Deck 18: Endocrine Glands

Question 1

The embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland is

A) epithelium from the oral cavity.
B) nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.
C) an outpocket of the nasal cavity.
D) glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The two functional portions of the pituitary gland are the ________.

A) infundibulum and neurohypophysis
B) pars nervosa and pars tuberalis
C) neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
D) adenohypophysis and infundibulum
E) infundibulum and hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Identify the function for which the endocrine system is NOT responsible.

A) Regulates the rate of metabolism
B) Controls development and functions of the reproductive system
C) Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear
D) Prepares the body for physical activity and stress
E) Regulates heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Arrange the following in the sequence in which releasing hormones travel through them.
(1) Secondary capillary network
(2) Primary capillary network
(3) Hypothalamohypophysial portal vessels

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 2, 1
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 1, 2
E) 2, 1, 3

Question 5

The hypothalamohypophysial tract carries

A) neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B) neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
C) neurons from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
D) neurons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
E) neurons from the anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary.

Question 6

Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by

A) hormones of the thalamus.
B) neurohormones of the hypothalamus.
C) itself (anterior pituitary) because it is the master gland of the body.
D) the overall rate of metabolism.
E) neurons from the hypothalamus.

Question 7

Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by

A) hypothalamic releasing hormones.
B) hormones from the anterior pituitary.
C) action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.
D) the primary capillary network.
E) the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 8

Releasing hormones

A) travel through axons to the posterior pituitary.
B) increase anterior pituitary secretion.
C) cause action potentials to be generated by anterior pituitary cells.
D) decrease secretions of the anterior pituitary.

Question 9

The hypothalamus

A) rests in the sella turcica.
B) is also called the neurohypophysis.
C) is located inferior to the pituitary gland.
D) regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
E) is located superior to the thalamus.

Question 10

The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the ________.

A) anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus
B) posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus
C) hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary

Question 11

The posterior pituitary

A) has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
B) is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
C) produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
D) stores lipotropins.
E) is not related to fluid balance in the body.

Question 12

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted in response to

A) overhydration.
B) increased volume of the body fluids.
C) increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids.
D) high blood pressure.
E) increased blood volume.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A) Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood.
B) Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.
C) Regulates satiation and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.
D) Regulates the rate of metabolism.
E) Regulates the levels of nutrients, such as glucose in the blood.

Question 14

A decrease in blood volume will result in

A) decreased blood pressure.
B) increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion.
C) decreased urine volume.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

The embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is

A) epithelium from the oral cavity.
B) nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.
C) an outpocket of the nasal cavity.
D) glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

Question 16

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes

A) increased urine output.
B) constriction of blood vessels.
C) increased potassium secretion by the kidneys.
D) decreased sodium retention by the kidneys.
E) dilation of blood vessels.

Question 17

The connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is the ________.

A) tectum
B) cerebral peduncle
C) hippocampus
D) infundibulum

Question 18

The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the ________.

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) adenohypophysis
D) infundibulum

Question 19

An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause

A) the intestines to absorb more water.
B) the kidney tubules to retain more water.
C) a person to drink more water.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

A function of the hypothalamohypophysial tract is to

A) move ADH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B) move releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
C) carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary, causing the release of oxytocin.
D) cause the release of insulin from the anterior pituitary.
E) form a vascular connection from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

Question 21

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
B) TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
C) CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
D) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
E) Oxytocin

Question 22

If GH (growth hormone) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will

A) develop acromegaly as an adult.
B) mature sexually at an earlier age.
C) be in constant danger of dehydration.
D) probably experience reduced bone growth.
E) probably experience increased bone growth.

Question 23

Oxytocin is responsible for

A) preventing release of insulin from the pancreas.
B) preventing the formation of goiters.
C) milk production by the mammary glands.
D) regulating blood calcium levels.
E) causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

Question 24

Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
B) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
C) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
E) T3 and T4

Question 25

Which gland is located in the sella turcica?

A) Thymus
B) Adrenal
C) Pineal
D) Hypothalamus
E) Pituitary (hypophysis)

Question 26

Oxytocin release is stimulated by ________.

A) nursing a baby
B) increased blood pressure
C) increased urine output
D) a hypothalamic-releasing hormone
E) increased blood osmolality

Question 27

If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion increases.
B) ADH secretion decreases.
C) there is no effect on ADH secretion.
D) ADH secretion stops.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Urine volume ________ when ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion decreases.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) is not affected
D) declines
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?

A) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
C) Somatomedins
D) A posterior pituitary-inhibiting hormone
E) T₃ and T₄

Question 30

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is synthesized by the ________, while TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is synthesized by the ________.

A) kidney; thyroid
B) posterior pituitary; thyroid
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D) kidney; anterior pituitary
E) posterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Question 31

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will increase when

A) blood osmolality increases.
B) blood pressure increases.
C) blood volume increases.
D) blood pressure decreases.
E) Both "blood osmolality increases" and "blood pressure decreases" are correct.

Question 32

Anterior pituitary hormones

A) are all proteins or glycoproteins.
B) are transported in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
C) bind to intracellular receptor molecules.
D) have a half-life of hours.
E) are released as a direct result of action potentials.

Question 33

Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids?

A) Lipotropins
B) Somatotropins
C) Gonadotropins
D) Thyrotropins

Question 34

A person working outside in the hot sun can perspire a great deal. This increase in perspiration results in an increase in water loss from the body. Increased water loss causes the blood osmolality to increase. This increased osmolality is "sensed" by the ________.

A) kidneys
B) osmoreceptors
C) cerebral cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) baroreceptors

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a description of acromegaly?

A) Enlargement of feet, hands and face
B) Chronic hypoglycemia
C) No height increase
D) Broad nose and enlarged tongue

Question 36

Growth hormone

A) increases amino acid uptake in cells.
B) decreases the use of lipids as an energy source.
C) decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.
D) increases the use of glucose for energy.
E) facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.

Question 37

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

A) Ejection of milk
B) Production of milk
C) Storage of milk
D) Stop production of milk

Question 38

Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor?

A) Glucagon
B) Prolactin
C) Progesterone
D) Oxytocin
E) Estrogen

Question 39

Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in ________.

A) pituitary dwarfism
B) acromegaly
C) myxedema
D) gigantism

Question 40

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A) is produced by cells of the anterior pituitary.
B) is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
C) has the uterus as its primary target.
D) travels on axons to its target tissue.
E) travels in the blood from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

Question 41

John Smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort. His thyroid hormone levels are

A) lower in the winter to conserve body heat.
B) higher in the winter to increase body temperature.
C) lowered in the summer after his job to decrease body temperature.
D) increased in the summer after his job to increase body temperature.
E) unaffected by his job.

Question 42

Which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary?

A) ADH
B) Prolactin
C) FSH
D) ACTH
E) LH

Question 43

Which of the following is a target tissue for PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A) Thyroid
B) Blood
C) Pancreas
D) Small intestine
E) Stomach

Question 44

Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the ________.

A) thyroid gland
B) pancreas islets in the pancreas
C) parathyroid gland
D) adrenal medulla
E) kidney

Question 45

Which hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum?

A) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
B) LH (luteinizing hormone)
C) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
D) Prolactin
E) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

Question 46

Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by ________.

A) LH (luteinizing hormone)
B) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
C) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
E) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Question 47

Which of the following events occurs last?

A) Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T₃ and T₄.
B) T₃ and T₄ are stored within thyroid follicles.
C) Iodide is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin.
D) Thyroglobulin is taken into thyroid cells by endocytosis.
E) Iodide is actively transported into thyroid follicle cells.

Question 48

Thyroid hormone interacts with its target tissue by

A) using the intracellular mediator system.
B) binding to a membrane bound receptor.
C) increasing I^- uptake in the target cells.
D) releasing thyroglobulin.
E) binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus.

Question 49

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the release of ________.

A) prolactin and oxytocin
B) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
C) estrogen and testosterone
D) progesterone and prolactin
E) thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 50

Which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production?

A) K⁺
B) Ca²⁺
C) I⁻
D) Na⁺
E) Cl⁻

Question 51

In the blood,

A) most T₃ and T₄ molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
B) T₃ and T₄ are rapidly metabolized.
C) T₃ is converted into T₄.
D) T₃ but not T₄ is bound to TSH.
E) most thyroid hormones are transported in a free form.

Question 52

Which of the following would apply to the description of a thyroid follicle?

A) Walls contain a single layer of parafollicular cells
B) Center is called the isthmus
C) Stores thyroid hormone
D) Small capillary networks
E) Spheres with walls of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 53

Increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with

A) lack of iodine in the diet.
B) hyperthyroidism.
C) too little TSH.
D) cretinism.
E) hypothyroidism.

Question 54

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of ________.

A) GH (growth hormone)
B) aldosterone
C) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
E) PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Question 55

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones causes increased metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, and exophthalmos?

A) PTH (parathyroid hormone)
B) Estrogen
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroid hormone
E) GH (growth hormone)

Question 56

Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels?

A) Thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
C) Positive feedback mechanisms
D) PTH (parathyroid hormone) levels
E) Blood Ca²⁺ levels

Question 57

During a race, a long-distance runner twisted his ankle. He finished the race without feeling any pain in his ankle. This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an increase in ________.

A) gonadotropins
B) lipotropins
C) somatotropins
D) epinephrine
E) beta endorphins

Question 58

Which of the following characteristics is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?

A) Weight gain
B) Exophthalmos
C) Warm, flushed skin
D) Increased heart rate
E) Weight loss

Question 59

T₃ and T₄ are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the ________ molecule.

A) thyrotropin
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxine-binding protein
D) thyroglobulin
E) calcitonin

Question 60

The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when

A) serum Ca²⁺ levels increase.
B) serum Ca²⁺ levels decrease.
C) serum levels of TSH decrease.
D) serum levels of TSH increase.
E) serum levels of Na⁺ levels increase.

Question 61

If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following would occur?

A) ACTH production is increased even more by positive feedback.
B) High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
C) High ACTH levels will begin to cause cortisol levels to decline.
D) Aldosterone levels will increase.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 62

In hypocalcemia,

A) incidence of bone fractures increases.
B) muscular weakness is common.
C) cardiac arrhythmias occur.
D) constipation becomes a problem.
E) the nervous system becomes depressed.

Question 63

Overall, PTH (parathyroid hormone) ________ blood phosphate levels.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) elevates
D) enhances
E) has no effect on

Question 64

Adrenal androgens

A) are produced in the adrenal medulla.
B) stimulate growth of pubic hair in females.
C) reduce the inflammatory response.
D) cause reabsorption of K⁺ by the kidney.
E) decrease the sex drive.

Question 65

Which condition would likely have the following symptoms: polyuria, acidosis, hyponatremia, and tetany of skeletal muscles?

A) Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
B) Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
C) Hyposecretion of androgens
D) Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

Question 66

The endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys are the ________ glands.

A) thyroid
B) vestibular
C) adrenal
D) parathyroid
E) renal

Question 67

The adrenal medulla

A) plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.
B) decreases its secretions during stress.
C) has acetylcholine as its major secretory product.
D) is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
E) is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

Question 68

The glucocorticoids

A) stimulate gluconeogenesis.
B) increase the inflammatory response.
C) supplement the sex hormones from the gonads.
D) decrease synthesis of glycogen.
E) stimulate glycogenolysis.

Question 69

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A) tends to inhibit osteoclasts.
B) decreases blood Ca²⁺ levels.
C) allows the kidneys to retain Ca²⁺.
D) increases Ca²⁺ excretion by the intestine.
E) stimulates kidneys to excrete Ca²⁺.

Question 70

An injection of epinephrine would

A) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility.
B) decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility.
C) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility.
D) decrease heart rate, decrease gastric motility, and increase blood pressure.
E) have no effect on the heart or the GI tract.

Question 71

Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood Ca²⁺ levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to

A) thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery.
B) damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery.
C) accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.
D) improper laboratory handling of blood samples.
E) post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 72

Which of the following situations might be the result of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?

A) Weight loss
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Depression of the immune response
D) Increased plasma levels of ACTH
E) Proteins and lipids are unused

Question 73

The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from ________.

A) the kidneys
B) aldosterone
C) the anterior pituitary
D) the parasympathetic nervous system
E) the sympathetic nervous system

Question 74

A tumor in the adrenal cortex causes excessively high levels of aldosterone. The high aldosterone levels cause ________.

A) hyponatremia
B) acidosis
C) hypokalemia
D) hypocalcemia
E) hyperkalemia

Question 75

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A) Cortisol
B) Norepinephrine
C) Androgens
D) Aldosterone
E) Glucocorticoids

Question 76

Which of the following statements about epinephrine is true?

A) The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks).
B) Epinephrine increases blood pressure.
C) Epinephrine decreases heart rate.
D) Epinephrine increases GI tract activity.
E) Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 77

Which of the following will decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?

A) Hypoglycemia and stress
B) Increased CRH production
C) Increased plasma levels of cortisol
D) Increased plasma levels of ACTH
E) Decreased plasma levels of cortisol

Question 78

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes the hormone ________.

A) androstenedione
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
E) ADH

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone?

A) Decreases the release of phosphate from bone
B) Stimulates osteoclast activity resulting in the release of Ca²⁺
C) Stimulates increased reabsorption of Ca²⁺ in the kidneys
D) Stimulates absorption of Ca²⁺ from the small intestine
E) Increases enzymatic formation of active vitamin D

Question 80

The major secretory products of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are ________.

A) glucocorticoids
B) mineralocorticoids
C) androgens
D) catecholamines
E) cortisol and ADH