Deck 26: Urinary System

Question 1

The renal papillae extend into the ________.

A) cortex
B) renal columns
C) minor calyces
D) major calyces

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the ________.

A) calyx tissue
B) renal papillae
C) renal columns
D) medullary rays
E) renal corpuscles

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The visceral layer of Bowman capsule

A) is part of the filtration membrane.
B) is called endothelium.
C) contains podocytes.
D) Both "is part of the filtration membrane" and "is called endothelium" are correct.
E) Both "is part of the filtration membrane" and "contains podocytes" are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?

A) Loop of Henle
B) Collecting duct
C) Renal corpuscle
D) Proximal convoluted tubule
E) Distal convoluted tubule

Question 5

What is/are the main excretory organ(s) of the body?

A) Skin
B) Lungs
C) Intestines
D) Kidneys

Question 6

Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?

A) Podocytes
B) Macula densa
C) Glomerular endothelium
D) The basement membrane
E) Parietal layer of Bowman capsule

Question 7

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the ________.

A) urethra
B) ureter
C) calyces
D) renal columns
E) renal tubules

Question 8

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called ________.

A) nephrons
B) renal papillae
C) renal pyramids
D) renal columns
E) renal tubes

Question 9

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?

A) Urine storage
B) Excretion of waste
C) Maintenance of fluid balance
D) Regulate synthesis of vitamin D
E) Regulate synthesis of RBCs

Question 10

The ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the ________.

A) hilum
B) renal pelvis
C) renal capsule
D) renal pyramid
E) renal corpuscle

Question 11

The renal corpuscle consists of

A) the renal pelvis and the renal tubules.
B) the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
C) Bowman's capsule and the renal pelvis.
D) the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus.
E) afferent and efferent arteriole.

Question 12

Which of the following structures is a capillary?

A) Glomerulus
B) Loop of Henle
C) Collecting duct
D) Bowman capsule
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 13

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the ________.

A) hilum
B) renal fascia
C) renal pelvis
D) renal capsule
E) renal pyramid

Question 14

The network of capillaries that is located in Bowman capsule is called the ________.

A) vasa recta
B) glomerulus
C) peritubular capillary
D) proximal convoluted capillary
E) efferent arteriole

Question 15

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence for urine flow.
(1) Ureter
(2) Renal pelvis
(3) Calyx
(4) Urinary bladder
(5) Urethra

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
C) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

Question 16

The juxtamedullary nephrons

A) have long loops of Henle.
B) are found next to the renal capsule.
C) comprise 85% of all nephrons.
D) have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla.
E) have short loops of Henle.

Question 17

The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by ________.

A) the hilum
B) renal fascia
C) adipose tissue
D) renal capsule
E) renal cortex

Question 18

The tip of each renal pyramid is called a ________.

A) nephron
B) renal papilla
C) renal column
D) medullary ray

Question 19

The kidney functions in

A) preventing blood loss.
B) white blood cell production.
C) synthesis of vitamin E.
D) excretion of metabolic wastes.
E) production of the hormone aldosterone.

Question 20

The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the ________.

A) cortex
B) medulla
C) pelvis
D) calyx
E) columns

Question 21

Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus.
(1) Interlobar artery
(2) Interlobular artery
(3) Segmental artery
(4) Arcuate artery
(5) Afferent arteriole

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 22

Which type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D) Simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia

Question 23

The urinary bladder

A) stores urine until it is voided.
B) empties to the exterior via the ureters.
C) contains a muscle called the trigone.
D) is superior to the kidney.
E) filters urine.

Question 24

The inner layer of Bowman capsule consists of specialized cells called ________.

A) nephrons
B) podocytes
C) nephrocytes
D) juxtamedullary cells
E) macula densa

Question 25

Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the ________.

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) Bowman capsule

Question 26

Choose the one that does not belong.

A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Proximal convoluted tubule
E) Bowman capsule

Question 27

Filtration slits is the name given to the

A) points where the afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle.
B) openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries.
C) gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman capsule.
D) basement membrane of the glomerular endothelium.
E) active transport channels.

Question 28

Choose the term that does not belong with the others.

A) Glomerulus
B) Macula densa
C) Juxtaglomerular cells
D) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
E) Afferent arteriole

Question 29

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of

A) juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
B) podocytes and juxtaglomerular cells.
C) the macula densa and the filtration membrane.
D) juxtaglomerular cells and the filtration membrane.
E) glomerulus and Bowman capsule.

Question 30

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) ascending loop of Henle
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) descending loop of Henle

Question 31

Which of the following is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A) The glomerulus
B) The loop of Henle
C) The distal convoluted tubule
D) The proximal convoluted tubule
E) Collecting duct

Question 32

The renal corpuscle connects to the ________.

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) renal convoluted tubule
E) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 33

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the ________.

A) trigone
B) lamina propria
C) external urinary sphincter
D) internal urinary sphincter
E) involuntary portion of bladder control

Question 34

Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.
(1) Loop of Henle
(2) Bowman capsule
(3) Distal convoluted tubule
(4) Proximal convoluted tubule

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 4, 3, 1
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 3, 4, 1, 2

Question 35

An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) renal artery
C) macula densa
D) efferent arteriole
E) arcuate artery

Question 36

The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) afferent arteriole
C) efferent arteriole
D) peritubular capillary
E) interlobular artery

Question 37

One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that

A) there is a double set of venules.
B) blood flows from arterioles into venules.
C) blood flows from venules into arterioles.
D) each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
E) the nephron is only associated with the glomerulus.

Question 38

Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?

A) Glomerulus
B) Arcuate artery
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Interlobular artery
E) Afferent arteriole

Question 39

The pores of the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called ________.

A) fenestrae
B) gap junctions
C) filtration slits
D) macula densa
E) membrane channels

Question 40

The filtration membrane consists of the

A) capillary epithelium, podocytes, and macula densa.
B) podocytes, basement membrane, and macula densa.
C) basement membrane, capillary epithelium, and macula densa.
D) parietal layer and visceral layer.
E) podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane.

Question 41

Passage of proteins into Bowman capsule is prevented by

A) the size of the capillary pores.
B) the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes.
C) the size of the proteins.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

The movement of fluid into Bowman capsule is opposed by ________.

A) filtration pressure
B) capsular hydrostatic pressure
C) glomerular capillary pressure
D) osmotic pressure of the medulla of the kidney
E) blood pressure

Question 43

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by

A) increasing net filtration pressure.
B) increasing capsular pressure.
C) increasing glomerular capillary pressure.
D) increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 44

In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?

A) Constriction of the glomerulus
B) Dilation of the afferent arteriole
C) Dilation of the efferent arteriole
D) Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 45

The active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular ________.

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) elimination
E) excretion

Question 46

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of ________ than the glomerular filtrate.

A) urea
B) water
C) protein
D) sodium ions
E) glucose

Question 47

Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman capsule?

A) Tubular pressure
B) Capsular pressure
C) Colloid osmotic pressure
D) Glomerular capillary pressure
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 48

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure.
Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg

A) 110 mmHg
B) 90 mmHg
C) 50 mmHg
D) 30 mmHg
E) 20 mmHg

Question 49

Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include

A) urea with water.
B) K⁺ with amino acids.
C) amino acids with bicarbonate ions.
D) glucose molecules with Na⁺.
E) Cl⁻ with K⁺.

Question 50

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the ________.

A) renal fraction
B) filtration fraction
C) glomerular filtration rate
D) clearance fraction
E) renal rate

Question 51

The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the ________.

A) renal fraction
B) filtration fraction
C) clearance fraction
D) glomerular flow rate
E) cardiac fraction

Question 52

When Na⁺ is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,

A) no energy is needed.
B) glucose and amino acids are countertransported at the same time.
C) Na⁺ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
D) water is countertransported by carrier molecules.
E) water is secreted.

Question 53

In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases, allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?

A) Increase in filtration volume
B) Anuria - no urine production
C) Necrosis of the renal corpuscle
D) Low protein levels in the filtrate
E) No change in the filtrate

Question 54

Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) descending loop of Henle
C) ascending loop of Henle
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 55

What percent of filtrate becomes urine?

A) Less than 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 80%
E) 90%

Question 56

What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR?

A) GFR increases
B) GFR decreases
C) GFR is not affected
D) GFR increases, then decreases

Question 57

Formation of filtrate depends on a ________ gradient.

A) pressure
B) concentration
C) volume
D) temperature
E) osmotic

Question 58

At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours.

A) 45 liters
B) 90 liters
C) 125 liters
D) 180 liters
E) 200 liters

Question 59

Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?

A) Increase in capsular pressure
B) Constriction of the efferent arteriole
C) Increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D) Decrease in renal blood flow
E) Dilation of the efferent arteriole

Question 60

Urine formation involves

A) filtration of the plasma.
B) reabsorption from the filtrate.
C) secretion into the filtrate.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 61

Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?

A) K⁺
B) Cl⁻
C) Bicarbonate ions
D) Amino acids
E) Na⁺

Question 62

When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells,

A) filtrate volume increases.
B) filtrate osmolality decreases.
C) K⁺ is secreted from the cells.
D) the distal convoluted tubule is less permeable to water.
E) the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water.

Question 63

Water reabsorption by the renal tubules uses ________.

A) active transport
B) cotransport
C) solvent drag
D) osmosis
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when

A) colloid osmotic pressure increases.
B) ADH production increases.
C) plasma osmolality decreases.
D) aldosterone production decreases.
E) ADH production decreases.

Question 65

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,

A) water can easily enter or leave.
B) K⁺ and Cl⁻ are cotransported with Na⁺ across the apical membrane.
C) Ca²⁺ are actively transported across the basal membrane.
D) K⁺ is concentrated in the filtrate.
E) the filtrate does not change.

Question 66

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by

A) both the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
B) both the collecting duct and Bowman capsule.
C) both the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.
D) both the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle.
E) loop of Henle only.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine.
B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C) Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
D) Sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) Hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis.

Question 68

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that

A) tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport.
B) tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
C) tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume.
D) tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary.
E) tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate.

Question 69

The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on

A) proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption.
B) a high medullary concentration gradient.
C) osmosis.
D) rapid removal of filtrate.
E) a low medullary concentration gradient.

Question 70

Urea is

A) secreted into the filtrate by cells of the distal convoluted tubule.
B) diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle.
C) completely reabsorbed by the nephron.
D) actively transported into the filtrate by cells of the collecting duct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 71

The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules

A) reabsorb glucose.
B) collect filtrate from Bowman capsule.
C) actively transport Na⁺ but not Cl⁻.
D) vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present.
E) do not alter their permeability to water.

Question 72

Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures?

A) Glomerulus
B) Urethra
C) Renal pelvis
D) Distal convoluted tubule
E) Collecting duct

Question 73

Arrange the following in correct order.
(1) Cotransport molecule binds to Na⁺ and glucose
(2) Establish Na⁺ concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
(3) Sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
(4) Active transport of Na⁺ from tubular cells to interstitial area

A) 2, 1, 3, 4
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 1, 3, 4, 2
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 74

As ADH production declines,

A) glomerular filtration increases.
B) K⁺ reabsorption increases.
C) reabsorption of water increases.
D) the urine volume increases.
E) the blood volume increases.

Question 75

In the sodium-hydrogen antiport system,

A) both Na⁺ and H⁺ are transported into the tubular lumen.
B) both Na⁺ and H⁺ are transported into the tubular cell.
C) Na⁺ are transported into the cell; H⁺ are transported out of the cell.
D) Na⁺ are transported into the tubular lumen; H⁺ are transported into the cell.
E) Na⁺ are transported out of the cell; H⁺ are transported into the cell.

Question 76

Which of the following ions are cotransported across the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A) sodium and bicarbonate
B) potassium and phosphate
C) sodium and chloride
D) bicarbonate and potassium
E) potassium and chloride

Question 77

Potassium ions enter the lumen of the ________ by the process of active transport.

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) renal corpuscle
C) loop of Henle
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 78

Glucose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the

A) tip of the loop of Henle.
B) end of the collecting duct.
C) end of the distal convoluted tubule.
D) end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 79

Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, K⁺ and Cl⁻ cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of ________.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) cotransport
C) counter transport
D) active transport
E) simple diffusion

Question 80

The proximal convoluted tubule is

A) lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli.
B) the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
C) permeable to water if ADH is present.
D) impermeable to water.
E) the site of water secretion.