Deck 2: Theories of Human Development

Question 1

Conducting behavioral research in a controlled, laboratory-type setting has its drawbacks. An example of a limitation to this type of research is _____. Choices:

A) maturation
B) the Hawthorne effect
C) the Rosenthal effect
D) mortality

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_____ emphasized the importance of observational learning, but _____ suggested that behavior is the result of consequences experienced. Choices:

A) Erikson, Watson
B) Bandura, Piaget
C) Piaget, Watson
D) Bandura, Skinner

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_____ provide(s) a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs. Choices:

A) Experiments
B) Theories
C) Research
D) Ethical guidelines

Answer 3

B

Question 4

To obtain a comprehensive view of a specific situation, _____ researchers may engage in observations and collect verbatim or narrative data. Choices:

A) historical
B) experimental
C) quantitative
D) qualitative

Question 5

Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a negative outcome of disdain? Choices:

A) identity vs. role confusion
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) integrity vs. despair
D) trust vs. mistrust

Question 6

_____'s theory of _____ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally. Choices:

A) Vygotsky, social learning
B) Vygotsky, sociocultural
C) Piaget, cognitive
D) Watson, behavioral

Question 7

Which of the following is a challenge of laboratory research? Choices:

A) Experiments can be replicated.
B) The quantitative data collected by experiments can be analyzed using inferential statistics.
C) Grouping people together limits the researcher's ability to look at individuals' specificities.
D) Experiments can establish cause-effect relationships.

Question 8

Which stage of cognitive development is marked by a child's ability to employ logic, only with tangible objects and problems? Choices:

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 9

The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment most closely coincides with _____'s theory of development, indicating that development is inseparable from social and cultural life. Choices:

A) Bronfenbrenner
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Bandura

Question 10

_____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one's lifespan as key to understanding human development. Choices:

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Watson
D) Piaget

Question 11

Which of the following is a strength of survey research? Choices:

A) Surveys can be administered from remote locations.
B) Participants are inclined to respond to questions they perceive as relevant and meaningful.
C) The researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected sample responds to the survey.
D) The method and the tool must remain unchanged throughout data collection.

Question 12

_____ research is an example of _____ research in which the characteristics being investigated are measured simultaneously across different age groups. Choices:

A) Cross-sectional, descriptive
B) Longitudinal, descriptive
C) Cross-sectional, correlational
D) Case study, experimental

Question 13

_____ posited that during the first 6 years of life, children develop ways to resolve conflicts between the desire for pleasure and the demands of reality. Choices:

A) Hall
B) Bronfenbrenner
C) Piaget
D) Freud

Question 14

According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition. Choices:

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 15

According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. Choices:

A) latent
B) phallic
C) genital
D) anal

Question 16

Which of the following was not one of the major ethical principles of the Belmont Report? Choices:

A) Beneficence
B) Autonomy
C) Respect for persons
D) Justice

Question 17

Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____ through direct _____ of one or more variables. Choices:

A) causation, manipulation
B) correlation, observation
C) causation, observation
D) validity, manipulation

Question 18

A result of _____ interactions could be that children whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relationships with their friends or peers. Choices:

A) exosystem
B) chronosystem
C) mesosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 19

_____'s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence. Choices:

A) Bandura, operant conditioning
B) Skinner, operant conditioning
C) Pavlov, classical conditioning
D) Watson, observational learning

Question 20

_____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up. Choices:

A) Hall
B) Freud
C) Bandura
D) Hawthorne

Question 21

Piaget described the process of a person's cognitive development through six distinct stages.

Question 22

The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental psychologists throughout the world.

Question 23

The condition of creating new schema is called assimilation.

Question 24

Bandura's model expanded the classical behavioral theory to include cognitive elements.

Question 25

Describe the major principles of the Belmont Report.

Question 26

Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge.

Question 27

Discuss four areas that counselors should consider when determining how scholarly they are on the job and how they can apply this knowledge to optimize their job performance.

Question 28

In an experiment, the variable being manipulated is called the dependent variable.

Question 29

A natural experiment is not considered a true experiment because the researcher is not able to manipulate or control the variables.

Question 30

Explain the concept of self-efficacy as it compares/contrasts with Behavioral Theory.

Question 31

Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development.