Deck 15: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

When a child has a disorder that involves impaired development of the brain and central nervous system as well as effects on psychological functioning in areas of social interaction, communication skills, and display of stereotyped interests and behaviors, the disorder is called a ____.

A) form of childhood schizophrenia
B) learning disability
C) neurodevelopmental disorder
D) personality disorder

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A child with autism spectrum disorder is being observed in a room full of toys. The child's parents are also in the room. We are likely to see the child ____.

A) aggressively use the toys, destroying some of them
B) cling to the parents and refuse to play with the toys
C) prefer interaction with the father rather than the mother or the toys
D) make no eye contact with the parents while he plays

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder?

A) oppositional defiant disorder
B) intellectual disability
C) pediatric bipolar disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 3

B

Question 4

It is rare for children with autism spectrum disorder to ____.

A) become obsessive about keeping things the same
B) exhibit self-stimulatory behaviors
C) become fascinated with inanimate objects
D) make appropriate eye contact with others

Question 5

Which childhood disorder has the highest prevalence?

A) tic disorders
B) attention-deficit hyperactive disorder
C) autism spectrum disorder
D) intellectual disability

Question 6

Wesley is eight and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. His symptoms include an extreme unresponsiveness to adults and a lack of meaningful speech. If Wesley has the typical pattern of autism symptoms, which other symptom can we expect?

A) muscle tics of the face, arms, and hands
B) repetitive, self-absorbed activities
C) highly imaginative play
D) anxiety attacks when left alone

Question 7

Which statement is correct about the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?

A) It is more common among the lower socioeconomic classes.
B) It is more common among European Americans than among Asian Americans.
C) It is more common among boys than among girls.
D) Around one percent of children in the United States are born with autism.

Question 8

Oscar has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. When his mother says, "Here's your cereal," Oscar says, "Here's your cereal." What symptom does this illustrate?

A) splinter skills
B) differential reinforcement
C) echolalia
D) corporalia

Question 9

Audrey, a child with autism spectrum disorder, would be expected to be most interested in ____.

A) adults
B) babies
C) children
D) inanimate objects

Question 10

Which statement about psychopathology among adolescents in the United States is accurate?

A) Almost two thirds of those with mental illness received no treatment.
B) About two percent of adolescents have mental illnesses serious enough to warrant treatment and most will at least get medication.
C) Nearly one-third of all adolescents have a serious emotional or behavioral problem.
D) Although there are 63 million children with behavioral problems, most of them receive treatment.

Question 11

Which disorder does not fit with the others?

A) tic disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) oppositional defiant disorder

Question 12

Professor Kiley was contrasting childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders with adult disorders. Which of his statements is accurate?

A) Understanding the parallels between childhood and adolescent disorders and adult disorders helps reduce the complexity of making a diagnosis.
B) Diagnosing children and adolescents is similar to diagnosing adults because behaviors observed in adulthood disorders are abnormal for children.
C) Diagnosing children and adolescents is similar to diagnosing adults because there are similarities of symptoms presentation between childhood and adulthood.
D) Accurate diagnosis and treatment requires a thorough understanding of normal child development and the symptoms of childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders.

Question 13

Charles was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He is extremely unresponsive to adults and does not speak. He first showed these abnormalities around the age of six. What aspect of Charles's case is unusual for autistic disorder?

A) It is unusual for a person with ASD to show abnormalities first at age 6.
B) It is unusual for a person with ASD to be male.
C) It is unusual for a person with ASD to be unresponsive to adults.
D) It is unusual for a person with ASD not to speak.

Question 14

A news reporter defines neurodevelopmental disorder as "relatively mild childhood disorders that affect social interactions and communication skills. These disorders involve hallucinations or delusions but involve behavioral abnormalities that are not normally seen in any developmental stage." What portion of this statement is accurate?

A) It is accurate to say that these disorders are relatively mild.
B) It is accurate to say that these disorders involve hallucinations or delusions.
C) It is accurate to say that these disorders affect social interactions and communication skills.
D) It is accurate to say that these disorders involve abnormalities that are expressed in early adulthood.

Question 15

The prognosis for children with autism spectrum disorder ____.

A) is generally encouraging
B) suggests that deficits will worsen over time
C) is mixed depending on severity
D) is uniformly poor

Question 16

Which childhood disorder typically has the latest onset?

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) pediatric bipolar disorder
D) enuresis

Question 17

Three children have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Kim would rather listen to a machine buzzing than hear her mother's voice. Len prefers to be left alone. Matt needs physical contact with his mother all the time. Which of the children has/have symptoms that are common in autism spectrum disorder?

A) Kim and Len
B) Matt only
C) Kim only
D) Len and Matt

Question 18

Which disorder is characterized by the DSM-5 as qualitative impairment in social interaction and/or communication; restricted, stereotyped interests and activities; and delays or abnormal functioning in a major area before the age of three?

A) intellectual disability
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) amnestic dissociative disorder
D) learning disorder

Question 19

Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may be delayed because ____.

A) most of these children relate well to adults throughout life
B) many other disorders show splinter skills
C) the symptoms do not appear until adolescence
D) there is often a period of seemingly normal development

Question 20

Professor Waddell's class discusses the controversy of medicating children who have been diagnosed with ADHD. Professor Waddell says, "The controversy continues about the 'quick fix' nature of the medication prescribed to children and the tendency to use medication without first attempting psychotherapy or home/academic interventions. Another part of the controversy is the need to test the medications prescribed for youths on youths. Additionally, parents are concerned about the legislation that permits schools to require that all children be evaluated for ADHD. Because of this controversy, medication prescriptions for children and adolescents have dramatically decreased." With respect to Professor Waddell's statement, it is correct to say that a controversy exists concerning ____.

A) the 'quick fix' nature of the medication that is prescribed to children
B) legislation that permits schools to require that all children be evaluated for ADHD
C) the need to test the medications prescribed for youths on youths
D) medication prescriptions for children and adolescents have dramatically decreased

Question 21

Which statement about attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is accurate?

A) It is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder.
B) It is almost always diagnosed in late adolescence.
C) It is rarely associated with academic or social problems.
D) It is more common in females than in males.

Question 22

Which statement about the diagnosis of childhood disorders using the DSM-5 is accurate?

A) Clinicians no longer have to decide whether behaviors are inappropriate or excessive to diagnose childhood disorders.
B) In the latest edition, there are only seven diagnostic categories, so many children's problems are lumped together in overlapping categories.
C) In the latest edition, the criteria have become very strict, so there has been a dramatic decrease in the number of children diagnosed.
D) To determine if a child has a disorder, clinicians consider the child's age, developmental level, environmental factors, and symptoms that cause significant impairment in daily functioning over an extended period of time.

Question 23

What is one difficulty in diagnosing ADHD in preschool children?

A) Co-occurrence with specific and social phobias is common.
B) Parents are more indulgent of their children's behavior before they begin school.
C) Recurrent verbal rage makes communication and assessment difficult.
D) There is great variability in the attentional skills and energy level of preschoolers.

Question 24

What social communication skills would be consistent with a diagnosis of severe autism spectrum disorder?

A) minimal or completely absent skills
B) isolated and awkward communication
C) minimal atypical behaviors
D) effective but somewhat awkward

Question 25

Bobbie Jo appeared to develop normally for the first year of her life, but then she began to exhibit severe isolation and communication difficulties as well as repetitive behaviors. Her head size, however, was normal. The most likely DSM-5 diagnosis would be ____.

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) Asperger's syndrome
C) intellectual disability
D) learning disability

Question 26

Which statement concerning the etiology of autism is correct?

A) The most common etiological basis of autism noted so far is parental neglect or detachment.
B) The early lack of normal development suggests biological rather than psychosocial factors.
C) Researchers believe that there is one cause for autism that has yet to be discovered.
D) Although psychological effects are important, biological factors play the most critical role.

Question 27

Dr. Hamm says, "All children with attention problems are also hyperactive. They are more frequently girls and have more difficulty in unstructured situations. Fortunately most cases, the disorder and symptoms abate in adolescence." Which portion of this statement is accurate?

A) It is accurate to say that all children with attention problems are hyperactive.
B) It is accurate to say that children with attention problems have more difficulty in unstructured situations.
C) It is accurate to say that attention problems abate in adolescence.
D) It is accurate to say that attention problems are more frequent in girls.

Question 28

Research suggests abnormalities in ____ are particularly likely in males with mild autism spectrum disorders.

A) acetylcholine
B) glutamate
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 29

Looking at the concordance rates for autism found in twin studies and family studies, Newschaffer and colleagues (2007) believe that autism is primarily the result of ____.

A) genetic factors
B) genetic and environmental factors
C) environmental factors
D) sociocultural factors

Question 30

Which of these disorders has the poorest prognosis?

A) enuresis
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) conduct disorder

Question 31

Kendall, a popular first grader, is continuously in the principal's office. His teacher complains that he does not listen to instructions, he fails to finish his schoolwork, he fidgets and squirms in his seat, he often leaves his seat without permission, and he cannot seem to wait his turn during class activities. Whenever the principal calls Kendall's mother, she seems baffled by his behavior because Kendall does not have any problems at home, at church, shopping, or at daycare. What diagnosis is appropriate?

A) ADHD, predominantly hyperactive type
B) ADHD, predominantly inattentive type
C) ADHD, predominantly combined type
D) No disorder; his behaviors only appear to occur in one situation-school.

Question 32

Natalie is socially awkward and sometimes has difficulty responding to people. She has a few odd rituals and interests that only interfere with her daily life on occasion. She does not have an intellectual disability. Under the DSM-5, Natalie would most likely be diagnosed with ____.

A) conduct disorder
B) Asperger's syndrome
C) social anxiety syndrome
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 33

Candy is a two-year-old with a moderate intellectual disability. She has a single crease across the palm of her hand, slanted eyes, and a harsh voice. What diagnosis would Candy most likely be given?

A) Down syndrome
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) fragile X syndrome
D) learning disability

Question 34

Susan refuses to have her daughter Zoe vaccinated against any of the common childhood diseases because Susan is afraid that vaccines can cause autism. What is the position of most researchers and experts on autism?

A) Susan is right in saying that vaccines have been found to cause autism
B) Susan's concerns are unwarranted because the research study suggesting that childhood vaccinations cause autism has been proven to be fraudulent.
C) The controversy regarding vaccinations and the development of autism spectrum disorder has not been well documented.
D) The research on this matter has not been conclusive; however, the FDA believes the vaccines are safe.

Question 35

There are a number of hypotheses about the biologic causes of autism spectrum disorders. Most researchers would agree that ____ play a role.

A) genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, and gene-environmental interactions
B) gene x environmental interactions only
C) genetic risk factors only
D) environmental risk factors only

Question 36

Nicole interacted with her parents in a normal manner until she was one year old. Then, at one, she stopped abruptly and became increasingly alone and bizarre. There was no medical reason for this change. What is an appropriate diagnosis for Nicole?

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) Tourette's syndrome
D) pediatric bipolar disorder

Question 37

Which of the following has been shown to help children with ADHD?

A) giving them more freedom
B) ignoring their inappropriate behavior
C) giving more structure to their day
D) using harsh punishment for inappropriate behavior

Question 38

LuAnne is described by her teacher as "a shy and anxious daydreamer who cannot keep on task and fails to pay attention to details. It takes LuAnne twice as long to complete worksheets as other students." If LuAnne has a childhood disorder, it is probably ____.

A) ADHD, predominantly inattentive type
B) ADHD, combined type
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) conduct disorder

Question 39

Jed has been diagnosed with ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type. As he matures into adulthood, ____.

A) he will most likely learn to adjust
B) he will develop close friendships with other people who have problems similar to his
C) he is likely to develop schizophrenia
D) his symptoms could be exacerbated by negative reactions from others

Question 40

Children who develop autism spectrum disorder may have an innate vulnerability that is triggered by ____.

A) stress
B) environmental toxins
C) down syndrome
D) social isolation

Question 41

Based on the fact that stimulant medications have been used effectively to treat ADHD, it is believed that the disorder may be caused by ____.

A) inadequate levels of acetylcholine in the central nervous system
B) an excess of serotonin in the central nervous system
C) an excess of norepinephrine in the central nervous system
D) inadequate neurotransmitters that affect signal flow to and from the frontal lobes

Question 42

Milton gets into fights and has been involved in robbery and vandalism. Melissa has been apprehended for truancy many times, and she often runs away from home, uses drugs, and engages in prostitution. What can be said about these two teenagers?

A) They both have oppositional defiant disorder.
B) Milton has oppositional defiant disorder; Melissa has temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria
C) They both have conduct disorder.
D) Milton has conduct disorder; Melissa has oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 43

What is considered to be evidence-based behavioral and psychosocial treatment for ADHD?

A) making the unconscious conscious and motivational interviewing
B) self-management training and classroom management strategies
C) building empathy and assertiveness-training
D) anger management techniques and short-term day treatment

Question 44

Which psychiatric disorder of childhood is characterized by recurrent episodes of temper that occur approximately twice weekly for at least three months?

A) intermittent explosive disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 45

Kazdin, Whitley, and Marciano (2006) assert that the most important factor for a positive outcome in children with oppositional, aggressive, or antisocial behaviors is ____.

A) a therapeutic relationship with adults that involves empathy, warmth, and acceptance
B) covert sensitization to reduce attention problems
C) giving children more control over their environment
D) providing assertiveness training to children to help them become more independent

Question 46

Which statement about conduct disorder (CD) is accurate?

A) Males with CD have a better prognosis than females with CD.
B) Some youths with CD may exhibit antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.
C) Youths with CD display anger responses that are exaggerated in intensity and duration.
D) Youths with CD do not demonstrate a serious violation of norms.

Question 47

Which statement concerning oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is true?

A) It is characterized by violence and other antisocial behaviors.
B) It involves negativistic, argumentative, and hostile behavior but not serious violations of the rights of others.
C) Its symptoms have little or no overlap with those of attention deficit/hyperactive disorders.
D) It is an old category that is widely recognized around the world.

Question 48

Sam is chronically getting in trouble at school. He fights with other boys, has destroyed school property, and cheats on his assignments. Sam also has been arrested by the local police for setting fires and stealing. Sam most likely would be diagnosed with ____.

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria
D) oppositional defiant disorder

Question 49

Ever since Steve was a toddler he has been irritable and difficult to please. He often threw long temper tantrums in front of his parents and other children. As a child, Steve continues to have angry episodes and outbursts, which are not premeditated and involve physical injury. Steve most likely will be diagnosed with ____.

A) intermittent explosive disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) pediatric bipolar disorder

Question 50

Dr. Henry is treating Jose for hyperactivity. He is correct in recommending ____.

A) medication alone
B) cognitive-behavioral treatment alone
C) parent-training programs alone
D) comprehensive psychosocial and behavioral treatment combined with medications

Question 51

Schools that schedule moderate exercise for children would likely find that it results in ____.

A) more aggressive behavior than if there were no recess
B) modeling inappropriate behaviors for non-ADHD children
C) increasing hyperactivity than if there had no recess
D) reducing the inappropriate behaviors of children with ADHD

Question 52

Leff and Crick (2010) assessed bullying among boys and girls. What did they find?

A) Girls are more likely than boys to demonstrate relational bullying.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to threaten their victims with social exclusion.
C) Girls are just as likely as boys to show direct forms of bullying, like intimidating, controlling, or beating up other children.
D) Girls are much more socially competent than boys and therefore do not generally engage in bullying behavior.

Question 53

Your neighbor, whose daughter has been diagnosed with ADHD, asks your opinion of an article she just read in a popular magazine. According to the article, her daughter's ADHD symptoms are attributable to diet, and if chemical additives were cut out of her diet, her symptoms would decrease. What advice do you give your neighbor?

A) You should tell your neighbor that research has not supported any connection between chemical additives and ADHD.
B) You should tell your neighbor that the result of recent research is confounding and that the FDA recently agreed to respond to public concerns and hold a hearing about the effect of chemical additives.
C) You should tell your neighbor that research has found that chemical additives cause ADHD.
D) You should tell your neighbor that little research has actually been done to explore the connection between chemical additives in food and ADHD.

Question 54

Which statement about the treatment of conduct disorders is most accurate?

A) Treatment for conduct disorder is most effective when it implements systematic desensitization for children and insight therapy for their parents.
B) Treatment for conduct disorder is most effective when implemented before patterns of disruptive behavior are firmly established.
C) Treatment for conduct disorder is most effective when it involves stimulant medication and social skills role playing.
D) Treatment for conduct disorder is most effective when it utilizes hypnosis and psychoanalysis.

Question 55

Donald, age 13, refuses to obey his parents and blames others for his mistakes, but he does not engage in vandalism or other criminal acts. If Donald were to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, it would likely be ____.

A) conduct disorder, adolescent onset type
B) attention deficit/hyperactive disorders
C) separation anxiety disorder
D) oppositional defiant disorder

Question 56

The most commonly used class of drugs for treating ADHD are ____.

A) tranquilizers
B) stimulants
C) antipsychotics
D) narcotics

Question 57

When treating delinquent youth, Furlong et al. (2013) suggested that ____.

A) behavioral therapy, especially aversive conditioning for antisocial behaviors, works well
B) parent-focused interventions can improve both child behavior and parent mental health
C) group interventions may help youngsters learn appropriate forms of social interaction
D) psychodynamic therapy is best for teaching them to control their aggressive impulses

Question 58

Which central nervous system area is most associated with ADHD?

A) the occipital lobe
B) the prefrontal cortex
C) the occipital lobe
D) the amygdala

Question 59

Which category of childhood disorders is characterized by academic functioning that is substantially below that expected based on chronological age, measured intelligence, and age- appropriate education?

A) learning disorder
B) intellectual disability
C) ADHD
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 60

Which statement about treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) is accurate?

A) Stimulant medication usually reduces attention span but leads to improved social behavior.
B) Stimulant medication is prescribed in about 32% of cases.
C) Modeling, parent training, and classroom contingency management programs have been far superior to drug therapy in effectiveness.
D) Stimulant medication is prescribed to approximately 69% of children who have been diagnosed with ADHD.

Question 61

Dr. Branch tells his pregnant patient, "Because you are 38 years old, we strongly recommend amniocentesis to see whether there is a normal number of chromosomes in your baby." What disorder is Dr. Branch concerned about?

A) phenylketonuria (PKU)
B) nongenetic biogenic retardation
C) Down syndrome
D) fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 62

What is the most common internalizing mental health disorder in childhood and adolescence?

A) anxiety disorders
B) mood disorders
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) pediatric bipolar disorder

Question 63

Children and adolescents with PTSD experience recurrent, distressing memories of shocking experiences and traumas that include threat of or direct or indirect experience with ____.

A) psychotic parents
B) death, serious injury, or sexual violation
C) depression, anxiety, or stress
D) inconsistent primary care-givers

Question 64

Anxiety disorders specific to childhood include ____.

A) separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism
B) generalized anxiety disorder and parent phobia
C) social anxiety disorder and panic disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

Question 65

Naomi is a child of poverty. She has inadequate nutrition, housing, and educational opportunities. Naomi has a mild intellectual disability. Her intellectual disability could possibly be considered ____.

A) organic
B) a result of genetic deficiencies
C) untreatable
D) a result of environmental factors

Question 66

The parents of a 24-year-old with a moderate intellectual disability want her to live in a setting in which she will learn living skills. Which piece of advice is most reasonable?

A) "Put her in an institution; they know how best to deal with a challenged person."
B) "Independent living is the best situation; it will force your child to adapt."
C) "Be sure the program has a goal of promoting social interaction and fostering competence."
D) "Make sure you stay away from group homes; they never help."

Question 67

Dr. Travis says, "People with intellectual disabilities have an IQ below 90 and must be diagnosed before age 18. Prevalence figures for the United States are 2-3%. People with intellectual disabilities have deficiencies in adaptive behavior that are lower than expected based on age or cultural background." What portion of this statement is accurate?

A) It is accurate to say that intellectual disabilities involve an IQ below 90.
B) It is accurate to say that intellectual disabilities must be diagnosed before age 18.
C) It is accurate to say that prevalence figures for intellectual disabilities in the United States are 2-3%.
D) It is accurate to say that people with intellectual disabilities have deficiencies in adaptive behavior that are lower than expected based on age or cultural background.

Question 68

Joan scores 65 on an IQ test but does not show deficiencies in adaptive behaviors. Can she be considered intellectually disabled?

A) Maybe, but she must first show a low IQ after age 18.
B) Yes, because her IQ score requires such a diagnosis.
C) No, because her IQ test score is too high.
D) No, because she does not have deficiencies in adaptive behavior.

Question 69

Which cause of intellectual disability is 100 percent preventable?

A) phenylketonuria (PKU)
B) Down syndrome
C) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
D) fragile X syndrome

Question 70

Etiologies of intellectual disabilities (ID) differ depending on the level of intellectual impairment. Mild ID is often ____ and more severe ID is ____.

A) idiopathic; related to genetic factors, brain abnormalities, or brain injury
B) related to genetic factors, brain abnormalities, or brain injury; idiopathic
C) related to genetic factors; related to brain injury
D) parental neglect; attachment problems

Question 71

Jack, Jim, and Justin all have intellectual disabilities. Jack's mother was a chronic alcoholic. Jim's mother beat him on the head repeatedly when he was an infant. Justin was born prematurely and suffered from a lack of oxygen at birth. The cause of intellectual disabilities for all three boys is due to ____.

A) unknown factors
B) nongenetic biological factors
C) genetic factors
D) environmental factors

Question 72

Males with fragile X syndrome are at higher risk of ____ than are members of the general population.

A) communication difficulties
B) anxiety disorder
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) low motivation

Question 73

Ms. Ribner has several students in her class with neurodevelopmental disorders. The best she can offer them is to ____.

A) teach them skills and develop their potential to the fullest extent possible
B) provide them with typical remedial education
C) improve their interpersonal skills
D) educate their parents about how to encourage their children to learn

Question 74

In the United States, if academic progress is significantly compromised by a neurodevelopmental disorder, children ____.

A) can only receive a comprehensive evaluation of skills
B) are provided with school services that are individualized to meet the needs of the child
C) will receive needed services only if parents pay for them
D) have few educational resources to access and assist their academic achievement

Question 75

Helen is administering an intelligence test to children as a part of the process of determining whether they have learning disorders. She should be sure to ____.

A) test several children at the same time as a way of reducing their anxiety
B) make sure the children are relaxed by playing soft music as they take the test
C) only give extra time to those who seem to need it
D) be aware of each student's linguistic and cultural background

Question 76

What involves the induction of bleeding, bruising or pain by means of intentional self-inflicted injury in order to improve mood or experience respite from painful feelings?

A) non-suicidal self-injury
B) reactive attachment disorder
C) temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria
D) conduct disorder

Question 77

Approximately ____ percent of students in the United States public schools have learning disorders.

A) one
B) five
C) eight
D) eleven

Question 78

Which statement about the predisposing and etiological factors associated with intellectual disabilities is accurate?

A) Heredity explains the cause of over one-half of all cases of intellectual disabilities.
B) Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome account for almost 75 percent of all cases of intellectual disabilities.
C) More children develop intellectual disabilities because of infections and brain damage than because of all other causes put together.
D) In a large majority of cases (80 percent), the cause of intellectual disabilities is not known.

Question 79

Bud, age 10, was born with short fingers, slanted eyes, and a protruding tongue. He has a moderate intellectual disability. His parents were both in their forties when he was born. He probably has the form of intellectual disability called ____ and he has a high likelihood of ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease; fetal alcohol syndrome
B) Down syndrome; heart problems
C) fetal alcohol syndrome; Alzheimer's disease
D) microcephaly; heart problems

Question 80

Children with this condition unusually demonstrate facial abnormalities, central nervous system dysfunction, and altered brain development. They also experience difficulty with attention, learning, memory, regulation of emotions, and executive functioning. Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy causes this form of intellectual disability, which is estimated to occur in less than 1% of live births in the United States. What is the condition?

A) Down syndrome
B) PKU
C) fragile X
D) FAS