Deck 14: Personality Psychopathology

Question 1

In his study of personality disorders, Armand is likely to find that they are ____.

A) one of the most common reasons that individuals seek psychotherapy
B) difficult to diagnose
C) relatively uncommon in the general population
D) more commonly diagnosed in women than in men

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Culture and ethnicity present challenges for diagnosing personality disorders because ____.

A) in their effort to avoid being culturally biased, therapists could miss certain symptoms
B) expressions of personality in one culture may differ from those in another culture
C) norms overlap in most cultures, and ethnicity is difficult to determine
D) diagnostic differences are rarely due to actual cultural differences

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Murray is diagnosed with a distinct personality disorder type. Which behavior cluster, as described in the DSM-5, is likely to characterize Murray?

A) He is emotional and dramatic, often acting erratically.
B) He shows impulsive actions that result in the need to release tension.
C) He shows unwarranted suspiciousness and reluctance to trust others.
D) He lacks self-confidence and is subordinate to those close to him.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Consider an adult whose pattern of personality traits is quite inflexible and has been stable since adolescence. The person's behavior does not reflect another disorder and causes neither subjective distress nor impairments in social functioning. Can the person be diagnosed with a personality disorder?

A) Yes, the pattern of traits must simply begin in adolescence.
B) No, there must be an impairment in the capacity for effective functioning.
C) No, the personality pattern must reflect another disorder.
D) Yes, the pattern of traits must simply be inflexible and stable.

Question 5

What is one of the five key trait domains used to identify a personality disorder?

A) intelligence
B) negative affectivity
C) impulsivity
D) compulsivity

Question 6

What weakness has been identified with using a sole categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders?

A) Categorical diagnoses are based on arbitrary diagnosis thresholds and use an all-or-nothing classification.
B) Diagnosticians show low reliability in being able to diagnose whether a client has a personality disorder.
C) Personality disorders seem to be based on professional opinion.
D) The boundaries used to determine normal personality features make it too difficult to distinguish between appropriate and pathological levels of personality traits.

Question 7

Which type of disorders are best characterized by inflexible, longstanding, and maladaptive traits that cause significant functional impairment, subjective distress, or a combination of both?

A) institutional
B) anxiety
C) personality
D) somato symptom

Question 8

Research on the inheritance of antisocial personality disorder suggests that ____.

A) heredity predicts personality but only in situations where twins are reared in the same family environment
B) the contributions of heredity and environment interact with each other
C) heredity is unimportant but living in the same family environment is strongly related to personality similarity
D) heredity predicts personality but not personality disorders

Question 9

The two diagnostic paths in the DSM-5 for personality disorders are ____ and ____.

A) categorical diagnosis and dimensional plus categorical diagnosis
B) Axis I; Axis II
C) introversion; borderline
D) cognitions; behaviors

Question 10

While Penny is undergoing chemotherapy to treat her leukemia, she depends totally on her daughter to care for her, drive her to appointments, do her shopping, cleaning, and other household chores. According to the DSM-5, does Penny meet the criteria for dependent personality disorder?

A) Yes, because she is dependent on others and is unable to take care of her own responsibilities.
B) No, not if the dependence is a temporary condition rather than pervasive.
C) Maybe; the answer depends on whether one takes a categorical or taxometric approach to diagnosing personality disorders.
D) No, Penny appears to exhibit traits of avoidant personality disorder, not dependent personality disorder.

Question 11

One reason that a diagnosis of personality disorders is challenging to make is that ____.

A) the symptoms are subtle
B) the stigma for clients is so great that most therapists don't want to diagnose them
C) people with personality disorders often seek out therapy for other problems, which confounds diagnosis
D) cultures vary in social behaviors, and may lead to biases in diagnosis

Question 12

A psychologist would likely state that "DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing ____ personality disorder include intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships."

A) paranoid
B) borderline
C) narcissistic
D) histrionic

Question 13

Nguyen is writing a report on the personality disorder that has been studied most thoroughly. He'll most likely end up writing his paper on the topic of ____ personality disorder.

A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) dependent

Question 14

According to available statistics, what is the prevalence of personality disorders based on those seeking treatment at hospitals and outpatient clinics?

A) 2-6 percent
B) 5-15 percent
C) 13-19 percent
D) 20-25 percent

Question 15

A personality disorder diagnosis must include ____.

A) a temporary, but not long-term, disruption in the ability to function normally
B) inflexible personality traits that cause significant functional impairment and distress
C) a preceding childhood or adolescent disorder
D) an accompanying medical condition

Question 16

Felix has been diagnosed with major depression. His psychologist has noted that he also demonstrates an exaggerated sense of self-importance and lack of empathy. According to the DSM-5, which statement concerning Felix is accurate?

A) Felix will probably be assigned a depression diagnosis with anger issues.
B) Felix will probably be assigned a personality disorder diagnosis that encompasses depression symptoms.
C) Felix will probably be diagnosed with major depressive disorder and provided with life skills training.
D) Felix will probably be diagnosed with both major depressive disorder and a personality disorder.

Question 17

Dr. Smith specializes in working with clients who have personality disorders. According to the DSM-5, to make a diagnosis, his clients must have ____.

A) an impairment or problem that is unstable across time and situation
B) the presence of another mental disorder or a general medical condition
C) limited functioning that may be restricted to a specific episode of physical illness
D) enduring patterns that are inflexible and pervasive across situations

Question 18

Dr. Drake has diagnosed a person with a personality disorder using the DSM-5 alternative model. We can assume that the ____.

A) diagnosis is based on personality disorder types, or on ratings on the levels of personality functioning scale and personality trait domains
B) diagnosis made was incremental; that is, the individual was rated as having mild to severe forms of a disorder
C) diagnosed person's symptoms began after the age of 18
D) diagnosed person's symptoms affect other people but not necessarily the individual or his or her social and occupational functioning

Question 19

Dr. Salizar says, "People with these disorders function well enough so that they may not need therapy, and they rarely seek help themselves. However, their patterns of behavior are longstanding and are so rigid that they greatly impair their social functioning or cause subjective distress." Dr. Salizar is most likely describing ____.

A) anxiety disorders
B) institutional disorders
C) somatoform disorders
D) personality disorders

Question 20

Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with which personality disorder?

A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) schizotypal

Question 21

Dr. Williamson says, "The central feature of this personality disorder is the extreme changes in mood leading to stormy interpersonal relationships. Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom may lead to suicidal gestures. Women are three times more likely to be diagnosed than men." What disorder is being described?

A) avoidant personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
C) borderline personality disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 22

The key feature of borderline personality disorder involves ____.

A) shifts from normal to psychotic functioning
B) intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships
C) a tendency to have paranoid delusions that are identical to those of schizophrenics
D) a need for acceptance by authorities and criticism from family members

Question 23

One longitudinal study on antisocial personality disorder conducted by Gao and colleagues (2010) indicated that children studied at the age of three who showed ____ were more likely to have a criminal record in early adulthood.

A) anger issues
B) poor fear conditioning
C) high anxiety
D) higher emotional processing

Question 24

The treatment of choice for persons suffering from borderline personality disorder is ____.

A) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
B) medication
C) a combination of psychotherapy and medication
D) participation in a support group

Question 25

Two different clinicians diagnosed the same client with two different personality disorders. How does Reed (2010) explain this?

A) The clinicians have different training.
B) The symptoms probably overlap in both disorders.
C) The client behaved differently with each clinician.
D) The clinicians have different levels of experience.

Question 26

Albert, a 25-year-old, lacks affection and is unwilling to participate in family activities. He has few hobbies other than building model airplanes, surfing the Internet on his computer, and reading. He has been withdrawn-but not depressed-since childhood, not really wanting to be in a relationship with anyone. He has many "strange" ideas, and often engages in "strange" behavior. Albert best illustrates which personality disorder type or personality disorder trait domain description?

A) obsessive
B) avoidant
C) eccentric
D) antisocial

Question 27

Charlene's parents have been concerned about her for quite some time. After her recent suicide attempt, they sought professional help. They told the therapist that Charlene often goes into uncontrollable rages for no apparent reason. She has intense fluctuations in her mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationship, being extremely friendly one minute, then mean and hostile the next. She sometimes hears voices, although she's aware they are imaginary. What is the most likely diagnosis for Charlene?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) avoidant personality disorder
C) borderline personality disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 28

The DSM-5 alternative diagnosis system for personality disorders looks at four key areas related to personal and interpersonal personality function. What is one of these key areas?

A) identity
B) agreeableness
C) sympathy
D) neuroticism

Question 29

Which statement about borderline personality disorder is accurate?

A) Individuals with borderline personality disorder exhibit a strong sense of purpose.
B) Individuals with borderline personality disorder never experience auditory hallucinations.
C) Most of the literature about borderline personality disorder comes from the cognitive-behavioral perspective.
D) Biological factors may be responsible for the emotional volatility observed in individuals with borderline personality disorder.

Question 30

People are often attracted to Christine because she is flamboyant and emotionally very expressive. She rarely, however, develops any long-term relationships, because people experience her as shallow and self-centered. What personality disorder or trait description would most fit Christine?

A) obsessive-compulsive
B) histrionic
C) schizotypy
D) antisocial

Question 31

Fragile self-concept and faulty self-identity are two explanations for which personality disorder?

A) antisocial
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) avoidant
D) borderline

Question 32

Dr. Abdul says, "My client has feelings of inferiority that must be denied. Therefore, he devalues others and thinks himself superior to everyone else. Our therapy sessions are monologues where he recounts his successes and everyone else's stupidity. And yet if I interrupt even once, he takes great offense." Dr. Abdul's client is likely to be diagnosed with which personality disorder?

A) narcissistic
B) borderline
C) schizotypy
D) negative emotionality

Question 33

Vagueness, digressions, and odd ideas are key symptoms in ____ personality disorder.

A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) schizotypal

Question 34

A man is described as lacking in empathy, exploitative of others, arrogant, exaggerated in his own sense of self-importance, and constantly overestimating his talents and power over others. This description best reflects which personality disorder?

A) borderline
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) introversion
D) narcissistic

Question 35

The DSM-5 alternative personality model allows two different routes to diagnosis of personality disorders. One way is through ____.

A) moderate impairment in two key domains of personality function
B) differential diagnosis into a specific category
C) treatment with medication and psychoanalysis
D) co-occurrence with other personality disorders

Question 36

A psychologist is interviewing a refugee to this country who is unfamiliar with the majority culture here. In his former country, this person was spied on by the government and was the victim of robberies and assaults. He is suspicious of most people in authority and does not trust their motives. Which personality disorder might a psychologist suspect of this refugee, given that he did not know the history?

A) borderline
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) paranoid
D) schizotypal

Question 37

"My neighbor is suspicious of everyone, always holds grudges, and is hypersensitive to any criticism. He is moody, trusts no one, and he never changes his mind. His wife says he has always been this way." What DSM-5 personality type or personality trait description does this best illustrate?

A) paranoid
B) schizoid
C) borderline
D) compulsive

Question 38

Shawn is diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder. Research would suggest that his family ____.

A) abused him when he was a child
B) is full of men with antisocial personality disorder
C) could have some members with schizophrenia
D) engaged in substance abuse and comes from the lower socioeconomic classes

Question 39

A therapist is looking over a list of typical cognitions associated with antisocial personality disorder. How does Beck et al. (1990) refer to them?

A) societal values
B) predatory strategy
C) sensation seeking
D) gratification principles

Question 40

Research shows the strongest genetic relationship between schizophrenia and which personality disorder type or personality disorder trait domain?

A) schizotypal
B) dependent
C) borderline
D) avoidant

Question 41

Carl is diagnosed as having antisocial personality disorder. He tends to be loyal to his friends but exploits others. He is witty and articulate and lies with great skill. What aspect of Carl's case is unusual for someone with an antisocial personality?

A) People with antisocial personalities are rarely loyal to anyone.
B) People with antisocial personalities tend to withdraw from people, not exploit them.
C) People with antisocial personalities tend to be women, not men.
D) People with antisocial personalities are rarely witty and articulate.

Question 42

Which conceptualization of antisocial personality disorder includes characteristics of deceit, manipulation, exploit, and conning others for their own needs or gain?

A) Dolan and Fullam's
B) J.C. Prichard's
C) Cooke and Michie's
D) Hare and Neumann's

Question 43

A patient who is anxious, submissive, and in need of constant reassurance from others would be diagnosed with ____.

A) dependent personality disorder
B) avoidant personality disorder
C) exhibiting antagonism personality traits
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 44

People with antisocial personality disorder ____.

A) hardly ever lie
B) exhibit better-than-average perceptions about other people
C) are often loyal to their employers over many years
D) have a low susceptibility to fear and anxiety

Question 45

"They crave attention but are hypersensitive to potential rejection. They fantasize about relationships but live the loner's life." Which personality disorder is being described?

A) borderline personality disorder
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) schizotypal personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder

Question 46

Esther and Emily both lack self-confidence. Esther is fearful of criticism, so she keeps apart from others. Emily is unwilling to assume responsibility, so she stays in relationships with men who control her life. According to the DSM-5, Esther is ____, while Emily is ____.

A) antagonistic; borderline
B) avoidant; dependent
C) avoidant; borderline
D) antagonistic; emotionally negative

Question 47

Bill has never been convicted of a crime, but has manipulated and exploited those around him. He has no sense of fear or anxiety and does not seem to learn from experiences. What is his likely diagnosis?

A) avoidant personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) paranoid personality disorder

Question 48

Janice complains that her husband, Arnie, is a workaholic. Arnie is so focused on productivity at work that he rarely has time for her or the children. Furthermore, she knows that he has missed important deadlines recently and cannot understand how this is possible, given the number of hours he works. When Arnie is at home, he is demanding, controlling, and angry with Janice if things are not done to his specifications. What personality disorder would Arnie most likely be exhibiting?

A) obsessive-compulsive
B) antisocial
C) schizotypy
D) antagonism

Question 49

A psychiatrist says, "People with antisocial personality disorder fail to learn from past experience despite the criticism of parents and others. They may promise to improve, but there is no sincerity in the words; they continue to break the rules of society. Such a person obviously has a weak superego that is unable to reign in his id." This psychiatrist most likely endorses which perspective?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) family systems
D) psychodynamic

Question 50

A senior psychology major wants to do a research project on people with antisocial personality disorder who are currently in treatment. She asks her adviser if it will be easy to find subjects. Her adviser states that ____.

A) "it will be difficult because antisocial is the rarest form of personality disorder"
B) "it will be difficult because all antisocial personalities are in prison"
C) "it will be easy because antisocial personalities are willing research subjects and are commonly in treatment"
D) "it will be difficult because antisocial personalities rarely seek treatment and will not be sincere subjects"

Question 51

The psychodynamic interpretation of antisocial personality suggests that, during childhood, ____.

A) superego development was faulty
B) identification with the opposite-sex parent was especially strong
C) there was an over-identification with the same-sex parent
D) id impulses were not allowed to be expressed

Question 52

A social-services agency manager who is interested in stopping delinquency read Loeber's (1990) review of research on the predictors of antisocial behavior in children. Consequently, she decided to invest most of her energies in ____.

A) giving children more freedom
B) improving the quality of parental supervision
C) convincing parents to be more expressive with their children, even when they feel hostile
D) increasing the socioeconomic status of parents

Question 53

A research psychologist wants to study people with a particular personality disorder. She places advertisements in newspapers that ask, "Are you adventurous? Do you lead an exciting, impulsive life? If you are the kind of person who'd do almost anything for a dare, send your name..." The researcher was interested in people with which personality disorder?

A) antisocial
B) schizotypal
C) borderline
D) intermittent explosive

Question 54

Carol spends most of her time at home with her parents. She wants to join the other students at school functions, but she is afraid she will do something inappropriate, resulting in embarrassment and rejection. Carol most likely would be diagnosed with which personality disorder?

A) antisocial
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) avoidant
D) schizotypal

Question 55

The incidence of antisocial personality disorder is estimated to be ____ in the United States.

A) 0.1-0.9 percent
B) 0.6-4.5 percent
C) 3-4 percent
D) 4-5 percent

Question 56

What is the relationship between OCPD and OCD?

A) They are both characterized by the presence of obsessions.
B) They have similar names.
C) They are both characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
D) Individuals with both disorders recognize that their obsessive thoughts are irrational.

Question 57

Chuck has no life plan; he simply lives from minute to minute. He can charm and manipulate others with skill. Although he has often been punished for lying and exploiting others, he neither learns from the experience nor feels anxiety or guilt. Chuck most likely has which personality disorder?

A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) avoidant

Question 58

According to Beck and associates (1990), treatment for antisocial personality disorder should emphasize ____.

A) that the object-splitting that occurred in the person's childhood is irreversible
B) building empathy skills and decreasing self-involvement
C) that the person's inability to label emotions accurately is based on past experiences
D) two factors: autonomic arousal and imitation of models whose emotions were poorly controlled

Question 59

"The antisocial personality fails to learn ethical behavior because of a lack of positive role models and/or the presence of poor role models." This statement reflects which perspective?

A) genetic
B) psychoanalytic
C) learning
D) central nervous system abnormality

Question 60

Which factor is typically associated with antisocial personality disorder?

A) an overly anxious demeanor
B) an obsessive focus on loyalty
C) an impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style
D) an irrational need to follow rules

Question 61

"Low arousal leads to the thrill-seeking behavior we see in antisocial personality disorder." This statement best reflects which explanation of the disorder?

A) autonomic reactivity
B) genetic
C) family and socialization
D) central nervous system abnormality

Question 62

What Dr. Daniels tells his class, "Research suggests abnormal brain activity causes antisocial personality disorder. EEG scans have revealed neurological differences in the occipital lobe that make people with APD more sensitive to emotions. The brain differences seem to explain why those with APD have trouble learning from punishment. Which part of Dr. Daniels' statement is accurate?

A) Abnormal brain activity causes antisocial personality disorder.
B) Brain differences seem to explain why people with APD have trouble learning from punishment.
C) The EEG scans show neurological differences in the occipital lobe.
D) People with APD are more sensitive to emotions.

Question 63

A psychologist says, "We know that genetics is the cause of antisocial personality disorder because the concordance rates for monozygotic (MZ) twins is higher than that for dizygotic (DZ) twins." Such findings should be interpreted with caution because ____.

A) concordance rates for twins do not provide information about the genetic cause of disorders
B) DZ twins may be more alike genetically than MZ twins
C) other factors, such as environmental influences, might influence the findings
D) concordance rates are not considered to be reliable statistics

Question 64

Jerry is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. If the emotional underarousal explanation for the disorder is correct, we can predict that Jerry ____.

A) shows extremely fast physiological reactions to novel stimuli
B) has too little arousal under normal conditions
C) experiences more arousal than the normal person
D) has some form of damage in his frontal lobes

Question 65

What research finding suggests that there is a biological component to the lower levels of emotional empathy in those diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

A) MRIs scans that indicated neurological differences in the prefrontal cortex and the limbic amygdala circuitry.
B) DNA research that explores an extra X chromosome as a factor implicated in antisocial personality disorder.
C) Research that investigates the relationship between brain damage and antisocial personality disorder.
D) EEG studies that support the existence of abnormal brain activity in the brains of individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

Question 66

Rambo was prone to violating moral and ethical standards, and channeled his adventurous acts into destruction. Based on this description, he would share the same characteristics as ____.

A) people who are cautious and fearful of stress
B) individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
C) individuals diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder
D) normal individuals whose parents place significant pressure on them to succeed

Question 67

In addition to genetic factors, antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be influenced by ____.

A) relationships in adulthood
B) type of employment
C) the nature of the parental-child relationship
D) being a single child

Question 68

Research investigating the rate of antisocial personality in adoptees with psychopathic biological parents suggests that genetic factors ____.

A) play almost no role at all in the disorder
B) are important only when the antisocial personality occurs in women
C) are important in a small minority of cases
D) play a significant role in the disorder

Question 69

Under what set of circumstances would a psychopath learn to avoid an aversive situation more readily than a nonpsychopath?

A) A psychopath would learn to avoid an aversive condition better than a nonpsychopath in situations that violate norms and rules.
B) A psychopath would learn to avoid an aversive condition better than a nonpsychopath in situations where the probability of punishment is highly uncertain.
C) A psychopath would learn to avoid an aversive condition better than a nonpsychopath if both were injected with testosterone prior to experiencing the aversive condition.
D) A psychopath would learn to avoid an aversive condition better than a nonpsychopath if both were injected with adrenaline prior to experiencing the aversive condition.

Question 70

The difference between the psychopath who takes risks and the adventurer who takes risks is ____.

A) whether they have abnormalities in the prefrontal lobes
B) whether the thrill-seeking behaviors are destructive or constructive acts
C) the degree of fear each experiences in the face of danger
D) the degree of anxiety each experiences in the face of danger

Question 71

Various medications have been used to treat antisocial personality disorder. What can we say about their effectiveness?

A) Antidepressants have had positive effects in reducing antisocial behavior.
B) Clozapine has been used successfully to reduce impulsive and violent behaviors in a small prison sample.
C) Stimulant drugs have been quite helpful in most clinical cases.
D) Although drugs are quite helpful, antisocial personalities tend to become addicted to them.

Question 72

Dr. Jackson believes that antisocial personalities act as they do because their personalities are dominated by id impulses. Dr. Jackson's ideas mirror which theory?

A) psychodynamic
B) autonomic nervous system
C) cognitive
D) central nervous system

Question 73

Which term is used to describe the indirect or passive behavior of females with antisocial personality disorder?

A) relational aggression
B) schizoid
C) acting-out
D) negative emotionality

Question 74

Dr. Cirello is treating a 25-year-old man diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. When Dr. Cirello investigates the man's family history, she is likely to learn that ____.

A) both parents consistently reinforced him for being submissive
B) the parents separated when he was young
C) the mother had a serious mental condition
D) both parents were shy and depressed

Question 75

The director of a prison wants to improve the likelihood that antisocial personality prisoners will learn from their experience. Using research results, the director might ____.

A) use feelings of guilt and shame as the main methods of punishment.
B) create rules and enforce consequences
C) inject prisoners with depressants to reduce their arousal levels
D) keep the prisoners guessing about whether they will be punished if they do something wrong

Question 76

The director of a new treatment facility for delinquent youths is thinking about using behavior modification as the chief method of changing behavior. Your advice to the new director might be the following: ____.

A) "This form of treatment will be effective if it is skill-based, but maintaining behavior change requires help from peers and family."
B) "Behavior modification relies too much on rapport building and cognitive factors to be successful."
C) "Use behavior modification only if you can suppress the delinquent person's tendency to seek thrills."
D) "Behavior modification is much less effective than therapies where there is less control."

Question 77

Gus has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and is in treatment. His therapist supports Beck's cognitive approach to therapy. We can guess that Gus's therapist ____.

A) rewards and punishes Gus's behavior immediately and consistently
B) provides a physically and mentally stimulating environment so that Gus's thrill-seeking is redirected into something constructive
C) will attempt to get Gus to think less about himself and more about developing a sense of responsibility
D) will use guilt and shame to stop Gus from thinking about the world and himself in an irrational manner

Question 78

According to research by Beck and colleagues, which statement best exemplifies an individual with antisocial personality disorder?

A) "I'll defend my family."
B) "I'm above the rules."
C) "Relationships are messy."
D) "Good will hides a hidden motive."

Question 79

Researchers concentrating on core beliefs and the predatory strategy are characteristic of which perspective on antisocial personality disorder?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) learning
D) social

Question 80

Because antisocial personalities exhibit ____ levels of anxiety, traditional treatment approaches, which require the cooperation from the client, have been very ____.

A) low; effective
B) high; effective
C) high; ineffective
D) low; ineffective