Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Identify the structure marked as "3."

A) distal tubule
B) collecting duct
C) renal corpuscle
D) proximal tubule

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock?

A) renal capsule
B) adipose capsule
C) renal pelvis
D) renal fascia

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?

A) glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
B) renal corpuscle and renal tubule
C) renal pyramids and renal columns
D) renal cortex and renal medulla

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli?

A) distal tubule
B) proximal tubule
C) descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
D) ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 5

Which of the following is the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole?

A) vasa recta
B) macula densa cells
C) glomerular capillaries
D) peritubular capillaries

Question 6

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the:

A) pyramid.
B) pelvis.
C) hilum.
D) calyx.

Question 7

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the:

A) inferior vena cava.
B) urethra.
C) ureter.
D) aorta.

Question 8

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:

A) regulate removal of metabolic wastes.
B) conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
C) regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
D) regulate blood solute concentration.

Question 9

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

A) renal medulla
B) renal sinus
C) renal cortex
D) renal pelvis

Question 10

The right kidney sits ________ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver.

A) superior
B) posterior
C) inferior
D) medial

Question 11

The functional units of the kidneys are:

A) glomeruli.
B) renal pyramids.
C) renal sinuses.
D) nephrons.

Question 12

A glomerulus is:

A) a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
B) attached to the collecting duct.
C) a hairpin loop segment of the renal tubule.
D) the source of erythropoietin.

Question 13

Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) efferent arteriole
4) glomerulus
5) interlobar artery
6) interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
7) renal artery
8) segmental artery

A) 7, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1
B) 7, 8, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 1
C) 7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3
D) 7, 8, 6, 2, 5, 1, 5, 3

Question 14

What is NOT a major function of the kidneys?

A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
B) hematopoiesis
C) removal of metabolic wastes
D) regulation of acid ^-base balance

Question 15

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

A) renal pelvis, renal sinus, renal fascia
B) renal sinus, renal medulla, renal cortex
C) renal sinus, renal pelvis, renal cortex
D) renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex

Question 16

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

A) interlobar artery
B) interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
C) segmental artery
D) renal artery

Question 17

Urine drains from a major calyx into:

A) the renal tubule.
B) the renal pelvis.
C) a minor calyx.
D) a papilla.

Question 18

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway but missing from the venous pathway?

A) interlobar
B) arcuate
C) segmental
D) interlobular

Question 19

The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the:

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) distal tubule.
C) proximal tubule.
D) collecting duct.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system?

A) spleen
B) urethra
C) ureter
D) kidney

Question 21

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells form the:

A) filtration membrane.
B) renal corpuscle.
C) juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).
D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Question 22

Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the:

A) distal tubule.
B) thick descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C) proximal tubule.
D) thin ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Question 23

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the:

A) ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) distal tubule.
C) proximal tubule.
D) descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Question 24

What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms?

A) GFR will not change.
B) GFR will increase.
C) GFR will decrease, then increase.
D) GFR will decrease.

Question 25

How does the afferent arteriole vessel diameter change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to normal?

A) The afferent arteriole has no effect on GHP and GFR.
B) The afferent arteriole will vasodilate.
C) The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict.
D) The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict, then vasodilate.

Question 26

What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg?

A) 0
B) ^-5
C) 25
D) 10

Question 27

Fenestrated glomerular capillaries are typically impermeable to:

A) amino acids.
B) albumin.
C) glucose.
D) nitrogenous wastes.

Question 28

Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial.

A) podocytes, basal lamina, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
B) fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, podocytes, basal lamina
C) basal lamina, podocytes, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
D) fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes

Question 29

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?

A) 125
B) 275
C) 500
D) 75

Question 30

Jasmine has high blood pressure and an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism restore normal pressure in her glomerulus?

A) The efferent arteriole constricts.
B) The juxtaglomerular (JG) cells increase production of renin.
C) The juxtaglomerular (JG) cells decrease production of renin.
D) The afferent arteriole vasodilates.

Question 31

Items reclaimed during tubular reabsorption are moved to the interstitial fluids and then to the:

A) blood.
B) renal pelvis.
C) collecting system.
D) minor calyx.

Question 32

The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is:

A) glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP).
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP).
C) colloid osmotic pressure (COP).
D) capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP).

Question 33

What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop?

A) changes in the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)
B) changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
C) changes in blood pH
D) changes in renal clearance

Question 34

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing:

A) blood pH.
B) vessel diameter.
C) tubular secretion of metabolic wastes.
D) blood pressure.

Question 35

What should NOT be found in filtrate?

A) water
B) electrolytes
C) glucose
D) albumin

Question 36

What is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons?

A) Cortical nephrons are the most numerous type of nephron in the kidneys.
B) Cortical nephrons have a short nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C) Cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa recta.
D) The renal corpuscle of a cortical nephron sits in the renal cortex.

Question 37

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?

A) Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered.
B) Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate.
C) Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries.
D) Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Question 38

The process of filtration occurs at the:

A) distal tubule.
B) proximal tubule.
C) collecting duct.
D) renal corpuscle.

Question 39

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:

A) the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.
B) the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.
C) the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24 ^-hour period.
D) the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

Question 40

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by:

A) systemic blood pressure.
B) filtrate in the capsular space.
C) proteins such as albumin in the blood.
D) fluids in the blood plasma.

Question 41

Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when:

A) the distal tubule is permeable to water.
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present in the distal tubule.
C) sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
D) the collecting duct is impermeable to water.

Question 42

What will NOT stimulate the renin ^-angiotensin ^-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A) low glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
B) an increase in systemic blood pressure
C) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
D) stimulation from the macula densa cells

Question 43

Which of the following enhances obligatory water reabsorption?

A) presence of high levels of glucose in the filtrate
B) presence of aldosterone in the distal tubule
C) ATP
D) aquaporins

Question 44

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by:

A) secondary active transport.
B) diffusion.
C) antiport.
D) facilitated diffusion.

Question 45

Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A) ADH causes the kidneys to produce very dilute urine.
B) ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.
C) ADH promotes water loss and increases urine output.
D) ADH is secreted in response to low potassium ions in the blood.

Question 46

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin ^-II (A ^-II)?

A) A ^-II dilates efferent arterioles.
B) A ^-II decreases blood volume.
C) A ^-II decreases systemic blood pressure.
D) A ^-II promotes thirst.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption?

A) Tubular reabsorption occurs via paracellular or transcellular routes.
B) Tubular reabsorption may involve hormonal control.
C) Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process.
D) Tubular reabsorption moves items from the filtrate into the blood.

Question 48

How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period?

A) 1.8
B) 0.5
C) 0.9
D) 4.3

Question 49

What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin ^-I (A ^-I) into active angiotensin ^-II (A ^-II)?

A) angiotensin ^-converting enzyme (ACE)
B) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C) renin
D) angiotensinogen

Question 50

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone
B) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 51

What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule?

A) sodium ions
B) amino acids
C) hydrogen ions
D) bicarbonate ions

Question 52

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate:

A) blood volume.
B) blood pH.
C) blood pressure.
D) blood solute concentration of sodium ions.

Question 53

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the:

A) movement of water and solutes is passive.
B) thick segment is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium and chloride ions.
C) thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions.
D) thin segment is not permeable to sodium ions, chloride ions, or water.

Question 54

A drug that inhibits angiotensin ^-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to:

A) decreased blood pressure.
B) increased blood volume.
C) increased secretion of aldosterone.
D) increased sodium reabsorption.

Question 55

What is a renal mechanism that raises systemic blood pressure?

A) increase filtration into the glomerular capsule
B) decrease secretion of aldosterone
C) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
D) increase release of angiotensin ^-II (A ^-II)

Question 56

Where are creatinine, ammonium ions, small amounts of urea, and drugs such as penicillin typically secreted?

A) distal tubule
B) ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
C) proximal tubule
D) collecting duct

Question 57

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) increase blood concentration of angiotensin ^-II (A ^-II).
B) increase renin secretion.
C) increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
D) constrict both the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Question 58

Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT:

A) translucency.
B) yellow color.
C) a pH of 3.0.
D) mild odor.

Question 59

What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?

A) production of very dilute urine
B) secretion of water and electrolytes into the filtrate
C) creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
D) constriction of the arterioles to increase blood pressure

Question 60

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) contribute to a decrease in blood volume and systemic blood pressure?

A) ANP constricts the afferent arteriole and dilates the efferent arteriole.
B) ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole.
C) ANP constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles.
D) ANP dilates both the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Question 61

The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by:

A) the internal and external urethral orifices.
B) the internal and external urethral sphincters.
C) the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.
D) the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra.

Question 62

Renal clearance is defined as:

A) the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.
B) the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during one day.
C) the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.
D) the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

Question 63

The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of:

A) glucose.
B) ammonia.
C) urochrome.
D) sodium ions.

Question 64

What process propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder in the ureters?

A) osmosis
B) secondary active transport
C) peristalsis
D) segmentation

Question 65

List and summarize the three pressures that contribute to create glomerular net filtration pressure (NFP).

Question 66

Describe the steps of the renin ^-angiotensin ^-aldosterone system (RAAS) resulting in the release of aldosterone What is the function of this system?

Question 67

What initiates the micturition reflex?

A) Parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle.
B) The external urethral sphincter relaxes.
C) Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.
D) The internal urethral sphincter relaxes.

Question 68

Predict the effect on net filtration pressure if capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) was increased above normal.

Question 69

Explain the role of the podocytes in the filtration membrane of the glomerulus.

Question 70

List the three layers of connective tissue covering the kidneys, from superficial to deep.

Question 71

The two parts of the nephron are the renal ________ and the renal _.

Question 72

List the three major processes involved in urine formation.

Question 73

Substances used to measure renal clearance should be:

A) filtered and reabsorbed, but not secreted.
B) secreted but neither filtered nor reabsorbed.
C) filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted.
D) filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

Question 74

Trace the pathway of filtrate as it flows through the renal tubule starting with the proximal tubule and ending with arrival at the collecting duct.

Question 75

What are the two types of cells housed in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Question 76

Trace the pathway of blood through the kidneys, from renal artery to renal vein.

Question 77

Compared to the male urethra, the female urethra:

A) transports both urine and semen.
B) is shorter.
C) consists of the prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions.
D) has no external urethral sphincter.

Question 78

What is renal clearance used to estimate?

A) net filtration pressure (NFP)
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
C) countercurrent exchange
D) glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 79

Voluntary neural control is necessary for:

A) contraction of the detrusor muscle.
B) relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
C) relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
D) contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.

Question 80

Summarize the role of the kidneys in regulating red blood cell production.