Deck 21: The Respiratory System

Question 1

The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is:

A)pulmonary gas exchange.
B)pulmonary ventilation.
C)tissue gas exchange.
D)gas transport.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A)thyroid cartilage
B)corniculate cartilage
C)arytenoid cartilage
D)epiglottis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Why are the rings of cartilage surrounding the trachea C-shaped?

A)The C rings of cartilage allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing.
B)The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing.
C)The C rings of cartilage allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing,allow the trachea to change diameter during breathing,and keep the trachea patent (open).
D)The C rings of cartilage keep the trachea patent (open).

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which organ's position causes the left lung to be shaped differently from the right lung?

A)liver
B)stomach
C)esophagus
D)heart

Question 5

Upon removal of the larynx,a person would no longer be able to:

A)cough.
B)sneeze.
C)swallow.
D)produce sounds.

Question 6

The respiratory system does NOT function in:

A)blood cell production.
B)speech production.
C)odor detection.
D)acid-base homeostasis.

Question 7

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:

A)conducting zone.
B)upper respiratory tract.
C)respiratory zone.
D)larynx.

Question 8

The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with:

A)simple squamous epithelium.
B)pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
C)simple cuboidal epithelium.
D)transitional epithelium.

Question 9

What increases air turbulence to extract dust and other debris from air traveling through the nasal cavity?

A)septal cartilage
B)nasal conchae and meatuses
C)vestibule
D)posterior nares

Question 10

Which bone lacks a paranasal sinus?

A)maxillary
B)frontal
C)zygomatic
D)ethmoid

Question 11

Through what openings of the nose does inhaled air enter the upper respiratory tract?

A)nasopharynx
B)anterior nares
C)posterior nares
D)nasal cavity

Question 12

The larynx lining transitions at the vocal cords from stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium to:

A)simple columnar epithelium.
B)pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
C)simple squamous epithelium.
D)transitional epithelium.

Question 13

The mucosa of the carina contains sensory receptors that trigger:

A)yawning.
B)sneezing.
C)coughing.
D)hiccups.

Question 14

What is part of the respiratory zone?

A)trachea
B)nose
C)nasal cavity
D)alveoli

Question 15

Which of the following correctly describes the histological transition from bronchi into smaller branches in the bronchial tree?

A)The lining changes from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium.
B)The rings of cartilage completely disappear during the transition from the trachea into the bronchial tree.
C)The amount of smooth muscle increases in the smaller passageways of the bronchial tree.
D)More hyaline cartilage is found in the smaller passageways of the bronchial tree.

Question 16

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A)detect odors
B)secrete mucus
C)produce speech
D)maintain acid-base balance

Question 17

In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel,from superior to inferior?

A)nasopharynx,oropharynx,laryngopharynx
B)nasopharynx,laryngopharynx,oropharynx
C)oropharynx,nasopharynx,laryngopharynx
D)laryngopharynx,oropharynx,nasopharynx

Question 18

What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?

A)The nose provides a site for initial gas exchange.
B)The nose provides a more direct route over which air will travel.
C)The nose is a less turbulent environment than the mouth.
D)The nose warms,humidifies,and filters inhaled air.

Question 19

What sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages?

A)microvilli
B)gap junctions
C)flagella
D)cilia

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

A)larynx
B)trachea
C)pharynx
D)nose

Question 21

Mr.Schmitzer has pulmonary fibrosis in which the elastic tissue of his lungs is replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue.His condition primarily affects:

A)surfactant production.
B)alveolar surface tension.
C)pulmonary compliance.
D)airway resistance.

Question 22

What part of the following description is INCORRECT? Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to increased volume in the thoracic cavity and the lungs.The increase in volume leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure causing air to move into the lungs.

A)Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure,not an increase in pressure.
B)The relaxation,not contraction,of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation.
C)The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in volume,not an increase in volume.
D)Increased volume and decreased pressure cause air to leave the lungs,rather than enter the lungs.

Question 23

Each lung is situated within a subcavity of the thoracic cavity known as the:

A)peritoneal cavity.
B)abdominopelvic cavity.
C)pericardial cavity.
D)pleural cavity.

Question 24

What reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract?

A)pleural fluid
B)mucus
C)surfactant
D)synovial fluid

Question 25

What cells clean and digest debris entering the alveoli?

A)alveolar macrophages
B)goblet cells
C)type I alveolar cells
D)type II alveolar cells

Question 26

Which of the following is a factor on which expiration depends?

A)contraction of expiratory muscles
B)increase in lung volume
C)recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs
D)decrease in intrapulmonary pressure

Question 27

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)alveolar ducts.
B)terminal bronchioles.
C)respiratory bronchioles.
D)alveolar sacs.

Question 28

What type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

A)type I alveolar cells
B)type II alveolar cells
C)alveolar macrophages
D)dust cells

Question 29

The triangular depression in the medial surface of each lung,where blood vessels and the primary bronchi enter,is the:

A)lobule.
B)base.
C)hilum.
D)apex.

Question 30

Each secondary bronchus supplies air to a:

A)lobe of the lung.
B)lobule of the lung.
C)bronchopulmonary segment.
D)hilum.

Question 31

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?

A)Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase.
B)Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.
C)Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.
D)Pressure increases when volume decreases.

Question 32

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?

A)presence of surfactant
B)elasticity of the lung tissues
C)diameter of the conducting zone passageways
D)degree of alveolar surface tension

Question 33

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A)less than atmospheric pressure.
B)less than intrapleural pressure.
C)equal to atmospheric pressure.
D)greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question 34

What does NOT contribute to the formation of the respiratory membrane?

A)capillary endothelial cells
B)basal lamina of the type I alveolar cells
C)type I alveolar cells
D)type II alveolar cells

Question 35

Air entering the respiratory system travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the:

A)alveolar sacs.
B)terminal bronchioles.
C)tertiary bronchi.
D)alveolar ducts.

Question 36

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?

A)inhalation
B)collapse
C)burst
D)overinflation

Question 37

Bronchodilation may occur in response to:

A)the parasympathetic nervous system.
B)inflammation.
C)increased mucus.
D)the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 38

Which of the following reduces alveolar surface tension?

A)mucus
B)gas
C)water
D)surfactant

Question 39

Which epithelium forms the alveoli?

A)pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B)simple squamous epithelium
C)stratified squamous epithelium
D)simple columnar epithelium

Question 40

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg,intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg,and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg.

A)no air movement
B)exhalation
C)atelectasis
D)inhalation

Question 41

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A)as carbonic acid in the plasma
B)bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
C)combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D)as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma

Question 42

Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A)gas solubility in water
B)partial pressure gradient
C)molecular weight of the gas molecule
D)temperature

Question 43

Vital capacity =

A)inspiratory reserve volume + residual volume
B)inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume
C)tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
D)expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 44

The amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration is known as the:

A)tidal volume.
B)vital capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)expiratory reserve volume.

Question 45

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports:

A)1 molecule of oxygen.
B)4 molecules of oxygen.
C)2 molecules of oxygen.
D)8 molecules of oxygen.

Question 46

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBCs?

A)Dalton's law
B)the Bohr effect
C)the chloride shift
D)ventilation-perfusion matching

Question 47

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately:

A)35 mm Hg.
B)70 mm Hg.
C)50 mm Hg.
D)45 mm Hg.

Question 48

The volume that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is the:

A)dead space volume.
B)functional residual capacity.
C)residual volume.
D)vital capacity.

Question 49

Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma although it has a very low partial pressure.What law describes this phenomenon?

A)Charles' law
B)Dalton's law
C)Henry's law
D)Boyle's law

Question 50

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported:

A)as carbonic acid.
B)dissolved in plasma.
C)as carbaminohemoglobin.
D)as the bicarbonate ion.

Question 51

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in a pulmonary capillary is about 40 mm Hg.Determine the partial pressure that will promote movement of oxygen into the pulmonary capillary from air in the alveolus.

A)18 mm Hg
B)104 mm Hg
C)35 mm Hg
D)40 mm Hg

Question 52

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:

A)carbonic acid.
B)nitric acid.
C)hydrochloric acid.
D)carbaminohemoglobin.

Question 53

Each of the following factors affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange EXCEPT:

A)surface area of the respiratory membrane.
B)partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries.
C)diameter of an alveolus.
D)thickness of the respiratory membrane.

Question 54

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as:

A)ventilation-perfusion matching.
B)Henry's law.
C)partial pressure.
D)Boyle's law.

Question 55

What is NOT true of the effects of hypoventilation?

A)carbonic acid concentration in the blood increases
B)hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases
C)partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in the blood increases
D)blood pH decreases

Question 56

What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

A)decreased temperature
B)decreased levels of BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)
C)decreased levels of P_CO2
D)decreased pH

Question 57

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with:

A)increased hydrogen ion concentration.
B)increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
C)increased BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate).
D)increased body temperature.

Question 58

What pulmonary gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?

A)hyperventilation
B)both hypercapnia and hypoxemia
C)eupnea
D)hypocapnia

Question 59

Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure?

A)Charles' law
B)Dalton's law
C)Boyle's law
D)Henry's law

Question 60

What statement best describes tidal volume?

A)Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.
B)Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration.
C)Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.
D)Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

Question 61

What is typical of restrictive lung diseases?

A)decreased pulmonary compliance
B)increased vital capacity
C)decreased efficiency of expiration
D)decreased alveolar surface tension

Question 62

Rings of cartilage increase in number while smooth muscle presence decreases as the bronchi branch and become smaller in the conducting zone.

Question 63

The pharynx is known as the voice box due to the presence of vocal ligaments that vibrate to produce sound.

Question 64

Central chemoreceptors monitor:

A)hydrogen ion concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
B)blood pressure.
C)stretch in the walls of the trachea and bronchi.
D)partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in the blood.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major processes of respiration?

A)oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
B)gas transport
C)pulmonary ventilation
D)pulmonary gas exchange

Question 66

If the ventral respiratory group (VRG)of neurons was destroyed:

A)breathing would stop.
B)pulmonary ventilation would increase rapidly.
C)alveolar ventilation would increase.
D)tidal volumes would increase.

Question 67

The upper respiratory tract includes the passageways from the nasal cavity to the larynx.

Question 68

Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to:

A)concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.
B)partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in the blood.
C)concentration of hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid.
D)partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in arterial blood.

Question 69

Which of the following accompanies emphysema?

A)pulmonary compliance decreases
B)decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
C)alveoli collapse and surface area is lost
D)increase in vital capacity

Question 70

Air inspired through the nasal cavity will travel through the nasopharynx,oropharynx,and then the laryngopharynx before entering the larynx.

Question 71

Which of the following triggers hyperventilation?

A)high partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in arterial blood
B)low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood
C)low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in arterial blood
D)high partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in arterial blood

Question 72

The lungs are held to the thorax wall by the smooth muscles of the lungs.

Question 73

Eupnea is controlled by the:

A)pneumotaxic center.
B)apneustic center.
C)respiratory pattern generator (RPG).
D)glossopharyngeal nerve.

Question 74

Five-year-old Charlie is so mad that he's holding his breath until he gets his way.What will stimulate his breathing rate to return to normal?

A)lack of oxygen
B)lack of sensory information being sent to central chemoreceptors
C)lack of sensory information being sent to peripheral chemoreceptors
D)accumulation of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)

Question 75

Respiratory acidosis results from:

A)hypoxia.
B)hypocapnia.
C)hyperventilation.
D)hypoventilation.

Question 76

Which process of respiration relies on partial pressure gradients to move air in and out of the lungs?

A)both pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange
B)both gas transport and pulmonary ventilation
C)gas transport
D)pulmonary ventilation

Question 77

Most inspired particles,such as dust,fail to reach the lungs because of the ciliated mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory structures.

Question 78

Terminal bronchioles,part of the conducting zone,give rise to respiratory bronchioles,which are part of the respiratory zone.

Question 79

Considering the role of the chemoreceptor in the regulation of the respiration rate,the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is:

A)partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in venous blood.
B)partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)in arterial blood.
C)partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in pulmonary capillaries.
D)partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in systemic capillaries.

Question 80

The last tracheal ring of cartilage,known as the carina,has sensory receptors that can trigger a cough reflex.