Deck 11: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Question 1

Angela hears voices that tell her to commit suicide. She also tends to use many neologisms when she speaks and believes that the FBI is spying on her. Which statement regarding Angela is accurate?

A) Angela's negative symptoms are atypical for schizophrenia.
B) Angela exhibits positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) Angela exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Angela could be diagnosed with residual schizophrenia.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mason hears voices and believes he is Napoleon. Jason shows no emotions, even in situations where strong reactions would be expected. Mason is exhibiting ____ symptoms of schizophrenia, and Jason is exhibiting ____ symptoms.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) negative; negative

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Patrick says, "I'm afraid to go to my in-laws' house because I hate them. Whenever I go there, they can hear whenever I think how much I hate them and that I think they should clean their house." What schizophrenic symptom is Patrick displaying?

A) thought withdrawal
B) delusions of reference
C) nihilistic delusions
D) thought broadcasting

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder has four categories of symptoms. They include positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and ____.

A) delusional symptoms
B) psychotic symptoms
C) behavioral symptoms
D) psychomotor abnormalities

Question 5

Which model views schizophrenia as a chronic medical condition and strives for a substantial return of function in individuals with the disorder?

A) The medical model
B) The psychodynamic model
C) The multipath model
D) The recovery model

Question 6

A false belief that is firmly and consistently held despite contradictory evidence or logic is a ____.

A) distortion
B) loose association
C) delusion
D) hallucination

Question 7

Professor Brewer says, "Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are a group of potentially disabling disorders that are characterized by hallucinations (false beliefs about the self or others) and delusions (seeing, hearing or otherwise sensing things that are not present). Fortunately, the experiences are rarely distressing to patients even during the first episode." Which part of Professor Brewer's statement is accurate?

A) Hallucinations are false beliefs about the self or others.
B) The experience of schizophrenia is rarely frightening or distressing to the patient.
C) Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are potentially disabling.
D) Delusions involve seeing, hearing or otherwise sensing things that are not present.

Question 8

People who experience persecutory delusions may respond to the delusions with "safety behaviors" that remove them from what they view as dangerous situations. This paradoxically prevents ____ from helping them.

A) information that contradicts the delusion
B) paranoid ideation
C) loosening of associations
D) cognitive slippage

Question 9

Which symptom is a primary characteristic of schizophrenia?

A) short-term memory deficits
B) fear of being left alone
C) feelings of worthlessness
D) marked disturbances in thinking

Question 10

The group of disorders that is characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, affective disturbances, and social withdrawal is collectively termed ____.

A) mood disorders
B) schizophrenia spectrum disorders
C) personality affective disorders
D) schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders

Question 11

"My father poisons my food, and my mother has hired a hit man to shoot me. My boss is plotting to humiliate me, and my neighbor spies on me." These comments illustrate the schizophrenic symptom known as ____.

A) anhedonia
B) catatonia
C) delusions of persecution
D) delusions of grandeur

Question 12

Sensory perceptions that are not directly attributable to environmental stimuli are called ____.

A) ideas of reference
B) hallucinations
C) delusions
D) loose associations

Question 13

Tuyet-Hoa hears voices in her head. These voices often tell her that she is a bad person and does not deserve to live. Tuyet-Hoa is experiencing ____.

A) auditory hallucinations
B) somatic hallucinations
C) nihilistic delusions
D) thought insertion

Question 14

Dominic tells you that he is married to Jennifer Lopez and that together, they rule the world. Vincent tells you that all the other patients and the staff are talking about his case and what to do about him. Dominic suffers from delusions of ____, whereas Vincent suffers from delusions of ____.

A) grandeur; reference
B) control; grandeur
C) persecution; control
D) reference; persecution

Question 15

Which statement about schizophrenia is accurate?

A) Research suggests that schizophrenia is not genetic.
B) Individuals with schizophrenia will never recover much function.
C) Lifetime prevalence rates of schizophrenia are about nine percent.
D) The causes of schizophrenia are not well understood.

Question 16

Eldon, who has schizophrenia, experiences delusions. It is likely that ____.

A) he will become violent in an attempt to protect himself
B) he will never be able to challenge his delusions
C) he will try to provoke his delusions
D) he has limited awareness of how illogical they are

Question 17

Which statement about the DSM-5's criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia is accurate?

A) A diagnosis requires recent deterioration in functioning.
B) The chief characteristic of the disorder is uncontrollable emotions.
C) The criteria are based on subjective judgments, not objective behaviors.
D) The patient must be delusional to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 18

Cassie's therapist diagnosed her with "brief psychotic disorder." We can assume that for Cassie, a psychological stressor ____.

A) is not an issue related to her disorder
B) may or may not be present
C) is usually present
D) often precedes the onset

Question 19

A clinical psychologist is interested in minimizing the delusions in a patient with schizophrenia. A method for doing this involves ____.

A) weakening and then directly challenging the delusions
B) relaxation training and response prevention
C) exaggeration and humor, followed by aversive conditioning
D) agreeing with the delusional ideas until they seem absurd

Question 20

Polly thinks that her father and mother have been replaced by two people who are simply acting as her father and mother. She believes that someone found people who look exactly like her parents and exchanged them. Polly's disorder, which is rare, is called ____.

A) Capgras syndrome
B) dementia praecox
C) delusions of thought broadcasting
D) delusions of grandeur

Question 21

Of the following, who is experiencing symptoms of withdrawn catatonia?

A) Louis, a schizophrenic who has paranoid ideations with high levels of anxiety and worry surrounding his belief of being persecuted
B) Lorenzo, a schizophrenic who is extremely unresponsive with respect to motor activity and movement
C) Lenny, who is experiencing persistent, non-bizarre delusions without other unusual or odd behaviors
D) Larry, who has no diagnosable disorder but insists that he does have one

Question 22

Daria has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and is being given an intelligence test. The examiner asks Daria what it means when one says, "Strike while the iron is hot." Daria replies, "You cannot iron clothes with a cold iron." Daria's response demonstrates ____.

A) difficulty with abstraction
B) ideas of reference
C) delusional thinking
D) poverty of speech

Question 23

Current research addressing the question of whether psychotic symptoms should be challenged suggests that ____.

A) it is dangerous to the patient's psychological well-being to challenge symptoms.
B) it is best to teach the patient how to "get along with" the symptoms
C) the patient is best served by learning to ignore the symptoms
D) the patient's openness to challenging them should be assessed first

Question 24

Virginia's therapist notes that Virginia jumps from one topic to another and her replies are only tangentially related to the therapist's questions. This describes which symptom of schizophrenia?

A) ideas of reference
B) negative affective symptoms
C) loosening of associations
D) thought insertion

Question 25

Which statement about auditory hallucinations is accurate?

A) They are the most common form of hallucinations.
B) They are almost always frighteningly violent and malevolent.
C) They involve back and forth conversations only 25 percent of the time.
D) Most individuals who have auditory hallucinations understand they are imaginary.

Question 26

The abnormal lack of emotion seen in schizophrenics is termed ____.

A) emotional rigidity
B) affective apathy
C) catatonia
D) restricted affect

Question 27

Quincy is diagnosed as having schizophrenia because he shows negative symptoms. Which symptom is likely to be seen in Quincy?

A) auditory and visual hallucinations
B) ideas of reference and other symptoms of thought disturbance
C) lack of motivation and restricted affect
D) wild, inappropriate expression of emotions

Question 28

Rudolph is experiencing the most common form of hallucination found in schizophrenia. He ____.

A) has no feeling in his fingers or toes
B) is hearing voices that no one else can hear
C) is seeing images of God that no one else can see
D) believes he is being threatened by forces that want to kill him

Question 29

Which statement about schizophrenic hallucinations is accurate?

A) Hallucinations are directly related to environmental stimuli.
B) Hallucinations are pathognomonic to schizophrenia.
C) Hallucinations always involve negative stimuli.
D) Hallucinations usually appear to be real to the person with schizophrenia.

Question 30

Ardell had a schizophrenic episode and was diagnosed with schizophrenia ten years ago. He was treated successfully with medication and returned to work. Nonetheless, Ardell still has some problems, including peculiar mannerisms and thoughts and unusual affect. What phase of schizophrenia best characterizes Ardell's current level of functioning?

A) active phase
B) prodromal phase
C) residual phase
D) recovery, since his schizophrenic episode was ten years ago

Question 31

Recent research investigating cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia shows that they ____.

A) are evidenced by deficits in the ability to absorb information, sustain attention, and use recently acquired information
B) occur in the later stages in the developmental course of the disorder
C) tend to disappear with treatment
D) are not typically considered to be a core component of schizophrenia

Question 32

Stefan and Darnell have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Stefan walks around the room rapidly, talking endlessly, and swinging his arms. Darnell stands in one position for hours at a time, responding to nothing. Which statement is true about their behavior?

A) Both Stefan's and Darnell's behaviors are common motor disturbances seen in schizophrenia.
B) Stefan's behavior is typical of schizophrenia; Darnell's is extremely unlikely.
C) Stefan's behavior never occurs in schizophrenia; Darnell's behavior is typical of schizophrenia.
D) Neither Stefan's nor Darnell's behavior occurs in schizophrenia.

Question 33

Which statement reflects a negative pattern of thinking associated with restricted affect symptoms?

A) "I am worthless and my condition is hopeless."
B) "I'm not going to find the right words to express myself."
C) "Why bother, I'm just going to fail."
D) "It takes too much effort to try."

Question 34

Nick has schizophrenia and is experiencing the most common form of hallucinations, which are ____ hallucinations.

A) auditory
B) gustatory
C) olfactory
D) tactile

Question 35

A patient with auditory hallucinations will experience the least distress when the voices are ____.

A) malicious
B) positive
C) controlling
D) insistent

Question 36

The most commonly reported experience for individuals who have auditory hallucinations is that ____.

A) the voices have a distinct gender
B) the voices belong to someone they know
C) they have back-and-forth conversations with the voices
D) they believe the voices are coming from outside themselves

Question 37

Mary has schizophrenia and usually shows a total lack of emotion. What is Mary exhibiting?

A) catatonic schizophrenia
B) A negative symptom
C) avolition
D) anhedonia

Question 38

Milton frightens his family with his wild talking and frantic activity. Confined in a mental hospital for several days, he becomes completely immobile. He takes awkward postures for hours on end and allows himself to be "arranged" by others. With what symptoms of schizophrenia is Milton presenting?

A) disorganized symptoms
B) bipolar symptoms
C) catatonic symptoms
D) paranoid symptoms

Question 39

Jennie "receives" secret messages from Will Smith every time she watches him on television talk shows or in movies. She believes he is in love with her and is telling her that he is planning to leave his wife to be with her. Jennie is most likely suffering from which delusional disorder?

A) erotomania
B) grandiosity
C) jealousy
D) persecution

Question 40

Although Marlene's emotional responses are usually restricted, at totally inappropriate times, she giggles. She also fantasizes aloud and speaks in an incoherent and absurd manner. Her behavior is extremely bizarre and childish. The best diagnosis for her is ____.

A) schizophrenia
B) brief psychotic disorder
C) schizophreniform disorder
D) adjustment disorder

Question 41

Which description matches up with the symptoms?

A) Sarah hears voices and has minimal interest in social relationships-positive symptoms.
B) John thinks his thoughts are being broadcast on TV and has back and forth conversations with voices no one else can hear - negative symptoms.
C) Karen believes the FBI is after her and she cannot distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality-delusions.
D) Theodore shows decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure-positive symptoms.

Question 42

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with ____.

A) poor social functioning
B) loose associations
C) executive functioning
D) better prognosis

Question 43

Professor Dumbledore studies concordance rates for schizophrenia. This means that he studies the ____.

A) likelihood that adopted children share more in common with their biological parents than with their adoptive parents
B) likelihood that adopted children share more in common with their adoptive parents than with their biological parents
C) likelihood that both twins of a twin pair will show the same characteristics
D) occurrence of specific diseases in the general population

Question 44

Iris, usually involved with her friends, has become withdrawn and isolated. She has stopped taking showers and changing her clothes. These symptoms illustrate which phase of schizophrenia?

A) reactive
B) residual
C) active
D) prodromal

Question 45

Which factor is associated with the best chances for recovering from schizophrenia?

A) Being male
B) Being single
C) Higher educational attainment
D) Having a poor premorbid functioning

Question 46

Lydia Tan has been living with her paranoid schizophrenic husband on an isolated farm for so long that she has come to accept his irrational beliefs. When she visits her sister, her delusions weaken. Mrs. Tan's condition is called ____.

A) schizophreniform disorder
B) Capgras delusion
C) schizoaffective disorder
D) shared psychotic delusion

Question 47

Researchers are exploring the role of quantifiable, heritable, trait-related characteristics that are thought to underlie illnesses that exist before, during, and following remission of a disorder. These characteristics are called ____.

A) genotypes
B) phenotypes
C) endophenotypes
D) genetic markers

Question 48

Among the psychotic disorders once considered schizophrenia, the one that lasts at least one day but less than one month is known as ____.

A) Capgras syndrome
B) schizophreniform disorder
C) brief psychotic disorder
D) delusional disorder

Question 49

Which ordering of the phases of schizophrenia is accurate?

A) residual, active, prodromal
B) active, prodromal, residual
C) prodromal, active, residual
D) active, residual, prodromal

Question 50

Dr. Henderson is trying to decide whether a new patient should be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or brief psychotic disorder. The information she should use is ____.

A) whether there are positive or negative symptoms
B) the pathognomonic symptoms of schizophrenia
C) whether the person is old or young
D) how long the symptoms have lasted

Question 51

Aaron has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He has delusions of control, believing that his sister's teddy bear is trying to influence him. It is most likely that Aaron is ____.

A) unaware of the illogical nature of his delusion
B) faking the delusion to get attention
C) using the delusion to escape responsibility for his actions
D) aware that the delusion is illogical

Question 52

Long-term follow-up studies investigating recovery from schizophrenia have found that ____.

A) very few people recover from schizophrenia
B) patients must remain on medications their entire lives to survive
C) the majority of patients improve over time
D) over half of patients demonstrate complete recovery

Question 53

Dr. Shulter is studying the family members of individuals with schizophrenia, looking for characteristics that occur in individuals with schizophrenia and, in milder forms, in family members who do not have schizophrenia. What is Dr. Shulter doing?

A) Conducting twin studies
B) Identifying and studying endophenotypes
C) Conducting adoption studies
D) Identifying and studying the interaction between genes and the environment

Question 54

Which characteristic is considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A) hallucinations
B) delusions
C) disorganized speech
D) avolition

Question 55

Which statement about research on the genetics of schizophrenia is accurate?

A) Too little genetic research has been done to come to any conclusions.
B) Heredity appears to play almost no role in causing schizophrenia.
C) Schizophrenia occurs only among identical and fraternal twins.
D) Multiple genes interact, while single genes make only a minor contribution.

Question 56

Joelle has taken her son to see many doctors, claiming that he has Morgellons disease. She says that she often pulls organic fiber-like threads from his skin and that the boy has rashes and skin lesions that show infection. Which statement about this disease is accurate?

A) Dermatologists have found that it is caused by chronic allergies to pets.
B) Research conducted by the CDC failed to find a medical explanation.
C) Patients with the condition respond well to treatment with wide-spectrum antifungals topical and oral.
D) It appears to be associated with poor personal hygiene.

Question 57

The recovery model of schizophrenia is based on four assumptions. What is one of these assumptions?

A) All individuals with schizophrenia should fully recover from the illness.
B) Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder with an inevitably poor prognosis.
C) Schizophrenia is a chronic medical condition that effectively defines the individual.
D) Empowerment helps correct the sense of dependence that results from traditional medical care.

Question 58

A therapist is conducting research to determine effective forms of intervention. What would she focus on to increase the chances of recovery from schizophrenia?

A) antidepressant medications
B) virtual reality therapy
C) psychodynamic approaches
D) antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy

Question 59

Which statement concerning brain structure in individuals with schizophrenia is accurate?

A) Individuals with schizophrenia have much smaller ventricles.
B) Adolescents with schizophrenia have a strikingly rapid increase in gray matter.
C) Individuals with schizophrenia have exceptionally strong connections between different brain areas.
D) Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased volume in the cortex and other areas of the brain.

Question 60

A follow-up study by Wiersma and colleagues (1998) reported that about ____ percent of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia had continued impairment with no recovery after the first episode.

A) 11
B) 16
C) 21
D) 26

Question 61

Dr. Brubaker says, "Specific cognitive deficits are generally not present until after the first psychotic episode, and may be an indication of brain abnormalities that result in less "cognitive reserve." Deficits in memory, and verbal and abstraction skills, are among the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and are not found among non-psychotic relatives of the patient." Which part of Dr. Brubaker's statement is correct?

A) Deficits in memory and verbal and abstraction skills are among the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.
B) Specific cognitive deficits are generally not present until after the first psychotic episode.
C) The cognitive deficits may be an indication of brain abnormalities that result in less "cognitive reserve."
D) Deficits in memory and verbal and abstraction skills are not found among non-psychotic relatives of the patient.

Question 62

Which statement best answers the question, "Do environmental factors cause schizophrenia?"

A) "Concordance rates are less than 50 percent in identical twins, and therefore, environmental factors must play a causal role."
B) "Environmental factors such as poor family communication are usually caused by schizophrenia, not the other way around."
C) "There is little evidence that environmental factors contribute to the disorder."
D) "If environmental influences play a causal role, it is probably in adulthood, close to the time when symptoms first appear."

Question 63

When Dr. Arnold says his patient displays alogia, he means that she ____.

A) experiences a lack of meaningful speech
B) experiences an inability to take action or become goal-oriented
C) shows little or no emotion in situations that would call for strong emotions
D) displays emotions that are totally inappropriate to the situation

Question 64

What is the general population's risk of developing schizophrenia?

A) less than one percent
B) about one percent
C) two percent
D) five percent

Question 65

What is a concordance rate?

A) It is the likelihood that both members of a twin pair will show the same characteristic.
B) It is the variance of conditions influencing brain structure neurodevelopment.
C) It is the association between early developmental delay and later development of schizophrenia.
D) It is the negative expectancy occurrences associated with negative symptoms.

Question 66

Which characteristic of the brain is typically associated with schizophrenia?

A) increased cerebral volume
B) ventricular enlargement
C) larger cortical structures
D) increase in the size of the thalamus

Question 67

A physician prescribes a phenothiazine to a person with schizophrenia. If the person's symptoms are not reduced, ____.

A) another drug such as amphetamine might be use
B) another drug such as L-dopa might be used
C) there should be no surprise because phenothiazines increases dopamine activity
D) there should be no surprise because many schizophrenic patients are not helped by antipsychotic medications

Question 68

Expressed emotion has been shown to have which relationship to schizophrenia?

A) Families with high expressed emotion are most likely to see relapse in their schizophrenic members.
B) Families with high expressed emotion are least likely to see relapse in their schizophrenic members.
C) High expressed emotion causes schizophrenic thought disturbance in children.
D) High expressed emotion is a genetically determined trait in schizophrenics with positive symptoms.

Question 69

Researchers looking for a purely psychological basis of schizophrenia ____.

A) have primarily focused on brain chemistry
B) might study theory of mind
C) have located a combination of genes that are responsible for schizophrenia
D) have primarily focused their research on brain pathology

Question 70

Of the following ethnic groups, which is most likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia in the United States?

A) Anglo American
B) Native American
C) Hispanic American
D) African American

Question 71

Which statement best describes the relationship between schizophrenia and socioeconomic level?

A) There is no consistent relationship between schizophrenia and socioeconomic level.
B) Schizophrenia is more prevalent at lower socioeconomic levels.
C) Severe forms of the disorder are most common at upper socioeconomic levels.
D) Schizophrenia is most common at upper socioeconomic levels.

Question 72

What is the relationship between family dysfunction and schizophrenia?

A) Family dysfunction is a major causative factor for schizophrenia.
B) Family dysfunction plays a minor role in developing schizophrenia.
C) Research has failed to substantiate a direct causal link between family dysfunction and schizophrenia.
D) Research has substantiated a link between family dysfunction and schizophrenia but can't say which causes the other.

Question 73

Increased dopamine activity is associated with symptoms similar to those seen in ____, whereas reduced dopamine activity produces symptoms similar to those seen in ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
B) Parkinson's disease; schizophrenia
C) schizophrenia; Alzheimer's disease
D) schizophrenia; Parkinson's disease

Question 74

The age of onset of schizophrenia is earlier in males than females. When does the gender ratio shift and the percentage of women receiving a diagnosis schizophrenia exceed that of men?

A) in the mid-twenties
B) in the mid-thirties
C) in the mid-forties
D) in the mid-sixties

Question 75

Research about the impact of sociocultural influences on schizophrenia suggests that individuals of ____ ethnicity are most likely to attribute symptoms to social explanations.

A) Bangladeshi
B) African Caribbean
C) West African
D) Anglo (United Kingdom)

Question 76

Laura is 17 and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her father often says to her, "You never tell me what's going on in your life. You keep secrets and therefore, make terrible mistakes in judgment. I want what's best for you, but you must change your attitude and start behaving like a human being!" The father's comments best illustrate which factor in schizophrenia?

A) diathesis-stress
B) expressed emotion
C) cognitive impairment
D) double-bind communications

Question 77

Ron and Jon are identical twins, but only Jon shows the symptoms of schizophrenia. Brain imaging techniques are most likely to show that Jon has ____.

A) more brain tissue than Ron
B) smaller than normal ventricles
C) higher cerebral glucose metabolism
D) ventricle enlargement

Question 78

Individuals with schizophrenia tend use fewer nonverbal forms of communication. This could interfere with development of ____.

A) interpersonal rapport
B) language skills
C) understanding of language
D) persecutory ideation

Question 79

Steve has just been discharged from the hospital with the diagnosis of residual schizophrenia. Steve's family is marked by high levels of intra-familial criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement. Which statement is accurate?

A) Steve's family environment probably influenced the onset of his disorder but will have little impact on his rate of relapse.
B) Given Steve's diagnosis, his chances of relapse are minimal.
C) Steve has a greater chance of relapse if he returns to his family than if he does not.
D) Steve's family would receive a low EE score.

Question 80

One area of support for the dopamine hypothesis is that ____.

A) a drug that increases dopamine activity reduces symptoms
B) high levels of dopamine are found in people with Parkinson's disease
C) high-risk children have lower dopamine levels
D) a drug that blocks dopamine activity reduces symptoms