosexual relationship.

Question 73

Cultural differences in dating patterns include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the timing of when dating should begin.
B) whether the date is chaperoned.
C) the roles of males and females in dating.
D) the amount of money spent on a date.

Question 74

Benjamin and Isaac, both from Jewish families, are looking forward to being full participants in their religious communities. Their bar mitzvahs are their:

A) graduation from high school.
B) wedding days.
C) rites of passage.
D) induction into the military.

Question 75

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

A) getting married.
B) getting a driver's license.
C) a high school graduation ceremony.
D) becoming a parent.

Question 76

Most rites of passage focus on:

A) the birth of a child.
B) marriage or the initiation into the nuclear family.
C) the transition into adolescence.
D) the transition to adult status.

Question 77

Rites of passage:

A) are mundane and routine, much like daily adult life.
B) are on the increase in several African countries that are influenced by Western culture.
C) signal an adolescent is ready for adult knowledge and lifestyles.
D) are designed to increase the bond between a mother and her adolescent.

Question 78

Angelique and Gerard found out that they had a romantic interest in each other, and called themselves a couple for about a month. At 15 years old, Angelique thinks she should date around before getting serious with anyone. She is in the _____ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

A) exploring romantic relationships
B) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
D) facilitating romantic connections

Question 79

Desiree is meeting her new boyfriend, Claude, at a local miniature golf course for a group date with their friends. Desiree is hoping that this is the event where Bella and Dante find out that each has romantic interest in the other. Desiree is in the _____ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

A) exploring romantic relationships
B) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
D) facilitating romantic connections

Question 80

Which statement is FALSE regarding cross-cultural comparisons of adolescents?

A) Among street youth in South America, the peer network serves as a surrogate family.
B) In many countries, adolescents are experiencing more working mothers and family members working in distant cities.
C) In many countries, adolescents are experiencing smaller families and fewer extended-family households.
D) In Arab countries, peer relations are restricted, especially for boys.