Deck 5: Trauma- and Stress-Related Disorders

Question 1

Continuing research on stress suggests that ____.

A) biological stressors play a more important role in affecting the immune system than do psychological or social stressors
B) biological stressors can cause physiological damage, but psychological and social stressors do not
C) there is very little relationship between stress and health
D) stress affects the immune system, heart function, hormone levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal systems

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jake is confused about what a stressor is. How would you explain the term, based on the text?

A) an internal psychological or physical response
B) an external event or situation that places a demand on a person
C) an item or person that irritates someone consistently
D) an event or situation that is beyond a person's ability to cope

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sandi is diagnosed as having two conditions: migraine headaches and hypertension. A mental health professional should consider her as suffering from ____.

A) a psychophysiological disorder (migraine) and a physical condition (hypertension)
B) two physical conditions that normally have little to do with psychological factors
C) a psychophysiological disorder (hypertension) and a conversion disorder (migraine)
D) two psychophysiological disorders

Answer 3

D

Question 4

On one particularly stressful day, Darren learns that his girlfriend is leaving him, his mother has been robbed, and the IRS is auditing him. His body reacts with an increased heart rate and increased respiration. Viewing Darren's reaction from a biological perspective, Darren is experiencing ____.

A) activation of the sympathetic nervous system
B) impaired immune response to stressors
C) dysfunctional cognitions regarding the stressors
D) pre-existing conditions that predispose him to stress reactions

Question 5

Kwan, a refugee from Cambodia, feels fine all day, but dies in his sleep. His autopsy shows no identifiable cause for his death. The cause of his death would likely be attributable to ____.

A) ventricular fibrillation
B) psychosomatic heart disease
C) sudden death syndrome
D) acute bradycardia

Question 6

The body's reaction to long-lasting stress is associated with ____.

A) paradoxically enhanced immune functioning
B) development of psychophysiological disorders
C) pathological changes in personality
D) decreased sensitivity to future stress exposure

Question 7

Ramon sees a therapist because he is reliving a traumatic experience and has been trying to avoid reminders of it. The onset of his problem occurred three weeks ago, after he was brutally assaulted and robbed. The therapist would most likely diagnose Ramon with which disorder?

A) acute stress disorder
B) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 8

Dale seemed to be okay when he returned from military duty Afghanistan in June, 2010, despite witnessing his two best friends being killed when invading a compound. Six months after his return, he begins having nightmares and flashbacks about his experiences and lives on constant alert. He jumps at even the slightest noise. Finally, his wife insists that Dale see a therapist. The most likely diagnosis is ____.

A) noise phobia
B) panic disorder
C) posttraumatic stress disorder
D) acute stress disorder

Question 9

Professor McLeod says, "Psychological factors can influence physical processes by producing physiological changes in the immune system. For hundreds of years, health care professionals have understood this connection between psychological and physical factors. However, psychological conditions cannot influence neural and biological systems. Additionally, a person's beliefs about the causes, symptoms, duration, and curability of a disease do not affect that person's willingness to seek treatment and follow through with it." Which part of Professor McLeod's statement is accurate?

A) Psychological factors can influence physical processes by producing physiological changes in the immune system.
B) For hundreds of years, health care professionals have understood this connection between psychological and physical factors.
C) Psychological conditions cannot influence neural and biological systems.
D) A person's beliefs about the causes, symptoms, duration, and curability of a disease do not affect that person's willingness to seek treatment and follow through with it."

Question 10

Imagine that you are a physician and your patient is a Hmong immigrant who has just arrived in the United States. The patient, through a translator, tells you that spirits come into his room while he sleeps and make it hard for him to breathe. He wakes up screaming. Considering reports from other Hmong immigrants, you should ____.

A) reassure the patient that there is nothing to worry about and his symptoms will disappear
B) assume the patient suffers from a psychotic mental condition
C) treat the person for anxiety disorder
D) be concerned that the patient's psychological stress can lead to sudden death

Question 11

Which statement concerning stressors and stress is accurate?

A) Stressors are external events; stress is an internal reaction to such events.
B) Stress is a chronic condition; stressors are only temporary.
C) Stressors are internal reactions such as increased heartbeat; stress is an external condition.
D) Stress and stressor are two different words that have the same meaning.

Question 12

Both Kurt and Magda survived airplane crashes. Both experience intrusive memories of the event as well as extreme anxiety and dissociative episodes. One might be diagnosed with acute stress disorder and the other with posttraumatic stress disorder if ____.

A) one experiences anxiety and the other does not
B) one relives the experience and the other does not
C) one has had symptoms for more than thirty days and the other has not
D) one experiences panic attacks and the other does not

Question 13

Stress researchers have found that ____.

A) both short-term and long-term exposure to stress are associated with deterioration of immune functioning
B) both short-term and long-term exposure to stress are associated with enhancement of immune functioning
C) brief exposure to stress enhances immune functioning, but that extended exposure to stress is associated with deterioration of immune functioning
D) the research is inconclusive with regard to any relationship between short- or long-term exposure to stress and immune functioning

Question 14

A dominant theme in understanding the manifestation of stress is that _____.

A) negative stressors have greater impact on health than positive stressors
B) illness results from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors
C) the most important factor in the interaction between stress and health is interpretation of the situation
D) the more stress a person encounters, the more likely that person is to become ill

Question 15

Lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highest among ____.

A) African Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) White Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 16

Which individual has a psychophysiological disorder?

A) Carla, whose doctors can find no reason for her loss of feeling in her hand
B) Wendy, who was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder
C) Brenda, whose migraine headaches began several days after a stressful life event
D) Hallie, whose medical condition is genetic

Question 17

Which of the following is not a recognized characteristic of psychophysiological disorders?

A) actual tissue damage
B) disease process
C) physical dysfunction
D) feelings of depression or anxiety

Question 18

DSM-5 places psychophysiological disorders into ____.

A) "Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions"
B) Axis II
C) a separate class of disorder on Axis I
D) "General Psychological Factors Affecting Overall Health"

Question 19

Drazen was in Bosnia during the civil war there. He has daytime flashbacks of the bombing and is emotionally numb, withdrawing from friends and family. Although he is much calmer than he was before the war, symptoms have lasted for several months. What about Drazen's case is unusual for a person with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) It is unusual for people with PTSD to have flashbacks.
B) It is unusual for people with PTSD to withdraw from others.
C) It is unusual for people with PTSD to become calm.
D) It is unusual for people with PTSD to have symptoms longer than thirty days.

Question 20

Leo took care of his wife for several years after she suffered a stroke. The stress on him was overwhelming. Shortly after she died, he develops a serious illness. His illness suggests ____.

A) hypertension resulting from chronic stress
B) an impaired immune response resulting from chronic stress
C) hypervigilance resulting from chronic stress
D) hyperglycemia resulting from chronic stress

Question 21

In the study by Cohen and his colleagues (1998) on susceptibility to the cold virus, ____.

A) stress was not related to whether participants developed cold symptoms.
B) all of the subjects who became infected with the virus developed cold symptoms because they all suffered some level of stress.
C) only participants who suffered from acute stressful life events for less than a month developed cold symptoms.
D) the stressors most closely related to colds were long-term conflicts with family or friends and unemployment.

Question 22

Stress produces physiological changes in the body. Part of the stress response involves ____ that can impair immune functioning.

A) high levels of T-cells
B) the release of hormones
C) high levels of B-cells
D) high levels of phagocytes

Question 23

Mitchell, a Vietnam veteran, spends his therapy sessions describing the horrors of combat. His therapist has him recall all the details, focusing on the horrific events for extended periods of time. Mitchell's therapist is most likely using ____ to treat him for ____.

A) exposure; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
B) extinction; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
C) psychoeducation; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
D) exposure; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 24

Which substance suppresses the immune system?

A) T-cells
B) cortisol
C) lymphocytes
D) phagocytes

Question 25

What is now known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was called ____ in World War I.

A) shell shock
B) soldier's heart
C) battle fatigue
D) postwar syndrome

Question 26

Harry works in a noisy manufacturing plant. According to research, his epinephrine levels and sense of anxiety will be higher if he ____.

A) hears the noise loud and clear
B) cannot hear the noise clearly
C) believes he cannot control the noise
D) believes he has a way of controlling the noise

Question 27

Stacey suffers from a psychophysiological disorder. Which statement about her condition is accurate?

A) Psychological factors play an important role in her physical condition.
B) Her condition is psychological, not physical.
C) She most likely suffers from conversion disorder.
D) Medical treatment will provide the best outcome for her disorder.

Question 28

Which system in the human body maintains health by recognizing and destroying pathogens that produce disease?

A) the endocrine system
B) the hormonal system
C) the immune system
D) the central nervous system

Question 29

Which group of disorders involve identifiable physical conditions?

A) hypochondriasis
B) somatic disorders
C) psychophysiological disorders
D) anxiety disorders

Question 30

Gina was driving on a bridge when it collapses over a river. Although she was not physically injured, she has to wait in her car for three hours before she is helped off the bridge. Which hormone is most likely to have been released to help her body deal with this dangerous and frightening situation?

A) thyroxin
B) testosterone
C) cortisol
D) estradiol

Question 31

Which trauma survivor is at highest risk for developing PTSD?

A) Juana, who lost her daughter in an earthquake
B) Cynthia, who normally has a positive outlook
C) Sam, who does not have a support system in place
D) Samantha, who was raped by a man she did not know

Question 32

Rhonda has been diagnosed with PTSD after being beaten and raped by her ex-husband. She is discussing various treatment options with her therapist. Why might her therapist suggest cognitive-behavioral therapy rather than medication?

A) Medications only numb the emotions, they do not help with the problems.
B) The ability to express emotions and develop adaptive strategies will be more helpful.
C) Cognitive-behavior treatments are easier to deal with after this type of event.
D) Medications have not been found to be successful for treating PTSD.

Question 33

Bill, a high-powered executive, is rarely ill. Which characteristic would be most important for Bill's good health?

A) interpersonal abilities
B) genetic factors
C) sense of commitment and involvement
D) ability to delegate responsibility to others

Question 34

What is the relationship between cognitive functioning and stress?

A) Stressors are not influenced by cognitive function, but do influence it.
B) Cognitive factors like perceived control can moderate the impact of stressors.
C) Higher cognitive functioning may serve as a vulnerability for developing PTSD.
D) Optimism tends to have a negative effect on cognitive function during stress.

Question 35

It is suspected that the prevalence of acute stress disorder is underestimated because ____.

A) individuals may not seek treatment within the thirty-day period that defines it
B) people who have it are too embarrassed to ask for help
C) it is not a well-recognized diagnosis and is still controversial
D) clinicians are more likely to diagnose PTSD than ASD for insurance purposes

Question 36

Tindle et al. (2009) research study of women demonstrated that women who scored high on optimism ____ in comparison to women who had hostile thoughts about others.

A) engage in physical exercise
B) has a lower risk of developing heart disease
C) have an increased sense of competence
D) have decreased stress levels

Question 37

During the experience of an overwhelming and traumatic stimulus, ____.

A) initial stress reactions are typically normal
B) most individuals experience severe PTSD
C) most individuals develop ASD
D) maladaptive appraisals are common

Question 38

Cortina and Kubiak (2006) found that ____.

A) women are more likely than men to experience stress because women are more likely to be exposed to violent interpersonal situations
B) men are more likely than women to experience stress because men are more likely to be exposed to violent interpersonal situations
C) women are more likely than men to experience stress because of women's physiological make up
D) men are more likely than women to experience stress because men are more violent than women

Question 39

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stress and health?

A) Stress reactions increase vulnerability to disease because the immune system is strengthened.
B) Stress reactions directly cause infections in the body.
C) Stress reactions occur after the immune system's strength has been decreased by other factors.
D) Stress reactions decrease the immune system's efficiency and thereby increase vulnerability to disease.

Question 40

Which of the following is a risk factor for trauma survivors developing PTSD?

A) lack of social support
B) excessive control over one's actions and thoughts
C) above-average cognitive skills
D) low scores on neuroticism

Question 41

Which person would be diagnosed with hypertension?

A) Adele, whose blood pressure reading is 92/40
B) Bernard, whose blood pressure reading is 100/70
C) Carlysle, whose blood pressure reading is 120/70
D) Denny, whose blood pressure reading is 141/92

Question 42

Women with high job stress or who have a pessimistic outlook on life may have increased risk of ____.

A) breast cancer
B) fatal asthma attacks
C) classic migraine headaches
D) coronary heart disease

Question 43

All of the following women are 50 years old and have similar health histories. Which of them is at highest risk of dying from coronary heart disease?

A) Naomi, who is always on the go
B) Nancy, who is content in her life
C) Nina, who suffers from major depression
D) Nora, who works hard and plays hard

Question 44

Which type of headache results from constricting of the cranial arteries, followed by dilation of the cerebral blood vessels?

A) migraine
B) tension
C) cluster
D) intermittent

Question 45

Reduction of stress through relaxation appears to ____.

A) make no difference in the blood pressure of those with essential hypertension
B) increase arteriosclerosis in those with essential hypertension
C) significantly reduce headaches
D) increase blood pressure in those with essential hypertension

Question 46

A researcher interested in resolving the issue of whether emotional states play a causal role in cancer must answer which of the following questions?

A) Is Type A personality a consistent trait?
B) Are people at risk for cancer also at risk for coronary heart disease?
C) Does knowledge that one has cancer cause changes in emotional states, or vice versa?
D) Do we have enough retrospective data to make an unambiguous conclusion?

Question 47

Who is at highest risk for high blood pressure?

A) Marianne, an African American woman who has a strong social support system
B) Peter, a white male who has been involved in the civil rights movement since he was a child
C) Damon, an African American male who has experienced and accepted discrimination since he was a child
D) Diana, a white female who has been aware of the lower status of women in our culture since she was a child

Question 48

What is the most widely held opinion concerning the effect of mood and attitude on cancer treatment?

A) Mood and attitude have no impact on the course of cancer.
B) Mood and attitude influence the course of cancer only in females, not in males.
C) Research is unable to show conclusively that mood and attitude affect outcomes.
D) Positive moods have been shown to cause cancer remission.

Question 49

Blood pressure tends to be temporarily higher when people ____.

A) are Type B personalities
B) respond to stressors physiologically
C) are depressed and guilt-ridden
D) talk about their anger after cooling down

Question 50

For most cases of hypertension, the cause is ____.

A) easily determined
B) not known
C) determined by a blood test
D) not associated with stress

Question 51

The text presents the story of Vang Xiong, a Hmong refugee who almost succumbed to sudden death syndrome. What treatment appears to have helped his symptoms disappear?

A) A Hmong healer interpreted his problems as being caused by unhappy spirits and she performed ceremonies to release the spirits.
B) A psychiatrist prescribed SSRIs and benzodiazepines for his symptoms and followed up with cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) A psychoanalyst interpreted his symptoms as survivor's guilt, which helped him work through his problems.
D) A cognitive-behavioral therapist helped him deal with his problems through confrontational role playing and learning relaxation techniques.

Question 52

Which statement about headaches is true?

A) People who suffer from headaches usually only suffer from one specific type.
B) Men experience headaches more often than women.
C) Negative emotions have been associated with the onset of headaches.
D) All three types of headaches have the same causes, although they manifest differently in different people.

Question 53

Which condition leads to one out of every six deaths in the United States each year, and is also related to stress?

A) cancer
B) migraine headaches
C) asthma
D) coronary heart disease

Question 54

Norman Cousins is credited with suggesting that immune functioning is increased by ____.

A) exercise
B) humor
C) self-efficacy
D) perception of control

Question 55

Jill has a sense of control over her own life; she says she enjoys the challenge of change and is open to it. We would expect that Jill ____.

A) gets stressed out a lot
B) is happy and active
C) will burn out in the near future
D) does not have a good sense of reality

Question 56

Based on research concerning control, personality, and stress-related illness, which person would be least likely to experience a weakened immune system?

A) Joe, who feels that his manager controls his work life
B) Jennifer, who feels little involvement in or commitment to her job
C) Jason, who is always optimistic and perceives that he has a lot of control
D) Rochelle, who wants her job to remain the same forever

Question 57

Which individual is most likely to have high blood pressure?

A) Rebecca, a 45-year-old white woman
B) Randy, a 50-year-old Asian American male
C) Raul, an 60-year-old Mexican American male
D) Rosa, an 80-year-old African American woman

Question 58

Which individual would be at highest risk for essential hypertension?

A) Ariela, an 80-year-old African American female
B) Botan, a 50-year-old Asian American female
C) Carlos, a 50-year-old Hispanic American male
D) Tzvi, a 35-year-old Middle Eastern male

Question 59

Research on high blood pressure indicates that ____.

A) there is a much higher percentage of men with hypertension
B) there are higher prevalence rates for women over 75 than men over 75
C) about one quarter of U.S. adults require treatment for hypertension
D) about 10% of U.S. adults are unaware of their hypertension

Question 60

An individual who has hypertension is a person who ____.

A) is anxious or hostile most of the time
B) has heart disease because of blocked arteries
C) has blood pressure of 140 over 90 or higher
D) is subject to muscle spasms that have no physical basis

Question 61

Which type of headaches are thought to be caused by prolonged contraction of the muscles in the scalp and neck?

A) migraine
B) tension
C) classic
D) cluster

Question 62

What genetic factors could be involved in the development of PTSD?

A) two short alleles (SS genotype) of the serotonin transporter gene
B) dysregulation of the HPA axis
C) one long allele (SS genotype) of the serotonin transporter gene
D) dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 63

Murray is a child with allergies who has respiratory attacks that make breathing very difficult. These attacks often occur at night and when his parents have had a fight. Murray is probably suffering from ____.

A) angina pectoris
B) asthma
C) essential hypertension
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 64

Racial differences in rates of ____ for women seem to be influenced by the availability of ____.

A) asthma; healthy diet
B) coronary heart disease; fibrinogen
C) hypertension; social support
D) migraine and other headaches; social support

Question 65

What is the most common type of headache?

A) migraine
B) tension
C) cluster
D) stress

Question 66

Dr. Kazinsky says, "Headaches are among the most common psychophysiological complaints. It is clear that there are three different forms of headache, each with its own cause. All headache pain is due to the contraction of the scalp and neck muscles, and in some cases stress plays a role." What portion of this statement is accurate?

A) It is accurate to say that headache is among the most common complaints.
B) It is accurate to say that all headache pain is due to the contraction of the scalp and neck muscles.
C) It is accurate to say that pain can range from dull to excruciating.
D) It is accurate to say that stress plays a role in some headaches.

Question 67

Who is most likely to suffer from migraines?

A) Sarah, a 25-year-old waitress with a high school education
B) Patricia, a 35-year-old psychology professor with a Ph.D.
C) Ziba, a 24-year-old secretary with a B.A.
D) Kent, a 50-year-old social worker with an MSW

Question 68

A longitudinal study by Maddi (2002) showed that after almost half of a company's workforce was let go due to downsizing, of those who remained, two-thirds became ill and the other third thrived. Those who did well have which three characteristics?

A) commitment, control, and challenge
B) commitment, control, and apathy
C) challenge, control, and optimism
D) optimism, happiness, and commitment

Question 69

Which factor is associated with headaches?

A) positive emotions
B) strong odors
C) hypertension
D) asthma

Question 70

Which type of headache typically occurs in cycles that may produce incapacitating attacks several times a day?

A) migraine
B) tension
C) cluster
D) intermittent

Question 71

What effect do negative emotions have on stress?

A) Negative emotions neutralize the body's stress response.
B) Negative emotions have no effect on stress.
C) Negative emotions enable the body to adapt to stress.
D) Negative emotions accentuate the stress response.

Question 72

Who is most likely to suffer from migraine headaches?

A) Candice, a 24-year-old white female
B) Claudia, a 24-year-old African American female
C) Carl, a 24-year-old white male
D) Clayton, a 24-year-old African American male

Question 73

Who is more likely to be affected by stress disorders?

A) men
B) women
C) young children
D) older adults

Question 74

If a child has one parent with asthma, what is the likelihood that this particular child will also develop asthma?

A) This child will have a one in three chance of developing asthma.
B) This child will have a seven in ten chance of developing asthma.
C) This child will have a 50% chance of developing asthma.
D) There is no chance this child will develop asthma.

Question 75

Tanya experiences pulsating, intense pain in her head. Prior to these attacks, her vision is distorted. The headaches are caused by excessive dilation of blood vessels. Tanya is most likely to be diagnosed with ____.

A) migraine headache
B) cluster headache
C) common tension headache
D) stabbing headache

Question 76

Which groups have the highest risk of developing asthma?

A) Asian Americans
B) European Americans
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 77

Dee and Jay, a married couple, both have asthma. What is the likelihood that each of their children will also have the disease?

A) 1 in 10
B) 3 in 10
C) 5 in 10
D) 7 in 10

Question 78

Recent research suggests that severe migraine headaches may involve a ____.

A) structural change in brain
B) autonomic stress response
C) stimulus specificity
D) somatic weakness

Question 79

Otto complains of excruciatingly painful headaches that are centered near one eye. His eye tears, and his nose is blocked when the headache occurs. From what kind of headache is Otto probably suffering?

A) cluster
B) common migraine
C) classic migraine
D) tension

Question 80

Thinking you are in control ____ the ability to work through a stress response.

A) enhances
B) inhibits
C) exacerbates
D) constricts