Deck 11: Introduction to the Nervous System Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Upon entering your house,you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven.What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible?

A)somatic sensory division
B)visceral sensory division
C)somatic motor division
D)visceral motor division

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Sarah sensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand.Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah's hand?

A)autonomic nervous system
B)somatic sensory division
C)somatic motor division
D)visceral sensory division

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

A)visceral motor division
B)central nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system
D)somatic motor division

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Because of their ability to rapidly divide during brain injury,which type of neuroglial cell would be more likely to form a brain tumor?

A)Schwann cell
B)oligodendrocyte
C)astrocyte
D)ependymal cell

Question 5

What specific part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell?

A)cell body
B)axon terminals (synaptic knobs)
C)dendrites
D)myelin sheath

Question 6

What part of the neuron is a process that can generate and conduct action potentials?

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)cell body
D)neurofibril

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons?

A)carrying sensory information
B)transmitting motor information
C)integration
D)forming the myelin sheath

Question 8

The most common type of neuron in the human body is:

A)pseudounipolar.
B)unipolar.
C)multipolar.
D)bipolar.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a bipolar neuron?

A)one axon that splits into two processes
B)one axon and one dendrite
C)multiple axons and one dendrite
D)one axon and multiple,highly branched dendrites

Question 10

Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:

A)central nervous system.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)myelin sheath.
D)ganglion.

Question 11

Which neuroglial cell helps form the blood-brain barrier?

A)astrocyte
B)ependymal cell
C)satellite cell
D)oligodendrocyte

Question 12

The two structural divisions of the nervous system are the:

A)central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
B)visceral motor division and somatic motor division.
C)somatic sensory division and visceral sensory system.
D)sensory division and motor division.

Question 13

The conducting region of the neuron is the:

A)cell body.
B)dendrites.
C)axon terminals (synaptic knobs).
D)axon.

Question 14

The autonomic nervous system does NOT carry signals to:

A)skeletal muscle.
B)glands.
C)cardiac muscle.
D)smooth muscle.

Question 15

Which of the following is controlled by the somatic motor division?

A)cardiac muscle
B)glands
C)smooth muscle
D)skeletal muscle

Question 16

What is the most metabolically active part of a neuron?

A)cell body
B)dendrites
C)axon
D)axon hillock

Question 17

Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system?

A)spinal cord and spinal nerves
B)brain,cranial nerves,spinal cord,and spinal nerves
C)brain and cranial nerves
D)brain and spinal cord

Question 18

Branches that may occur along an axon are called:

A)collaterals.
B)dendrites.
C)hillocks.
D)telodendria.

Question 19

Ciliated ependymal cells:

A)help form the blood-brain barrier.
B)form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.
C)serve as wandering phagocytes during brain injury.
D)circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 20

What type of neuron,found within the CNS,performs the job of information processing?

A)sensory (afferent)neurons
B)interneurons (association neurons)
C)bipolar neurons
D)motor (efferent)neurons

Question 21

The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as:

A)polarization.
B)hyperpolarization.
C)repolarization.
D)depolarization.

Question 22

What specific type of gated channel opens or closes in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface,such as vibrations or pressure?

A)ligand-gated
B)mechanically-gated
C)voltage-gated
D)chemically-gated

Question 23

Which of the following is an effect of myelination?

A)Myelination increases the rate at which phagocytosis occurs in the brain.
B)Myelination increases the rate of mitosis in damaged neurons.
C)Myelination increases the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in circulation.
D)Myelination increases the speed of conduction of action potentials.

Question 24

What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold?

A)- 30 mV
B)- 55 mV
C)- 70 mV
D)- 85 mV

Question 25

Myelinated axons in the CNS are known as:

A)internodes.
B)white matter.
C)gray matter.
D)dark matter.

Question 26

Using the information provided in this graph,which statement best summarizes the activity in this neuron?

A)The cell gains chloride ions,making the cell hyperpolarize.
B)The cell gains positive charges,making the inside less negative.
C)Positive charges are lost from the cell,making the inside more negative.
D)The cells gains negative charges,making the inside more negative.

Question 27

Which statement best describes the all-or-none principle?

A)Local,or graded,potentials will always become action potentials.
B)All voltage-gated sodium channels will open or none will open.
C)An action potential happens completely,or it doesn't happen at all.
D)All neurons conduct an action potential together,or none do.

Question 28

Which of the following is the primary factor in the maintenance of a cell's negative charge during resting membrane potential?

A)ligand-gated channels
B)sodium-potassium pump
C)leak channels
D)voltage-gated channels

Question 29

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and:

A)an inactivation gate.
B)a threshold gate.
C)a leak gate.
D)a swinging gate.

Question 30

What type of ion channel in neurons is always open?

A)regulated
B)local
C)leak
D)active

Question 31

Within the PNS,a neuron will regenerate only if:

A)the neuron was myelinated.
B)the surrounding neuroglia regenerate first.
C)scar tissue is removed by phagocytosis.
D)the cell body remains intact.

Question 32

Repolarization begins as:

A)voltage-gated potassium ion channels activate.
B)voltage-gated sodium ion channels activate.
C)voltage-gated potassium ion channels begin to close.
D)sodium ions follow their electrochemical gradient into the cell.

Question 33

Which number on the graph represents when voltage-gated sodium channels are open?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 34

If a resting axon increases its permeability to sodium ions:

A)the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.
B)the influx of sodium ions will increase and the membrane will depolarize.
C)the outward movement of sodium ions will decrease.
D)the membrane potential will repolarize.

Question 35

Graded potentials:

A)produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.
B)may cause either depolarization or hyperpolarization.
C)produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.
D)cause repolarization.

Question 36

What is more likely to promote an action potential?

A)absolute refractory period
B)repolarization
C)depolarization
D)hyperpolarization

Question 37

Place these steps of the action potential in the correct order. 1.Sodium ions channels return to the resting state and repolarization continues.
2)Voltage-gated sodium ion channels activate,sodium ions enter,and the axon section depolarize
3)As potassium ion channels return to resting state,the axolemma may hyperpolarize before retur to the resting membrane potential.
4)A local potential depolarizes the axolemma of the trigger zone to threshold.
5)Sodium ion channels inactivate,and voltage-gated potassium ion channels activate,so sodium i stop entering and potassium ions leave,beginning repolarization.

A)2,4,5,1,3
B)4,2,5,1,3
C)4,2,3,5,1
D)4,2,1,3,5

Question 38

A series of measurements with a voltmeter show a neuron's membrane potential becoming more negative,from - 70 mV to - 85 mV.This neuron is experiencing a:

A)repolarization phase.
B)hyperpolarization phase.
C)depolarization phase.
D)polarization phase.

Question 39

Resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium ion pump,or Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase,which brings:

A)two potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
B)three potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
C)two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
D)three potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

Question 40

During repolarization of a neuron:

A)potassium ions move into the cell.
B)sodium ions move into the cell.
C)sodium ions move out of the cell.
D)potassium ions move out of the cell.

Question 41

A local hyperpolarization that makes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron more negative is:

A)a saltatory stimulus.
B)an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
C)a temporal stimulus.
D)an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

Question 42

Which of the following moves the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold?

A)inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
B)hyperpolarization
C)opening of potassium ion channels
D)excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 43

Which of the following must happen first in the order events at a chemical synapse?

A)Calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
B)Calcium ion channels in the axon terminal open.
C)Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
D)Ion channels respond to the neurotransmitter and lead to a local potential,or possibly an action potential.

Question 44

The presence of a synaptic cleft between cells is characteristic of:

A)electrical synapse.
B)chemical synapse.
C)both chemical and electrical synapses.
D)neither chemical nor electrical synapses.

Question 45

Which of the following would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?

A)presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron
B)reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron
C)diffusion of the neurotransmitter into the extracellular fluid
D)degradation of the neurotransmitter by enzymes

Question 46

What ion triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)chlorine
D)magnesium

Question 47

The neuron that receives neurotransmitters from another neuron is called:

A)an oligodendrocyte.
B)the presynaptic neuron.
C)a Schwann cell.
D)the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 48

What is NOT associated with a chemical synapse?

A)neurotransmitter
B)presynaptic neuron
C)synaptic cleft
D)gap junction

Question 49

Determine the fiber type in which propagation of an action potential will occur most quickly.

A)type C fiber
B)unmyelinated type B fiber
C)myelinated type A fiber
D)myelinated type B fiber

Question 50

What would most likely lead to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A)opening of calcium ion channels
B)opening of sodium ion channels
C)closure of chloride ion channels
D)opening of potassium ion channels

Question 51

Voltage-gated sodium channels are activated:

A)during repolarization.
B)after voltage-gated potassium channels are activated.
C)only if the cell is depolarized to threshold.
D)during hyperpolarization.

Question 52

What type of synapse must have receptors to transmit signals?

A)electrical synapse
B)chemical synapse
C)both chemical and electrical synapses
D)neither chemical nor electrical synapses

Question 53

If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:

A)synaptic transmission would fail.
B)a weaker action potential would result.
C)the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter.
D)neurotransmitter release would stop.

Question 54

Which type of fiber has the largest diameter?

A)type A
B)type B
C)type C
D)type D

Question 55

Which area on the graph shows when the neuron is in the relative refractory period?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 56

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:

A)chemical.
B)electrical.
C)mechanical.
D)voltage.

Question 57

Saltatory conduction occurs:

A)when myelin sheaths are present.
B)in gray matter.
C)when threshold has not yet been reached.
D)when myelin sheaths are absent.

Question 58

During the absolute refractory period:

A)sodium ion channels are in their resting state (closed).
B)no additional stimulus,no matter how strong,can produce an additional action potential.
C)each stimulus produces an action potential.
D)a strong stimulus can produce an action potential.

Question 59

When a second excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared,what results?

A)hyperpolarization
B)spatial summation
C)temporal summation
D)inhibition of the impulse

Question 60

When is the generation of an action potential impossible,no matter the strength of the stimulus?

A)relative refractory period
B)absolute refractory period
C)threshold
D)depolarization

Question 61

After acetylcholinesterase (AChE)acts,the presynaptic neuron:

A)reabsorbs synaptic vesicles.
B)reabsorbs the acetate.
C)reabsorbs the choline.
D)reabsorbs acetylcholine.

Question 62

What best describes a converging circuit?

A)One axon of an input neuron branches to make contact with multiple postsynaptic neurons.
B)An increasing number of neurons are excited down the pathway of the circuit.
C)Axon terminals from multiple input neurons join onto a single postsynaptic neuron.
D)One neuron communicates with multiple parts of the brain.

Question 63

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A)glutamate
B)glycine
C)GABA
D)dopamine

Question 64

Regeneration of neural tissue in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)is possible only if the neuron's cell body remains intact.

Question 65

Neuronal pools are collections of:

A)efferent neurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)bipolar neurons.
D)interneurons.

Question 66

During the absolute refractory period,production of an additional action potential is not possible no matter how strong the stimulus.

Question 67

Neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors control:

A)the movement of ions into or out of the postsynaptic neuron.
B)the formation of a second messenger inside the postsynaptic neuron.
C)the activation of G-proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron.
D)some metabolic process inside the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 68

Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.

Question 69

Saltatory conduction is slow due to the presence of insulating myelin around an axon.

Question 70

The conduction of an action potential is faster in unmyelinated axons than in myelinated axons.

Question 71

The sensory,or afferent,division of the peripheral nervous system carries information from the brain and spinal cord to effector organs.

Question 72

Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature?

A)opioids
B)neuropeptide Y
C)endorphin
D)substance P

Question 73

Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter:

A)norepinephrine.
B)acetylcholine.
C)serotonin.
D)epinephrine.

Question 74

Neurons are responsible for sending and receiving signals referred to as action potentials while neuroglial cells serve a variety of supportive functions.

Question 75

Where are neuronal pools located?

A)within ganglia
B)within nerves
C)within the PNS
D)within the CNS

Question 76

Conduction speed of a nerve impulse is influenced by the diameter of the axon and the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

Question 77

Electrical synapses are faster than chemical synapses due to the presence of gap junctions between cells.

Question 78

The same can have different effects depending on the properties of the .

A)neurotransmitter; receptor
B)receptor; neurotransmitter
C)substrate; enzyme
D)hormone; neurotransmitter

Question 79

During depolarization,the membrane potential becomes more positive.

Question 80

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated:

A)hyperpolarization.
B)impulse transmission.
C)spatial summation.
D)temporal summation.