Deck 8: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Members of more privileged categories, such as whites, males, and heterosexuals,

A) Are more likely to notice their differences compared to others
B) Are less likely to notice their differences compared to others
C) Tend to think more than others about these characteristics
D) Recognize that these characteristics are not related to dominance

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Between 1880 and 1920, 23 million immigrants came to the United States, many speaking Italian, polish, or Yiddish, many Catholic or Jewish. The U.S. born elite considered these immigrants

A) Welcome
B) Envied
C) Primitive
D) Racists

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The concept of race is

A) immutable
B) Strictly biological
C) A social construction
D) Determined by people's national origin and religion.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Race and ethnicity are positive in

A) Allowing society to stereotype people
B) Providing a sense of identity
C) Promoting inequality
D) Ascertaining biological differentiation

Question 5

In reaction to the growing immigrant population in the early 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt raised the alarm of "race suicide,"

A) encouraging the immigrants to have more children so their culture would not die out.
B) Which would happen if eugenics, the science of "breeding," was followed
C) Increasing the numbers of immigrants permitted into the U.S.
D) Urging Anglo-Saxon women to have more children

Question 6

Discriminatory practices that are deeply imbedded in institutions such as education, health care, business, and criminal justice, even if very few if any people are deliberately trying to discriminate, are

A) institutional discrimination
B) stereotypical prejudices
C) racist stereotypes
D) segregation

Question 7

Considering prejudice, racism, and discrimination,

A) Only racism is illegal
B) Prejudice and discrimination are both attitudes.
C) Only discrimination is behavior
D) All of them are illegal

Question 8

In the past few decades, the percent of Americans approving of inter-ethnic and interracial marriages has

A) Increased
B) Stayed around the same
C) Decreased slightly
D) Decreased substantially

Question 9

Which of these is NOT a requirement for a minority group?

A) Solidarity and group awareness
B) Ascribed status
C) Smaller population size
D) Identifiability

Question 10

Whites enjoy the "privilege of whiteness," which means that they don't have to think about the implications of being White or the impact race has on their everyday interactions. This societal "privilege"

A) Is solely due to skin color
B) Was developed because of innate superiority
C) Is historical, the result of social positioning
D) Is due to biological differences

Question 11

In our society, people are increasingly

A) Biracial or Multiracial
B) Monoracial or Aracial
C) Antiracial and Nonracial
D) Ethniracial and Heteroracial

Question 12

Miscegenation, which was punished by prison sentences in 41 states until 1967, refers to

A) A form of stereotyping
B) Racial discrimination
C) Segregation of schools, neighborhoods, and restaurants
D) Interracial romantic relationships

Question 13

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus devised a technique to measure peoples social distance from various racial and ethnic groups; the research has been replicated many times, with racial minorities typically receiving the lowest rankings (greatest social distance from respondents). After 9/11/01, which of these received the lowest rankings?

A) Blacks and Protestants
B) Hispanics and Catholics
C) Jews and Israelis
D) Muslims and Arabs

Question 14

The terms race and ethnicity

A) are interchangeable, with the same meaning
B) are based on immutable biological reality
C) are sometimes used interchangeably but are based on two different assumptions.
D) have little meaning in today's global and multicultural societies

Question 15

In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy vs. Ferguson that "separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks and Whites

A) were discriminatory and therefore illegal
B) were necessary to insure racial harmony
C) while not discriminatory, were no longer necessary
D) must be replaced by legal integration

Question 16

Mr. Thompson believes that Asians are gifted in science, so in his third grade classroom he is more likely to call on the Asian students for answers to science questions or choose them to assist with science demonstrations. Thompson's actions exemplify

A) Prejudice
B) Racism
C) Segregation
D) Discrimination

Question 17

Prejudices are often based on __________, generalizations about a group that are oversimplified and exaggerated, and fail to acknowledge individual differences in the group.

A) Racism
B) Stereotypes
C) Discrimination
D) Institutional discrimination

Question 18

In the Implicit Association Test, ________ students associated "White" with purity and goodness.

A) Only Black
B) Only White
C) Only Asian
D) All

Question 19

The biological factor that most reliably appears as distinct among Asians and Native Americans as opposed to other racial groups is

A) Nose shape
B) Eye color
C) Earwax
D) Hair color

Question 20

Ethnicity refers to

A) The assumption of biological distinctions
B) Actual biological distinctions
C) An assumption of inherent cultural differences
D) Measurable cultural and biological differences

Question 21

Which group in the U.S. has the highest poverty rate?

A) Blacks
B) Hispanics
C) Native Americans
D) Elderly

Question 22

Which of the following Latino groups tends to be more affluent?

A) Mexicans
B) Haitians
C) Dominican Republicans
D) Cubans

Question 23

________ theory suggests that when people cannot reach personal goals, they will direct their anger toward a scapegoat.

A) Primordial
B) Frustration-aggression
C) Conflict
D) Feminist

Question 24

Sarah is the only female science professor in a large science department of a university. She is often asked for "the women's point of view," and feels as though she is treated like a representative for all female science professors, rather than an individual with her own qualifications. Sarah is an example of

A) tokenism
B) integration
C) institutional racism
D) reverse discrimination

Question 25

What theory is exemplified by this scenario: people are convinced that members of a weaker group, for example Latin American immigrants, are responsible for their unemployment, and they then direct their hostility toward the immigrants instead of the corporations that may have downsized or outsourced.

A) Primordial
B) Matrix of domination
C) Frustration-aggression
D) Intersectionality

Question 26

The term "African American" refers to a(n) __________, including descendents of Black Africans who came to the U.S. as slaves between 1500 and 1820.

A) Apartheid
B) Ethnicity
C) Caste
D) Class

Question 27

Our experiences with different groups overlap; for example a black woman may experience both sexism and racism. Sociologists today discuss __________ in studying these overlapping experiences or characteristics.

A) Internal colonies
B) Matrix of overlaps
C) Compound theory
D) Intersectionality

Question 28

Ogbu and Davis (2003) found that middle-class African American students in an affluent area got lower grades than their middle-class white classmates, concluding that the difference was due to

A) Not wanting to be "too white"
B) Lower academic preparation
C) Lower socio-economic status
D) Discrimination by teachers

Question 29

In the twenty-first century, many hate groups

A) have moved their focus away from immigrants and toward Catholics and Progressives
B) have actively entered mainstream politics, espousing violent rhetoric
C) have disbanded, such that now there are fewer than half of those that existed in the year 2000
D) use books, music, web pages, and social networking sites

Question 30

In Fall 2008 the NCAA required colleges to

A) eliminate Native American mascots
B) integrate men and women on teams
C) drop minimum GPA requirements for players, because this was biased against minority students
D) recruit and play athletes from all racial and ethnic groups in 50/50 ratios

Question 31

The Ku Klux Klan

A) Has always been looked down upon by the mainstream U.S.
B) At its peak during the Civil Rights era, had about twenty-five percent of the U.S. population as members
C) Was, in the 1920s, praised by many public figures including the President
D) Is an illegal group in the U.S.

Question 32

Affirmative Action is often criticized as

A) perpetuating segregation
B) reverse discrimination that favors minorities over whites
C) reverse discrimination that favors whites over minorities
D) No longer necessary, because of the Civil Rights movement

Question 33

In 1954, the Supreme Court replaced segregation with legal integration, and in 1968 the Fair Housing Act banned discrimination in housing. In the present-day United States, what proportion of the population lives in same-race neighborhoods and attends same-race schools?

A) Hardly any
B) Around a quarter to a third
C) Almost half
D) Most

Question 34

__________ are the U.S.'s largest ethnic minority

A) Blacks
B) Latinos
C) Asians
D) European Whites

Question 35

Affirmative action law requires

A) employment and treatment "without regard to race, color, creed, or national origin"
B) employment "without consideration of race, sex, or sexual orientation"
C) employers to hire black and white applicants in an "equal 50/50 ratio"
D) employment of blacks and other minorities "over the majority white male category, in order to rectify decades of inequities"

Question 36

Approximately 75 percent of the U.S. population was identified in the 2000 census as

A) African American or Hispanic American
B) White, primarily of European ancestry
C) Minorities
D) First generation immigrants

Question 37

Hispanic Americans

A) are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S.
B) have one of the lowest birth rates in the U.S.
C) are generally classified as Black, racially
D) are most likely to have settled in the Midwest and North Central states

Question 38

After slavery ended in the U.S., "Jim Crow" laws

A) provided for affirmative action in hiring, promotion, and education
B) kept Blacks and Whites separate and unequal
C) mandated integration of public facilities such as schools allowed Blacks to vote

Question 39

After the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. the Board of Education,

A) integration was replaced by legal segregation
B) legal racism was replaced by segregation
C) segregation was replaced by legal integration
D) racism was replaced by illegal integration

Question 40

The majority of hate crimes are related to

A) Sexual orientation
B) Race
C) Ethnicity
D) Religion

Question 41

The United States has sometimes been described as a "melting pot," in which cultural differences among different group have all "melted" together, (though in reality the minority groups do the "melting" as they abandon many cultural traditions to fit in with the dominant culture). This process is referred to as

A) Assimilation
B) Pluralism
C) Genocide
D) Multiculturalism

Question 42

Which of these is the most well-educated ethnic group in the United States?

A) Native Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Middle Eastern Americans

Question 43

It appears that the countries least likely to experience genocide are those with the greatest

A) homogeneity, as groups are more similar and equal
B) segregation that keeps disparate groups separate
C) heterogeneity, as no one group is likely to dominate
D) wealth, allowing those in power to keep the country peaceful

Question 44

__________ is a set of attitudes, an ideology that holds that inequality based on race is justified because of the assumed natural differences between the races.

Question 45

Partly in response to Nazi tyranny, which was in part based on "race science", the U.S. considered itself a __________, where each immigrant group could assimilate successfully into the whole.

Question 46

The Bell Curve (Hernnstein and Murray, 1996) claimed that African Americans were genetically inferior to Whites, and had a lower native intelligence - arguments based on

A) nurture
B) nature
C) historical origin
D) social construction

Question 47

In the United States, the two largest ethnic groups identified in the most recent census were ________.

A) English and Irish
B) Italian and Irish
C) German and Irish
D) French and Irish

Question 48

Although our identity is constructed in part by our race and ethnicity, we also like to be treated as individuals, illustrating

A) the conflict perspective
B) the microcosm effect
C) the both/and perspective
D) the functionalist perspective

Question 49

_________ maintains that a stable society need not contain just one ethnic, cultural, or religious group. The different groups can treat each other with mutual respect instead of competing and trying to dominate each other, though the different groups are not necessarily equal.

A) Assimilation
B) Pluralism
C) Genocide
D) Multiculturalism

Question 50

A problem with the terms Hispanic American and Asian American is that

A) Each of those "ethnicities" represents people of distinct countries and cultures.
B) Those represented by those terms would prefer to just assimilate into the United States and not be labeled by their cultural origins.
C) There is no problem.
D) These labels lead to both groups being treated as poor and uneducated.

Question 51

Professor Sutherland is prejudiced in favor of Asian students, based on an oversimplified exaggeration, or __________, that they are strong in Math and Science.

Question 52

Within the melting pot, minority groups were subject to ________.

A) Multicultiralism
B) Pluralism
C) Assimilation
D) Immigration

Question 53

A positive aspect of race and ethnicity is that they provide people with a(n) __________

Question 54

Which of these is the worst result if different ethnic groups in a nation compete for power and resources?

A) Assimilation
B) Pluralism
C) Genocide
D) Multiculturalism

Question 55

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 25% of Black people and 12% of White people are below the poverty level. Based on this, which of the following is correct?

A) Black people are about three times as likely to be poor as white people.
B) Most black people are poor.
C) Most poor people are black.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 56

In this alternative to the melting pot, cultural groups exist not only side by side but equally. This is rare, as one language, religion, or culture will usually dominate.

A) Assimilation
B) Pluralism
C) Genocide
D) Multiculturalism

Question 57

Which of the following populations in the U.S. is smallest?

A) Hispanic American
B) African American
C) European American
D) Asian American

Question 58

A(n) __________ group's members have less power and access to resources than others, because of that group membership.

Question 59

Stacey's family is of Polish descent. Stacey was forbidden to speak Polish in the home and her parents did not follow Polish traditions, as her parents wanted her to learn English and fit in with American culture. Stacy's parents apparently favored

A) Stereotyping
B) Acculturation
C) Assimilation
D) Pluralism

Question 60

The definitions of race and ethnicity are neither set in stone nor determined by biological fact; rather, the definitions vary over time and place, as they are social _________.

Question 61

In South Africa's system of __________, until 1990, all social life was determined by whether you were one of four races: White, Black, "coloured" (mixed race), or Indian (South Asian).

Question 62

For a race or ethnic group to be classified as a minority group, it must have a smaller population size than the majority group.

Question 63

Before the U.S. Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, in which social activists rehabilitated the once-derogatory term Black, the proper terms for Blacks were __________ or __________.

Question 64

__________ groups share a common ancestry, history, or culture; they share similar geographic origins, language, cultural traditions, religion, and general values.

Question 65

Race is a social concept, not a scientific one.

Question 66

In reference to its many ethnicities, the United States is called a "nation of __________".

Question 67

__________ refers to the overlap of race and other social categories, such as ethnicity, gender, and sexuality.

Question 68

In the 1896 Plessy vs Ferguson decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks and Whites were discriminatory, thereby ending segregation laws.

Question 69

__________ refers to ethnic groups nearly abandoning their cultural traditions and embracing the dominant culture.

Question 70

During the twentieth century, the percent of legal immigrants to the U.S. with European origins declined substantially.

Question 71

The poverty rate of __________ is 32%, higher than any other ethnic group in the U.S.

Question 72

Though the terms "Black" and "African American" are often used interchangeably, technically, Black is a(n) __________, and African American is a(n) __________.

Question 73

In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson established the Equal Opportunity Commission, which administers programs under which employers are to "take __________ to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated . . . without regard to their race, color, creed, or national origin".

Question 74

In their 1994 book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Herrnstein and Murray proved that the lower intelligence test scores of African Americans as compared to White Americans, were, in large part, caused by genetics.

Question 75

People join _________ to promote discrimination against ethnic and other minorities.

Question 76

Eugenics, the science of "breeding", was taught as fact in American Universities in the 1920s, and later used by the Nazis in their attempt to protect the Aryan "master race".

Question 77

Jennifer is the only person of Asian descent in her marketing department. She has never been to any Asian country and identifies as American, but her colleagues often ask her about what Asians would think as they make their marketing decisions. Jennifer is apparently the __________ Asian.

Question 78

During the 20th century, the percentage of legal U.S. immigrants reporting European Origins __________.

Question 79

In the 2000 U.S. Census, 75 percent of the U.S. population was identified as __________, most of __________ ancestry.

Question 80

In the United States, prejudice and discrimination against Middle Easterners, Arabs, and Muslims increased significantly after __________.