Deck 21: The Respiratory System

Question 1

What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A) arytenoid cartilage
B) thyroid cartilage
C) corniculate cartilage
D) epiglottis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Through what openings of the nose does inhaled air enter the upper respiratory tract?

A) anterior nares
B) nasal cavity
C) nasopharynx
D) posterior nares

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages?

A) cilia
B) microvilli
C) gap junctions
D) flagella

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is:

A) tissue gas exchange.
B) pulmonary ventilation.
C) pulmonary gas exchange.
D) gas transport.

Question 5

Which bone lacks a paranasal sinus?

A) frontal
B) zygomatic
C) ethmoid
D) maxillary

Question 6

The respiratory system does NOT function in:

A) speech production.
B) acid ^-base homeostasis.
C) blood cell production.
D) odor detection.

Question 7

In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel, from superior to inferior?

A) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
B) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
C) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
D) oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 8

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A) detect odors
B) maintain acid ^-base balance
C) produce speech
D) secrete mucus

Question 9

Upon removal of the larynx, a person would no longer be able to:

A) swallow.
B) cough.
C) produce sounds.
D) sneeze.

Question 10

The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with:

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
B) simple squamous epithelium.
C) simple cuboidal epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.

Question 11

What is part of the respiratory zone?

A) alveoli
B) trachea
C) nasal cavity
D) nose

Question 12

Why are the rings of cartilage surrounding the trachea C ^-shaped?

A) The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing.
B) The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing, allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing, and keep the trachea patent (open).
C) The C rings of cartilage keep the trachea patent (open).
D) The C rings of cartilage allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing.

Question 13

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:

A) conducting zone.
B) respiratory zone.
C) upper respiratory tract.
D) larynx.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

A) pharynx
B) larynx
C) nose
D) trachea

Question 15

What increases air turbulence to extract dust and other debris from air traveling through the nasal cavity?

A) posterior nares
B) nasal conchae and meatuses
C) septal cartilage
D) vestibule

Question 16

Which organ's position causes the left lung to be shaped differently from the right lung?

A) esophagus
B) liver
C) stomach
D) heart

Question 17

Which pharynx region is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A) oropharynx
B) laryngopharynx
C) nasopharynx
D) both oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 18

Which of the following correctly describes the transition from bronchi into smaller branches in the bronchial tree?

A) More hyaline cartilage is found in the smaller passageways of the bronchial tree.
B) The lining changes from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium.
C) The amount of smooth muscle increases in the smaller passageways of the bronchial tree.
D) The rings of cartilage completely disappear during the transition from the trachea into the bronchial tree.

Question 19

What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?

A) The nose provides a site for initial gas exchange.
B) The nose is a less turbulent environment than the mouth.
C) The nose provides a more direct route over which air will travel.
D) The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.

Question 20

The mucosa of the carina contains sensory receptors that trigger:

A) hiccups.
B) sneezing.
C) yawning.
D) coughing.

Question 21

Which of the following is a factor on which expiration depends?

A) increase in lung volume
B) decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
C) contraction of expiratory muscles
D) recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs

Question 22

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?

A) degree of alveolar surface tension
B) presence of surfactant
C) diameter of the conducting zone passageways
D) elasticity of the lung tissues

Question 23

What does NOT form the respiratory membrane?

A) basal lamina of the type I alveolar cells
B) type II alveolar cells
C) capillary endothelial cells
D) type I alveolar cells

Question 24

Each lung is situated within a subcavity of the thoracic cavity known as the:

A) pericardial cavity.
B) peritoneal cavity.
C) abdominopelvic cavity.
D) pleural cavity.

Question 25

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A) greater than atmospheric pressure.
B) less than atmospheric pressure.
C) less than intrapleural pressure.
D) equal to atmospheric pressure.

Question 26

What reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract?

A) surfactant
B) synovial fluid
C) pleural fluid
D) mucus

Question 27

What cells clean and digest debris entering the alveoli?

A) alveolar macrophages
B) goblet cells
C) type I alveolar cells
D) type II alveolar cells

Question 28

What epithelium forms the alveolus?

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B) simple columnar epithelium
C) simple squamous epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium

Question 29

What part of the following description is INCORRECT? Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to increased volume in the thoracic cavity and the lungs. The increase in volume leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure causing air to move into
The lungs.

A) The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in volume, not an increase in volume.
B) Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure, not an increase in pressure.
C) The relaxation, not contraction, of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation.
D) Increased volume and decreased pressure cause air to leave the lungs, rather than enter the lungs.

Question 30

Mr. Schmitzer has pulmonary fibrosis in which the elastic tissue of his lungs is replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. His condition primarily affects:

A) pulmonary compliance.
B) surfactant production.
C) airway resistance.
D) alveolar surface tension.

Question 31

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) alveolar sacs.
B) terminal bronchioles.
C) respiratory bronchioles.
D) alveolar ducts.

Question 32

The triangular depression in the medial surface of each lung, where blood vessels and the primary bronchi enter, is the:

A) lobule.
B) apex.
C) hilum.
D) base.

Question 33

Bronchodilation may occur in response to:

A) the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) increased mucus.
C) the sympathetic nervous system.
D) inflammation.

Question 34

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?

A) burst
B) inhalation
C) collapse
D) overinflation

Question 35

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?

A) Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.
B) Pressure increases when volume decreases.
C) Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase.
D) Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.

Question 36

What type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

A) dust cells
B) type I alveolar cells
C) type II alveolar cells
D) alveolar macrophages

Question 37

What reduces alveolar surface tension?

A) water
B) mucus
C) surfactant
D) gas

Question 38

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg.

A) inhalation
B) no air movement
C) atelectasis
D) exhalation

Question 39

Each secondary bronchus supplies air to a:

A) hilum.
B) lobule of the lung.
C) bronchopulmonary segment.
D) lobe of the lung.

Question 40

Air travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the:

A) terminal bronchioles.
B) alveolar sacs.
C) alveolar ducts.
D) tertiary bronchi.

Question 41

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports:

A) 1 molecule of oxygen.
B) 2 molecules of oxygen.
C) 8 molecules of oxygen.
D) 4 molecules of oxygen.

Question 42

Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure?

A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law

Question 43

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A) as carbonic acid in the plasma
B) bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
C) combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma

Question 44

Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma although it has a very low partial pressure. What law describes this phenomenon?

A) Charles' law
B) Henry's law
C) Boyle's law
D) Dalton's law

Question 45

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's:

A) expiratory reserve volume.
B) tidal volume.
C) inspiratory reserve volume.
D) vital capacity.

Question 46

Each of the following factors affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange EXCEPT:

A) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries.
B) thickness of the respiratory membrane.
C) surface area of the respiratory membrane.
D) diameter of an alveolus.

Question 47

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported:

A) dissolved in plasma.
B) as the bicarbonate ion.
C) as carbaminohemoglobin.
D) as carbonic acid.

Question 48

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBCs?

A) ventilation ^-perfusion matching
B) the Bohr effect
C) the chloride shift
D) Dalton's law

Question 49

The partial pressure of oxygen in a pulmonary capillary is about 40 mm Hg. Determine the partial pressure that will promote movement of oxygen ^into the pulmonary capillary from air in the alveolus.

A) 35 mm Hg
B) 40 mm Hg
C) 104 mm Hg
D) 18 mm Hg

Question 50

What gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?

A) both hypercapnia and hypoxemia
B) hyperventilation
C) hypocapnia
D) eupnea

Question 51

What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

A) decreased levels of BPG
B) decreased temperature
C) decreased levels of P_CO2 D) decreased pH

Question 52

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately:

A) 70 mm Hg.
B) 35 mm Hg.
C) 50 mm Hg.
D) 45 mm Hg.

Question 53

Vital capacity ⁼

A) inspiratory reserve volume ⁺ expiratory reserve volume ⁺ tidal volume ⁺ residual volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume ⁺ residual volume
C) expiratory reserve volume ⁺ residual volume
D) tidal volume ⁺ inspiratory reserve volume ⁺ expiratory reserve volume

Question 54

The volume that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is the:

A) residual volume.
B) functional residual capacity.
C) vital capacity.
D) dead space volume.

Question 55

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with:

A) increased body temperature.
B) increased hydrogen ion concentration.
C) slower metabolic rate.
D) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Question 56

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A) partial pressure gradient
B) molecular weight of the gas molecule
C) temperature
D) gas solubility in water

Question 57

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as:

A) Boyle's law
B) Henry's law
C) ventilation ^-perfusion matching
D) partial pressure

Question 58

What is NOT true of the effects of hypoventilation?

A) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood increases
B) hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases
C) carbonic acid concentration in the blood increases
D) blood pH decreases

Question 59

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:

A) nitric acid.
B) carbonic acid.
C) carbaminohemoglobin.
D) hydrochloric acid.

Question 60

What statement best describes tidal volume?

A) Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.
B) Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.
C) Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.
D) Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration.

Question 61

Eupnea is controlled by the:

A) glossopharyngeal nerve.
B) apneustic center.
C) respiratory rhythm generator (RRG).
D) pneumotaxic center.

Question 62

Describe how and why the left and right primary bronchi are structurally different from one another.

Question 63

The most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is:

A) partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries.
B) partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood.
C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
D) partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries.

Question 64

Discuss why pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is an appropriate tissue for the lining of the nasal cavity.

Question 65

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A) carotid arteries
B) both the carotid arteries and the aorta
C) medullary reticular formation
D) aorta

Question 66

Explain why the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with nonkeratizinied stratified squamous epithelium rather than pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 67

Which of the following accompanies emphysema?

A) decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
B) increase in vital capacity
C) pulmonary compliance decreases
D) alveoli collapse and surface area is lost

Question 68

Respiratory acidosis results from:

A) hypoxia.
B) hypoventilation.
C) hyperventilation.
D) hypocapnia.

Question 69

Explain how smoking impairs the protective features of the epithelium of the respiratory tract.

Question 70

What is typical of restrictive lung diseases?

A) decreased efficiency of expiration
B) decreased alveolar surface tension
C) increased vital capacity
D) decreased pulmonary compliance

Question 71

Discuss why the C ^-shaped rings of cartilage in the submucosa of the trachea are appropriate to their function.

Question 72

Explain what structures contribute to the function of the nasal cavities.

Question 73

Which of the following triggers hyperventilation?

A) low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood.
B) high partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
C) low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
D) high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Question 74

Trace the pathway of air into the respiratory system.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major processes of respiration?

A) pulmonary ventilation
B) oxygen ^-hemoglobin dissociation curve
C) pulmonary gas exchange
D) gas transport

Question 76

Describe the functional difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract.

Question 77

Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to:

A) concentration of hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid.
B) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
C) partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
D) concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.

Question 78

Five year old Charlie is so mad that he's holding his breath until he gets his way. What will stimulate his breathing rate to return to normal?

A) lack of sensory information being sent to central chemoreceptors
B) lack of sensory information being sent to peripheral chemoreceptors
C) lack of oxygen
D) accumulation of carbon dioxide

Question 79

Which process of respiration relies on partial pressure gradients?

A) gas transport and pulmonary ventilation
B) pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange
C) gas transport only
D) pulmonary ventilation only

Question 80

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons (DRG) was destroyed:

A) alveolar ventilation would increase.
B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
C) tidal volumes would diminish.
D) a person would stop breathing.