Deck 17: The Cardiovascular System I: the Heart

Question 1

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

A)pulmonary artery
B)pulmonary trunk
C)pulmonary vein
D)superior vena cava

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the:

A)liver.
B)brain.
C)heart.
D)lungs.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the:

A)pulmonary trunk.
B)superior vena cava.
C)coronary sinus.
D)aorta.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Generally,coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the:

A)inferior vena cava.
B)superior vena cava.
C)aorta.
D)coronary sinus.

Question 5

Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery?

A)the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery
B)the right anterior interventricular artery and the right circumflex artery
C)the right anterior interventricular artery and the left posterior interventricular artery
D)the left marginal artery and the right circumflex artery

Question 6

Which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?

A)fossa ovalis
B)ductus arteriosus
C)ligamentum arteriosum
D)foramen ovale

Question 7

The apex of the heart is situated toward the:

A)left hip.
B)right shoulder.
C)left shoulder.
D)posterior rib cage.

Question 8

Both the left and right atria receive blood from:

A)the ventricles.
B)veins.
C)the lungs.
D)arteries.

Question 9

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A)prevent backflow of blood through the heart
B)eliminate pressure variances within the heart
C)invert during contraction of the ventricles
D)promote contraction of the ventricles

Question 10

The heart is situated in the middle of the thoracic cavity in a region known as the:

A)mediastinum.
B)cardiac notch.
C)dorsal cavity.
D)pleural cavity.

Question 11

What is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac?

A)parietal pericardium
B)epicardium
C)fibrous pericardium
D)visceral pericardium

Question 12

Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?

A)coronary sinus
B)superior vena cava
C)pulmonary trunk
D)aorta

Question 13

The right side of the heart receives:

A)deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
B)oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.
C)deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.
D)oxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

Question 14

What is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium?

A)the lungs
B)fibrous pericardium
C)pericardial fluid
D)the heart

Question 15

What muscles,present in the ventricles,anchor the atrioventricular valves by tendon-like chords called chordae tendineae?

A)papillary muscles
B)ligamentum arteriosum
C)trabeculae carneae
D)pectinate muscles

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT return blood to the right atrium of the heart?

A)inferior vena cava
B)superior vena cava
C)coronary sinus
D)pulmonary vein

Question 17

The coronary sinus does NOT receive blood from the:

A)middle cardiac vein.
B)small cardiac vein.
C)great cardiac vein.
D)brachiocephalic vein.

Question 18

What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?

A)interventricular sulcus
B)interatrial septum
C)interventricular septum
D)atrioventricular sulcus

Question 19

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to the:

A)lungs.
B)body.
C)brain.
D)liver.

Question 20

The visceral pericardium is the same as the:

A)myocardium.
B)epicardium.
C)fibrous pericardium.
D)endocardium.

Question 21

What ion movement changes the membrane potential in a contractile cell from negative to positive during the rapid depolarization phase?

A)influx of sodium ions
B)outflow of calcium ions
C)influx of calcium ions
D)outflow of potassium ions

Question 22

Where should the left ventricle send blood?

A)left atrium
B)aorta
C)coronary sinus
D)pulmonary trunk

Question 23

The rapid influx of calcium ions into pacemaker cells creates a positive membrane potential inside the cell and is responsible for the:

A)repolarization phase.
B)full depolarization phase.
C)slow initial repolarization phase.
D)minimum potential phase.

Question 24

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

A)bicuspid (mitral)valve
B)pulmonary valve
C)tricuspid valve
D)aortic valve

Question 25

What vessel(s)deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A)pulmonary veins
B)pulmonary arteries
C)aorta
D)pulmonary trunk

Question 26

The long length of the cardiac action potential,at 200- 300 msec,allows for:

A)a reduction in strength of the heart's contraction.
B)less calcium ions to enter cells.
C)a faster heart rate.
D)an opportunity for the heart to fill with blood.

Question 27

A contractile cell with a sustained membrane potential of 0 mV is experiencing the:

A)rapid depolarization phase.
B)initial repolarization phase.
C)repolarization phase.
D)plateau phase.

Question 28

Blood in the right ventricle arrived from the:

A)pulmonary valve.
B)bicuspid (mitral)valve.
C)pulmonary trunk.
D)right atrium.

Question 29

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

A)superior vena cava
B)pulmonary trunk
C)coronary sinus
D)pulmonary vein

Question 30

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell,cardiac muscle can NOT exhibit:

A)treppe.
B)oxygen debt.
C)fatigue.
D)tetany.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a population of pacemaker cells in the heart?

A)Purkinje fiber system
B)atrioventricular (AV)node
C)papillary muscles
D)sinoatrial (SA)node

Question 32

During what phase of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell as potassium ions exit?

A)initial repolarization phase
B)repolarization phase
C)rapid depolarization phase
D)plateau phase

Question 33

What do pacemaker cell action potentials lack?

A)threshold
B)depolarization
C)repolarization
D)plateau phase

Question 34

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

A)striations
B)excitability
C)sarcoplasmic reticulum
D)intercalated discs

Question 35

Which valve is situated between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A)pulmonary valve
B)aortic valve
C)bicuspid (mitral)valve
D)tricuspid valve

Question 36

How do cardiac cells sustain a membrane potential of around 0 mV during the plateau phase?

A)increased membrane permeability to sodium ions
B)calcium channels remain open
C)increased membrane permeability to potassium ions
D)decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane

Question 37

An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve,or left atrioventricular valve)would allow the backflow of blood into the:

A)left atrium.
B)left ventricle.
C)right atrium.
D)aorta.

Question 38

Autorhythmicity in the heart is the responsibility of:

A)cardiac pacemaker cells.
B)smooth muscle cells.
C)skeletal muscle cells.
D)contractile cells.

Question 39

Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 60- 70 times or more per minute?

A)Purkinje fiber system
B)atrioventricular (AV)node
C)sinoatrial (SA)node
D)atrioventricular (AV)bundle

Question 40

What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange?

A)circumflex artery
B)pulmonary trunk
C)coronary artery
D)aorta

Question 41

End-diastolic volume (EDV)for each ventricle at the end of atrial systole is normally about:

A)25 ml.
B)120 ml.
C)70 ml.
D)50 ml.

Question 42

What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A)The atrial cells are undergoing action potentials.
B)The ventricular cells are repolarizing.
C)The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.
D)The AV node delay occurs as the action potential spreads from the SA node to the atria to the ventricles.

Question 43

The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase is normally about:

A)30 ml.
B)120 ml.
C)50 ml.
D)70 ml.

Question 44

What produces the "lub dub" heart sounds?

A)the sound of blood traveling through the heart
B)the relaxation of the atria,and then the ventricles
C)the vibrations of the ventricular and blood vessel walls when valves shut
D)the contraction of the atria,and then the ventricles

Question 45

On an electrocardiogram (ECG),atrial repolarization is obscured by the:

A)QRS wave.
B)S-T segment.
C)P wave.
D)T wave.

Question 46

As ventricular systole begins,all four heart valves are closed during the:

A)ventricular filling phase.
B)ventricular ejection phase.
C)isovolumetric relaxation phase.
D)isovolumetric contraction phase.

Question 47

A damaged atrioventricular (AV)bundle or atrioventricular (AV)node will primarily affect the length of the:

A)T wave.
B)P-R interval.
C)Q-T interval.
D)P wave.

Question 48

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute.Classify his cardiac dysrhythmia.

A)tachycardia
B)heart block
C)asystole
D)bradycardia

Question 49

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the:

A)Purkinje fibers.
B)sinoatrial (SA)node.
C)atrioventricular (AV)node.
D)atrioventricular (AV)bundle.

Question 50

What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system?

A)atrioventricular (AV)valve
B)atrioventricular (AV)node
C)atrioventricular (AV)bundle
D)sinoatrial sinoatrial (SA)node

Question 51

Which of the following can be used to measure heart rate?

A)P-R interval
B)S-T segment
C)Q-T interval
D)R-R interval

Question 52

When is the S2 heart sound heard?

A)isovolumetric contraction phase
B)ventricular filling
C)isovolumetric relaxation phase
D)ventricular ejection phase

Question 53

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG)represents the depolarization of cells in the:

A)atria.
B)sinoatrial (SA)node.
C)ventricles.
D)atrioventricular (AV)node.

Question 54

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG)would most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles?

A)P wave
B)QRS wave
C)R-T interval
D)T wave

Question 55

Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase.

A)The AV valves are forced open while both semilunar valves are shut.
B)The AV valves and semilunar valves are shut.
C)The AV valves and semilunar valves are forced open.
D)The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.

Question 56

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG)represents ventricular depolarization?

A)P wave
B)R-R interval
C)QRS wave
D)T wave

Question 57

Place the following parts of the cardiac conduction system in the order in which they transmit the action potential. 1.atrioventricular (AV)bundle
2)Purkinje fibers
3)sinoatrial (SA)node
4)right and left bundle branches
5)contractile cells of cardiac muscle tissue
6)atrioventricular (AV)node

A)3,6,1,4,2,5
B)3,1,6,4,5,2
C)3,6,4,1,2,5
D)3,1,6,4,2,5

Question 58

A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the:

A)atrioventricular (AV)node.
B)atrioventricular (AV)bundle.
C)Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle.
D)sinoatrial (SA)node.

Question 59

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

A)sinoatrial (SA)node
B)atrioventricular (AV)bundle
C)atrioventricular (AV)node
D)Purkinje fiber system

Question 60

Determine the impact if the connection between the sinoatrial (SA)node and the atrioventricular (AV)node becomes blocked.

A)The ventricles will contract more slowly.
B)The ventricular rhythm will not change.
C)The ventricles will contract more quickly.
D)The atria will contract more forcefully.

Question 61

Calculate the cardiac output if the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 65 ml.

A)6500 ml/min
B)0)65 ml/min
C)650 ml/min
D)65 ml/min

Question 62

Which of the following volumes should be the greatest?

A)stroke volume (SV)
B)end-diastolic volume (EDV)
C)cardiac output (CO)
D)end-systolic volume (ESV)

Question 63

Afterload is described as:

A)the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.
B)the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase.
C)the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract.
D)the ability to generate tension.

Question 64

What largely determines preload?

A)end-systolic volume (ESV)
B)end-diastolic volume (EDV)
C)afterload
D)stroke volume

Question 65

Inotropic agents affect:

A)contractility.
B)heart rate.
C)stroke volume.
D)depolarization.

Question 66

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heartbeat is known as:

A)heart rate (HR).
B)end-diastolic volume (EDV).
C)stroke volume (SV).
D)cardiac output (CO).

Question 67

What best describes the Frank-Starling law?

A)The Frank-Starling law states that the slower the heart rate,the greater the cardiac output.
B)The Frank-Starling law states that the greater the stroke volume,the greater the heart rate.
C)The Frank-Starling law states that the greater the volume of blood discharged from the heart,the greater the pressure required to discharge the blood.
D)The Frank-Starling law states that the more the ventricular muscle cells are stretched,the more forcefully they contract.

Question 68

Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C)norepinephrine
D)aldosterone

Question 69

Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 85 beats/minute,end-diastolic volume (EDV)is 130 ml,and end-systolic volume (ESV)is 60 ml.

A)16,140 ml/min
B)7800 ml/min
C)5100 ml/min
D)5950 ml/min

Question 70

What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO)for a ventricle?

A)stroke volume (SV)and heart rate (HR)
B)heart rate (HR)and end-diastolic volume (EDV)
C)stroke volume (SV)and blood pressure (BP)
D)end-diastolic volume (EDV)and end-systolic volume (ESV)

Question 71

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG)corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A)T wave
B)P wave
C)S-T segment
D)S wave

Question 72

Calculate the stroke volume (SV)if end-systolic volume (ESV)is 50 ml and the end-diastolic volume (EDV)in a resting heart is 110 ml.

A)60 ml
B)50 ml
C)10 ml
D)160 ml

Question 73

How much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase?

A)70 ml
B)50 ml
C)120 ml
D)90 ml

Question 74

Which of the following is a chronotropic agent that decreases heart rate?

A)glucagon
B)norepinephrine
C)epinephrine
D)acetylcholine

Question 75

Which chamber experiences a maximum pressure of around 118 mm Hg during contraction?

A)right ventricle
B)left ventricle
C)left atrium
D)right atrium

Question 76

What wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG)occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

A)T wave
B)Q wave
C)R wave
D)P wave

Question 77

Which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate?

A)glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
B)hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
C)vagus nerves (CN X)
D)trochlear nerves (CN IV)

Question 78

The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called:

A)contractility.
B)preload.
C)stroke volume.
D)afterload.

Question 79

Stroke volume averages about:

A)180 ml per heartbeat.
B)70 ml per heartbeat.
C)25 ml per heartbeat.
D)120 ml per heartbeat.

Question 80

During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

A)isovolumetric contraction phase
B)ventricular filling
C)ventricular ejection phase
D)isovolumetric relaxation phase