Deck 6: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

Sociologist Sudhir Venkatesh lived with a gang in Chicago. His research was apparently conducted with which of these methods?

A) Ethnography
B) Experiment
C) Content analysis
D) Secondary analysis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Prohibitions viewed as essential to the well-being of humanity are

A) Mores
B) sanctions
C) Laws
D) Taboos

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Émile Durkheim argued that deviance can be useful to society by affirming norms and values, clarifying moral boundaries, heightening group solidarity, and encouraging social change. Durkheim's analysis illustrates which perspective?

A) Conflict
B) Both/and
C) Functionalist
D) Symbolic structuralism

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the U.S., most people who are arrested are not prosecuted or jailed; furthermore those who are jailed often do not serve their full time. However, the U.S. is the world's number one jailer as well as the only industrialized nation with the death penalty. This simultaneous contradiction illustrates

A) the retribution fallacy
B) the structural functionalist view
C) the both/and perspective
D) the criminal justice perspective

Question 5

The strongest norms, those viewed as essential to the functioning of the group, are called

A) Mores
B) Taboos
C) Sanctions
D) Laws

Question 6

When a deviant act has formal sanctions,

A) It is more serious than other deviance
B) It is less serious than other deviance
C) It is a violation of a folkway
D) It is a crime

Question 7

For most societies, these are few in number.

A) Crimes
B) Taboos
C) Folkways
D) Mores

Question 8

Deviance refers to

A) Breaking or refusing to follow a social rule
B) Breaking a law
C) Committing a crime
D) Normative behavior

Question 9

Groups that practice sexuality outside prescribed patterns, such as S&M or B&D, or groups such as potheads, Grateful Dead groupies, and youth gangs, are all examples of

A) Stigmata
B) Deviant subcultures
C) Counter groups
D) Group sanctions

Question 10

Gangs made up of ethnic minorities

A) Are uncommon
B) Provide members with identity and protection
C) Typically come from middle classes
D) Generally help their members relate more positively to primarily white society

Question 11

In the past, students who could not give correct answers in class were sometimes forced to wear a tall cone-shaped hat called a "dunce cap" that was embarrassing and signified that they were dumb. This cap is an example of what Erving Goffman called

A) sanction
B) stigma
C) taboo
D) mos

Question 12

Ashley wore an unusual outfit to class, and people gave her strange looks. Ashley violated a

A) sanction
B) more
C) folkway
D) mos

Question 13

Sociologists are interested in many aspects of deviance and conformity because

A) This type of research pays well
B) We are interested in social order and control
C) Deviance is a critical social institution
D) Deviance is an important agent of socialization

Question 14

Minstrelization, normification, and militant chauvinism are

A) Strategies to neutralize stigma.
B) Examples of mores.
C) Violations of mores.
D) Violations of folkways.

Question 15

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory postulates that

A) Deviance results from a lack of social control
B) deviance is learned when individuals join deviant groups.
C) Deviance is a result of anomie
D) Deviance results from an imbalance between socially approved goals and the means to achieve them.

Question 16

Deviant acts are __________ illegal.

A) Always
B) Almost always
C) Sometimes
D) Never

Question 17

Deviance can clarify moral boundaries by letting us see distinctions between good and bad, right and wrong. With no clear distinctions, the result could be anomie, or

A) Normlessness
B) Social change
C) solidarity
D) stability

Question 18

Research on females in gangs shows that

A) A minority of youth gang members are females.
B) Females tend to be more violent than males.
C) Females stay in their gangs until a later age, compared to males
D) About half of youth gang members are females.

Question 19

Deviance becomes a crime when

A) it violates the Ten Commandments
B) society considers it criminal
C) lawmakers consider it bad enough to warrant formal sanctions
D) it breaks social conventions

Question 20

According to Sudhir Venkatesh's research on a gang,

A) Use of hard drugs was encouraged
B) The gang provided stability and resources for the community
C) Gang members dropped out of school at an early age
D) Most gang members were quite well off financially

Question 21

In addition to murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, violent crime consists of which offenses?

A) Forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
B) Statutory rape, burglary, and aggravated assault.
C) Statutory rape, burglary, and arson
D) Forcible rape, robbery, and arson

Question 22

Proponents of the conflict theory of crime propose that

A) conflicts will increase in direct proportion to population increases
B) the dominant class produces deviance through enforcing laws that protect its own interests
C) human conflicts are a natural part of society
D) the subordinate class values deviance

Question 23

The fastest growing category of crime in the United States is

A) Violent
B) White collar
C) Hate
D) Internet

Question 24

Alexander Liazos, in his 1972 article "Nuts, Sluts, and Perverts…", noted that people labeled deviant were

A) Crazy
B) Morally unfit
C) Criminal
D) Powerless

Question 25

Perpetrators of hate crimes typically belong to what kind of groups?

A) Disenfranchised
B) Secondary
C) Dominant
D) Peer

Question 26

An act that violates a formal normative code enacted by a legally constituted body

A) Violates a folkway
B) Violates a more
C) Is a crime
D) Is a law

Question 27

Conflict theories of crime focus on

A) Learning
B) Personality
C) Role conflict
D) Inequality

Question 28

________ crime includes offenses such as burglary and motor vehicle theft; there is no force or threat of force against the victims.

A) Organizational
B) Violent
C) White-collar
D) Property

Question 29

Broken Windows theory proposes that

A) Escalating deviance is a rational response to situations of social disorder.
B) Deviance results from the economic inequality inherent in our capitalist system.
C) "Broken" relationships and other social connections - i.e. divorce, lost jobs, or even deaths - result in role reduction which can subsequently lead to deviant behavior.
D) An excess of contacts with deviants, as compared to contacts with non-deviants, results in the appearance of deviance as normative.

Question 30

According to strain theory, what causes strain?

A) conflict between the different roles individuals fill
B) unequal means of acquiring societally promoted goals.
C) conflict between legal and illegal goals
D) strains between unequal statuses held by individuals

Question 31

Robert K Merton's strain theory proposes that

A) Excessive deviance results from inequality.
B) Deviance is caused by associations with deviants.
C) Excessive deviance results from a lack of fear of punishment
D) Deviance occurs because of alienation.

Question 32

Deviance is constrained by attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief, according to

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Social control theory
D) Strain theory

Question 33

According to Becker's Labeling Theory, how does an act "become" deviant?

A) When it hurts a person
B) When it hurts many or causes great monetary damage
C) When it is illegal
D) When someone decides that it is wrong, bad, or immoral

Question 34

Primary, secondary, and tertiary deviance are part of what theory?

A) Differential association theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Social control theory
D) Strain theory

Question 35

According to Travis Hirschi's Control theory, those of us who are law-abiding do not commit crime because

A) Of Fear of punishment
B) Our associations are primarily with deviant people
C) We have access to socially-acceptable means to meet socially-acceptable goals
D) We have formed our self-image in terms of how we perceive others think of us.

Question 36

Meghan wants a new car, but can't afford the payments. Instead of buying a used car, she steals and re-sells some jewelry and other expensive items to get cash for a down payment, lies to the car dealer about having a high-paying job, then skips out on the monthly payments. In Merton's schema, Meghan's behavior exemplifies

A) alienation
B) differential association
C) tertiary deviance
D) an innovator

Question 37

The relationship of deviance and inequality often leads to

A) punishing the behaviors of the more fortunate
B) punishing the behaviors of the less fortunate
C) greater punishment for celebrities, due to media visibility
D) greater punishment for social, rather than moral, lapses

Question 38

In 1940, Edwin Sutherland introduced the term __________ for the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

A) Victimless crime
B) White collar crime
C) Bureaucratic crime
D) Managerial crime

Question 39

The text describes a study of two "gangs" at a suburban school. Which group committed the more serious crimes?

A) Jocks
B) Saints
C) Preps
D) Roughnecks

Question 40

Amy sees a purse left without anyone else around. She knows no one is looking at her but Amy decides not to steal the purse. What form of social control does this exemplify?

A) Outer control
B) Inner control
C) Value-laden control
D) Value-free control

Question 41

In the U.S., the National Crime Victimization Survey reports that since 1973, violent crime has

A) Dropped by nearly 60%
B) Dropped by about 20%
C) Increased by about 20%
D) Increased by nearly 60%

Question 42

Which of the following is the MOST likely to get the death penalty in the U.S.?

A) Blacks convicted of murdering Blacks
B) Blacks convicted of murdering Whites
C) Whites convicted of murdering Blacks
D) Whites convicted of murdering Whites

Question 43

Compared to those without these characteristics, __________ are arrested for more violent and property crimes in the U.S.

A) Men, middle-aged, and Asian
B) Women, young, and Black
C) Women, elderly, and Hispanic
D) Men, young, and Black

Question 44

Which group is considerably more likely to become the victims of crime?

A) Whites
B) Blacks
C) Latinos
D) Asians

Question 45

Compared to the 26 European countries with the largest inmate populations, the United States

A) Has about the same prison population as the average for those countries
B) Has a larger prison population numerically, but in proportion to population size, the U.S. prison population is about the same as the prison populations of European countries.
C) Has about the same prison population as the total for those countries
D) Has considerably more people in prison than the total for those countries.

Question 46

The U.S. rate for death by guns is __________ compared to all countries; the U.S. rate for death by guns is __________ compared to industrialized countries.

A) Higher; lower
B) Higher; in the middle
C) In the middle; higher
D) Lower; in the middle

Question 47

Which of these is correct concerning global crime and the Internet?

A) The Internet is not related to global crime
B) The Internet caused global crime
C) The Internet expanded global crime
D) The Internet reduced global crime

Question 48

About __________ Americans try drugs for the first time every single day.

A) 2,000
B) 6,000
C) 8,000
D) 12,000

Question 49

Parents who threaten their children with grounding or other punishment are exemplifying which of the goals of the prison system?

A) Deterrence
B) Protection
C) Retribution
D) Rehabilitation

Question 50

Compared with most other advanced countries, the U.S. stands out for its

A) Very high homicide rates
B) lower rates drug offenses per capita
C) sharply increasing rates of violent crimes
D) increasing rates of property crimes

Question 51

A deviant act which lawmakers consider bad enough to warrant formal sanctions is a __________.

Question 52

The U.S.'s rate of people in jail or prison is __________ compared to all other countries in the world

A) Somewhat lower
B) About in the middle
C) Slightly higher
D) Much higher

Question 53

Drivers stopped by the police for "DWB" are

A) Driving While under the influence of Barbiturates
B) Often victims of racial profiling
C) Under-represented among those stopped and searched
D) Equally likely to be stopped, regardless of race or ethnicity

Question 54

Which country is the world leader in incarceration rates?

A) China
B) Iran
C) Russia
D) The United States

Question 55

In the U.S., ________ are over-represented in arrest and conviction rates as well as victimization rates.

A) Blacks
B) Whites
C) Asians
D) Middle-Easterners

Question 56

The main result of mandatory sentencing rules enacted in the U.S. in the early 1900s was

A) A reduction of bias in arrests and prosecutions
B) A decrease in the prison population
C) An increase in the prison population
D) An increase in the crime rate

Question 57

Loan-sharking and money laundering are examples of

A) consumer crimes
B) occupational crimes
C) cybercrimes
D) organized crimes

Question 58

The United States has the __________ laws on handgun ownership in the industrialized world.

A) Strongest
B) Weakest
C) best
D) most effective

Question 59

What global crime that existed hundreds of years ago has experienced a revival in the early twenty-first century?

A) Phishing through emails
B) Identity theft on the Internet
C) Piracy of ships
D) Toxic dumping

Question 60

Deviance and Crime in the 21st Century

-Your text predicts that in the years ahead

A) Prison populations will continue to increase
B) Crime will be eradicated
C) People will become more normative
D) We will stop spending so much to fight crime

Question 61

According to __________ theory, when a society promotes certain goals but provides unequal means of acquiring them, the result is anomie, a sense of normlessness, or a feeling that accepted norms conflict with social reality.

Question 62

Prostitution and pornography used to be called __________, but most sociologists have abandoned that label.

Question 63

Youth gangs, groups who practice sex outside of the norm, and Grateful Dead groupies are examples of __________.

Question 64

According to Durkheim, __________ benefits society by affirming cultural norms and values, clarifying moral boundaries, heightening group solidarity, and encouraging social change.

Question 65

A white-collar criminal who uses his or her professional position to obtain something of value has committed a(n) __________ crime

Question 66

Prohibitions viewed as essential to the well-being of humanity are known as __________.

Question 67

Robbery is one of four crimes the FBI classifies as __________.

Question 68

Young Somali men are routinely engaged in __________, a global crime with a long history on the seven seas.

Question 69

Sutherland's theory of __________ suggests that deviance can occur when an individual receives more prestige and less punishment by violating rather than following norms.

Question 70

Global networks of crime have been expanded by the __________.

Question 71

A(n) __________, in Merton's schema, accepts the societally acceptable goals or values, but rejects or cannot access the societally acceptable means of achieving those goals.

Question 72

__________, according to conflict and inequality theories, becomes an instrument of oppression, designed to maintain the powerful in their privileged positions.

Question 73

A person who faces backward in an elevator is breaking a __________.

Question 74

To be considered deviant, people must do, say, or believe something that is considered bad or wrong.

Question 75

The place where you are most likely to be the victim of a crime is __________

Question 76

The weakest norms are _________, while the strongest are __________.

Question 77

The most common violent crime at colleges and universities across the United States is __________.

Question 78

Taking criminals "off the streets" is the idea behind __________ , one of the goals of the criminal justice system.

Question 79

__________ rules enacted in the U.S. in the early 1990s resulted in an explosion in the prison population.

Question 80

Compared to the wealthy, the poor are __________ likely to be crime victims.