Deck 10: Aging and Involvement in Sport and Physical Activity

Question 1

Older adults who will not become involved in physical activity because of a low perception of their current health and fitness levels are an example of what type of determinant of physical activity?

A)Behavioural attributes
B)Psychological,cognitive and emotional factors
C)Social and cultural factors
D)Demographic and biological factors
E)Physical and environmental factors

Answer 1

Psychological,cognitive and emotional factors

Question 2

The likelihood that participation rates will decline as age increases is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

A)Emotional factors
B)Behavioural attributes
C)Physical and environmental factors
D)Social and cultural factors
E)Demographic and biological factors

Answer 2

Demographic and biological factors

Question 3

Loss of muscle mass that typically accompanies aging is known as:

A)osteoporosis.
B)narcopenia.
C)hypertrophy.
D)myopenia.
E)sarcopenia.

Answer 3

sarcopenia.

Question 4

Which is the most common barrier to exercise in seniors?

A)Exercise is no fun.
B)Lazy/not motivated
C)Health problems/pain
D)Fatigue
E)Too busy/no time

Question 5

Baker,Horton,Pearce,and Deakin's (2007)study of elite _ _ suggests that skilled motor performance declines much less with age than performance in sports such as running and swimming.

A)golfers
B)cyclists
C)archers
D)gymnasts
E)rowers

Question 6

There may be a dynamic,reciprocal relationship between physical activity and beliefs,in that positive beliefs promote physical activity and physical activity promotes _ beliefs.

A)enjoyment
B)gender
C)ecological
D)social
E)age

Question 7

Generally,the best predictor of physical activity involvement in people of all ages is

A)having a good coach.
B)the opportunity to meet new people.
C)the chance to win trophies,earn medals.
D)enjoyment.
E)setting records.

Question 8

A health care practitioner who characterizes female older adults as fragile or delicate and encourages them not to engage in physical activity because it is risky is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

A)Demographic and biological factors
B)Physical and environmental factors
C)Behavioural attributes
D)Social and cultural factors
E)Emotional factors

Question 9

Which of the following is the most common motive for Masters track and field athletes?

A)To achieve a personal best
B)To get out of the house
C)To be physically fit
D)To give meaning to their lives
E)To deal with weight concerns

Question 10

Which of the following is a benefit of exercise in older adults?

A)Increased muscle mass and strength
B)Increase in cardiovascular function
C)Improved flexibility
D)Improved psychological health
E)All of the above

Question 11

Disidentification can be a useful tool for:

A)improving awareness of stereotypes.
B)increasing motivation.
C)maintaining performance.
D)maintaining self- esteem.
E)All of the above

Question 12

Simon and Storandt's (1997)of activity levels in childhood and adolescence among competitors,non- competitors (i.e.,active but not competing in sport),and non- exercisers found which of the following?

A)Non- exercisers were more active during childhood and adolescence.
B)Non- exercisers were less active than both the competitors and non- competitors during childhood and adolescence.
C)Non- competitors were more active during childhood and adolescence.
D)Competitors were more active during childhood and adolescence.
E)There were no differences between the groups' activity levels during childhood and adolescence.

Question 13

Using the Profile of Mood States,Masters track and field athletes demonstrated a lower score than other athletes in which state?

A)Anger
B)Fatigue
C)Tension
D)Confusion
E)Vigour

Question 14

Rowe and Khan's model of successful aging has 3 components:

A)absence of chronic disease,maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning,and active engagement with life.
B)sport involvement,social involvement,physical involvement.
C)engagement with life,maintenance of physical functioning,high energy levels.
D)absence of chronic disease,sport involvement,and active engagement with life.

Question 15

According to the study by Ungerleider et al (1989),70% of Masters track and field athletes use what psychological skill in training and competition?

A)Relaxation
B)Goal setting
C)Association
D)Imagery
E)Meditation

Question 16

Which one of the following represents a difference between Masters runners and their non- active counterparts?

A)Higher self- esteem
B)Lower consumption of alcohol
C)Fewer physical problems
D)Better sleep patterns
E)All of the above

Question 17

By the year 2026,the number of Canadian adults over the age of sixty- five is expected to:

A)increase by 10%.
B)triple.
C)increase by 60%.
D)quadruple.
E)double.

Question 18

'Reconceptualizing your self- image to remove the value associated with a domain,thereby reducing the impact of negative performance' is known as:

A)implicit priming.
B)stereotype threat.
C)explicit priming.
D)self- handicapping.
E)disidentification.

Question 19

Master athletes have shown the iceberg profile,which involves

A)lower scores on tension and vigour,and higher scores on depression,fatigue,and confusion than normative samples.
B)lower scores on tension,depression,fatigue,and confusion and higher scores on vigour than normative samples.
C)higher scores on tension,and lower scores on depression,fatigue,and confusion and vigour than normative samples.
D)lower scores on tension,but higher scores on confusion and fatigue than normative samples.

Question 20

Older women are,in general

A)less physically active than young women.
B)just as active as younger women.
C)more physically active than older men.
D)less physically active than older men.
E)Both A and D

Question 21

In the past 160 years,our average life expectancy has increased at a rate of about per year.

A)3 months
B)1 month
C)5 months
D)2 months
E)4 months

Question 22

Compare the reasons Masters athletes give for participating in competitive sport with the reasons given by younger athletes.

Question 23

In general, and skills appear to be more resistant to age- related decline than physiological factors such as aerobic capacity.

A)psychological; motor
B)cognitive; psychological
C)cognitive; physical
D)cognitive; motor
E)motor; physical

Question 24

An older adults who does not exercise because of heart disease is using an example of which barrier to exercise in seniors?

A)Lazy/not motivated
B)Fatigue
C)Too busy/no time
D)Health problems/pain
E)Don't like exercise

Question 25

An increased lifespan does not necessarily mean a better quality of life.

Question 26

Persons over eighty- five are the fastest growing segment of the population.

Question 27

What are some of the reasons that master athletes are important from a research perspective?

Question 28

List the six most common barriers to exercise in older adults and briefly describe the data on the most common barrier.

Question 29

Using the Profile of Mood States,Masters track and field athletes demonstrated a higher score than normative samples in which state?

A)Confusion
B)Fatigue
C)Depression
D)Tension
E)Vigour

Question 30

Distinguish between compensation theory and selective maintenance theory.

Question 31

Researchers examining older adults have confirmed the importance of in predicting program initiation,attendance,and adherence.

A)self- efficacy
B)perceived fitness
C)perceived health
D)perceived ability
E)self- esteem

Question 32

The 2005 World Masters Games were the largest multi- sport event in the world,next to the Olympics.

Question 33

When working with older athletes,which of the following sport psychology concepts are applicable?

A)One's attitudes about older adults should be assessed for bias (e.g.,stereotypes).
B)Training programs and interventions should reflect the uniqueness of competition at this level.
C)Athlete's experiences and knowledge should be acknowledged.
D)Consultants should consider ways in which they can access athlete's knowledge.
E)All of the above

Question 34

Older adults with a higher level of education are more likely to be involved in physical activity than those with a lower level of education.

Question 35

Why might seniors hold negative stereotypes about their own social group (i.e.,about themselves)?

Question 36

Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults recommends up to minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most days,including a variety of endurance,flexibility,strength and balance activities.

A)thirty
B)forty
C)sixty
D)twenty
E)forty- five

Question 37

Older adults who live below the poverty line and claim that registration fees for recreation programs at local community centres are too high are an example of which determinant of physical activity and sport involvement?

A)Physical and environmental factors
B)Social and cultural factors
C)Demographic and biological factors
D)Emotional factors
E)Behavioural attributes

Question 38

The notion that older hockey players who continue their involvement as they age will be able to maintain their skills is associated with what theory?

A)Physical sustainability theory
B)Compensation theory
C)Cognition theory
D)Selective maintenance theory
E)Dual process theory

Question 39

Older adults may be limiting their involvement in physical activity because of internalized negative stereotypes about their group.

Question 40

What are the three most common physical activities for adults over sixty- five?

A)Gardening,golf and walking
B)Walking,gardening,and exercise classes
C)Gardening,home exercise,and swimming
D)Walking,gardening,and home exercise
E)Walking,gardening,and bicycling

Question 41

Among Canadian adults,females are consistently more active than males.

Question 42

'Greater involvement in physical activity and exercise promotes a greater likelihood of aging successfully' is an example of a dose- response relationship.

Question 43

Findings from research with older adults indicate that feelings of self- efficacy are easily modified.

Question 44

Many Canadians run the risk of spending a significant portion of their seniors years in complete dependence.

Question 45

Getting older involves the inevitable loss of the ability to function in society.

Question 46

In general,physiological factors such as aerobic capacity appear more resistant to age related decline than factors such as memory.