Deck 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Question 1

Figure 21.2
Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the first structure to receive lymph from both the lumbar and intestinal trunks and is located on the surface of L1 and L2 vertebrae.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 21.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that make up lymphatic capillaries.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes

A) lymph nodes.
B) thoracic duct.
C) cisterna chyli.
D) blood capillaries.
E) lymph capillaries.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Figure 21.2
Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.

A) spleen-white pulp
B) thymus
C) lymph nodes
D) spleen-red pulp
E) tonsils

Question 6

Figure 21.2
Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates where lymph collected from the right arm enters the bloodstream.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 7

Figure 21.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the peripheral tissue.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 8

Figure 21.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding connective tissue.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 9

Figure 21.2
Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 10

The largest lymphoid organ.

A) tonsils
B) lymph nodes
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) thymus
E) spleen

Question 11

Begins at the cisterna chyli.

A) thymic corpuscles
B) aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) MALT
D) inguinal lymph nodes
E) thoracic duct

Question 12

Figure 21.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates where most nutrient and waste exchange occurs between the tissue and blood.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

Figure 21.2
Use this illustration to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the large lymph vessel that drains three-quarters of the body.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 14

Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses.

A) thymus
B) lymph nodes
C) spleen
D) MALT
E) tonsils

Question 15

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.

A) tonsils
B) salivary glands
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) uvula
E) pharygotympanic tube

Question 16

Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

A) bronchomediastinal trunks
B) subclavian trunks
C) lacteals
D) lumbar trunks
E) intestinal trunk

Question 17

Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

A) right lymphatic duct
B) spleen
C) thoracic duct
D) cisterna chyli
E) MALT

Question 18

Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.

A) thymus
B) cisterna chyli
C) lacteals
D) MALT
E) crypts

Question 19

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

A) lymphatic ducts
B) lymphatic capillaries
C) afferent lymphatic vessels
D) lymph nodes
E) lacteals

Question 20

Figure 21.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 21

A bubo is

A) a structure that is unrelated to lymph nodes.
B) any enlarged lymph node.
C) a cancer-infiltrated lymph node.
D) an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed.

Question 22

The sinuses within lymph nodes

A) surround clumps of lymphoid tissue called white pulp.
B) contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.
C) are separated from the bloodstream by a blood-node barrier.
D) consist of star-shaped epithelial cells that secrete immune-boosting hormones.

Question 23

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.

A) lymphoid follicles
B) hilum
C) white pulp
D) subcapsular sinus
E) trabeculae

Question 24

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the bodyʹs entire lower half.

A) right lymphatic duct
B) lumbar trunk
C) bronchomediastinal trunk
D) intestinal trunk
E) thoracic duct

Question 25

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?

A) B lymphocytes
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) T lymphocytes

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?

A) It forms from the union of a jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunk.
B) Not all people have one.
C) This duct and its tributaries drain the superior right quarter of the body.
D) It empties into the thoracic duct.

Question 27

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

A) lacteals
B) crypts
C) MALT
D) tonsils
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 28

Lymphatic capillaries are present in

A) the central nervous system.
B) bone marrow.
C) teeth.
D) skin.

Question 29

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in mononucleosis is the

A) cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
B) macrophage.
C) B lymphocyte.
D) helper T lymphocyte.

Question 30

In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the

A) trabeculae.
B) red pulp.
C) hilus.
D) white pulp.

Question 31

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in

A) the thyroid.
B) the bloodstream.
C) cartilage.
D) loose connective tissue.

Question 32

Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it produces)?

A) several dozen
B) none; T cells do not produce antibodies
C) one
D) thousands

Question 33

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in

A) the bone marrow.
B) the appendix.
C) all lymphoid tissue.
D) the thymus.

Question 34

The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic

A) duct.
B) capillary.
C) trunk.
D) sinus.

Question 35

In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it

A) has the thinnest walls.
B) has the thickest tunica media.
C) always lies closest to the artery, which has the thinnest walls.
D) has the fewest valves.

Question 36

Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82 -year-old person?

A) No, because all lymphocytes have turned into thymic corpuscles.
B) No, because the thymus has completely degenerated.
C) Yes, but fewer than in youth.
D) Yes, but the thymus has shifted to the production of B lymphocytes.

Question 37

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.

A) tonsils
B) thymus
C) lymph nodes
D) spleen
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 38

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?

A) They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.
B) They unite with each other to form collecting vessels.
C) They begin as closed-ended tubes.
D) They lack barriers to stop cancer cells from entering the lymphatic system.

Question 39

The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the

A) right lymph trunk.
B) jugular.
C) subclavian.
D) intestinal.

Question 40

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

A) crypts
B) lacteals
C) MALT
D) tonsils
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 41

The thymus is most active during

A) fetal development.
B) old age.
C) adolescence.
D) childhood.

Question 42

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?

A) spleen
B) tonsils
C) aggregated nodules in the intestine
D) liver

Question 43

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located

A) in the lymph sinuses.
B) near the hilum.
C) in the medullary cords.
D) in the cortex.

Question 44

Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except

A) B cells.
B) T cells.
C) follicles.
D) thick collagen fibers.

Question 45

Blockage of the duct would prevent drainage only from the and lumbar trunks.

A) thoracic; intestinal
B) right lymphatic; subclavian
C) right lymphatic; jugular
D) thoracic; axillary

Question 46

The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the

A) thymus.
B) cervical lymph node.
C) spleen.
D) tonsil.

Question 47

Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum?

A) MALT
B) thymus and aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) spleen and lymph nodes
D) tonsils and appendix

Question 48

Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s?

A) The thymus is so active in children that it fights bacteria so hard that it produces strong symptoms of disease.
B) We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.
C) The immune system does not appear until the preteen years.
D) Because of their small size, childrenʹs bodies cannot contain as much lymphoid tissue as those of adults.

Question 49

Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?

A) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte
B) dendritic cell
C) cytotoxic CD8⁺ T lymphocyte
D) natural killer

Question 50

Which of the following is not a part of MALT?

A) lymphoid tissue in the appendix
B) lymphoid tissue in the tonsils
C) lymphocytes in the spleen
D) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 51

The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the tonsil.

A) tubal
B) lingual
C) pharyngeal
D) palatine

Question 52

The stores blood platelets.

A) lymph node
B) tonsil
C) thymus
D) spleen

Question 53

B lymphocytes are to as T lymphocytes are to .

A) antibodies; programmed cell death
B) antigens; antibodies
C) antibodies; antigens
D) programmed cell death; antibodies

Question 54

Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long -term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the

A) the spleen.
B) palatine tonsil.
C) thymus.
D) bone marrow.

Question 55

Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that

A) they are blind-ended.
B) their walls consist of endothelial cells.
C) they are more permeable than most blood capillaries.
D) they carry lymph instead of blood.

Question 56

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really

A) weakenings in the wall of the vessels.
B) temporary constrictions caused by bulging skeletal muscles that squeeze the lymph vessel.
C) lymph nodes.
D) pockets for valves.

Question 57

Lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the

A) external jugular veins.
B) internal jugular and subclavian veins.
C) inferior vena cava just below the right atrium.
D) superior vena cava and azygos vein.

Question 58

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except

A) along the aorta.
B) in the mediastinum.
C) in the inguinal region.
D) in bones and bone marrow.

Question 59

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in

A) the thymus.
B) the red bone marrow.
C) the lymph nodes.
D) the spleen.

Question 60

The lymphatic capillaries are

A) completely impermeable.
B) more permeable than blood capillaries.
C) as permeable as blood capillaries.
D) less permeable than blood capillaries.

Question 61

A lymphoid nodule is

A) a type of lymphoma.
B) a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.
C) a bulge in a lymphatic collecting vessel.
D) a small lymph node.

Question 62

Crypts of the tonsils

A) contain all the progeny of a single activated B lymphocyte.
B) trap bacteria and particulate matter.
C) are filled with lymphoid tissue.
D) are specialized lymphatic capillaries.

Question 63

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

A) plasma proteins
B) ions
C) water
D) red blood cells

Question 64

One location where lymphoid tissue is found is ʺin the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.ʺ Specifically, this refers to

A) the intestinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
B) intestinal and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks.
C) the cisterna chyli and lacteals.
D) MALT.

Question 65

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.

A) spleen
B) thymus
C) tonsil
D) lymph node

Question 66

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the

A) lumbar trunks.
B) iliac trunks.
C) femoral trunks.
D) cisterna chyli.

Question 67

A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have

A) buboes.
B) lymphangitis.
C) Hodgkinʹs lymphoma.
D) mononucleosis.

Question 68

Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells?

A) dendritic cell
B) cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte
C) natural killer cell
D) helper CD4⁺ T lymphocyte

Question 69

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the

A) helper T lymphocyte.
B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
C) helper B lymphocyte.
D) B lymphocyte.

Question 70

The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the

A) bronchomediastinal trunk.
B) azygos trunk.
C) posterior intercostal trunk.
D) great cardiac trunk.

Question 71

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?

A) thoracic duct
B) lumbar trunk
C) cisterna chyli
D) right subclavian duct

Question 72

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except

A) transporting digested fats.
B) returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
C) returning leaked blood proteins to the bloodstream.
D) carrying blood.

Question 73

All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except

A) contraction of skeletal muscles.
B) tiny lymph hearts.
C) contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the lymph vessels.
D) body movements during exercise.

Question 74

A patient with lymphangitis presents with visible red lines on the skin that are tender to the touch. The best explanation for this sign is that

A) red blood cells have infiltrated the lymphatic system.
B) the vasa vasorum on the surface of infected lymph vessels has become inflamed and congested with blood.
C) lack of movement has caused pooling of lymph in the vessels, which compromised the lymphatic valves, resulting in varicose lymph vessels.
D) the spleen has overdegraded red blood cells, releasing iron into the lymphatic system.

Question 75

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is

A) the thymus.
B) the appendix.
C) a lymph node.
D) the spleen.

Question 76

Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the of the spleen.

A) venous sinuses
B) splenic cords
C) hilum
D) white pulp

Question 77

Edema is

A) an infection of the lymph nodes.
B) a form of cancer.
C) the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.
D) an infection of the lymphatic vessels.

Question 78

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?

A) aggregated lymphoid nodules
B) tonsil
C) the thymus
D) spleen

Question 79

Lymph leaves a lymph node via

A) the cortical lymph sinus.
B) efferent lymphatic vessels.
C) the subcapsular sinus.
D) afferent lymphatic vessels.

Question 80

The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called

A) villi.
B) rugae.
C) aggregated lymphoid follicles.
D) pancreatic islets.