Deck 5: Societies to Social Networks

Question 1

When experiencing groupthink, people take on a collective tunnel vision and are convinced there is only one right viewpoint with a single course of action.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

As demonstrated by Darley and Latané's classic laboratory experiment, social experiments on the diffusion of responsibility have been just as reliable as observations made by your author in the real world.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Primary groups are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual.

Question 5

Inequality did not become a fundamental feature of life in society until the industrial revolution.

Question 6

Because in-groups are an essential part of society, they have virtually no negative consequences.

Question 7

The Asch experiment demonstrated that people will submit to a person in authority, even if ordered to perform tasks against their best judgment.

Question 8

Leaders tend to be more talkative and express greater determination and self-confidence.

Question 9

As the size of a group decreases, the likelihood for diffusion of responsibility also decreases.

Question 10

The advent of the biotech society can be traced to the invention of the microchip in 1953.

Question 11

In hunting and gathering societies, men routinely contributed the most food to the group.

Question 12

Reference groups are reserved for members of professional networks and are utilized almost exclusively by people with career aspirations.

Question 13

An expressive leader is a task-oriented leader who keeps a group moving towards its goals.

Question 14

Social networking, by definition, breaks down social inequality and leads to a more egalitarian society, regardless of the culture or the nature of the network.

Question 15

Although larger than primary groups, secondary groups are as informal, personal, and intimate as primary groups.

Question 16

The Internet is providing new opportunities through Facebook and other social networks to test Milgram's 6 degrees of separation theory. Some studies have already confirmed his conclusions.

Question 17

The dawn of civilization is most associated with the advent of the agricultural society.

Question 18

No single type of leadership is inherently best, as situations change and different types of leaders are needed.

Question 19

The domestication revolution was the immediate stimulus for the advent of the agricultural society.

Question 20

The sociological significance of the various social revolutions is that the type of society in which we live determines the kind of people we become.

Question 21

What is the key feature of postindustrial societies as it relates to the work force?

A)The production of durable goods such as automobiles, refrigerators, and washing machines is the emphasis.
B)High-efficiency production of food and fiber products is most prevalent.
C)The transmission and use of information services dominates the work force.
D)Leisure time activities are the primary product of the society.

Question 22

Which of the following set the stage for the emergence of the earliest form of social inequality?

A)the domestication revolution
B)the horticultural society
C)the Industrial Revolution
D)the postindustrial society

Question 23

Nancy and Don took their children to the zoo while on vacation. It was a busy day. Those that were at the zoo that day were all members of an…

A)aggregate.
B)category.
C)secondary group.
D)reference group.

Question 24

The "dawn of civilization" is most associated with which social revolution?

A)domestication
B)agricultural
C)industrial
D)information

Question 25

The plow was to the second social revolution as the ________ was to the third social revolution.

A)domestication of plants
B)domestication of animals
C)invention of the microchip
D)invention of the steam engine

Question 26

There are New York Yankee fans in every state in America, throughout Canada, and in nations all over the world. Sociologically, which concept best describes these fans?

A)They are a group.
B)They are a social group.
C)They are an aggregate.
D)They are a category.

Question 27

What term best applies to people who share a culture and a territory?

A)a society
B)a bureaucracy
C)an aggregate
D)a category

Question 28

The first social revolution, namely the domestication of animals and plants, occurred during which stage in the evolution of societies?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural and pastoral
C)agricultural
D)biotech

Question 29

What are the two characteristics a people must share to qualify as a society?

A)the same race and the same social class
B)the same social class and the same territory
C)the same culture and the same territory
D)the same race and the same territory

Question 30

Although it is the most egalitarian, what was the one social division common to all hunting and gathering societies?

A)class differences based on relationship to the means of production
B)prestige based on male labor
C)social class based on accumulated property
D)social stratification based on race

Question 31

Which society is characterized as being the most egalitarian and nomadic, consisting of 25 to 40 members?

A)the horticultural society
B)the pastoral society
C)the hunting and gathering society
D)the agricultural society

Question 32

Which was the first nation to have an excess of 50 percent of its workforce in service industries?

A)the United States
B)Germany
C)Japan
D)China

Question 33

Which sociologist suggested that gender inequality became more pronounced with the development of the plow, as men assumed the duties of plowing and caring for the cattle?

A)Solomon Asch
B)Robert Merton
C)Elise Boulding
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 34

Which society was the first to develop permanent settlements?

A)the horticultural society
B)the pastoral society
C)the hunting and gathering society
D)the industrial society

Question 35

What was the impetus for the first social revolution?

A)the domestication of plants and animals
B)the invention of the steam engine
C)the invention of the plow
D)the establishment of cities

Question 36

Some social analysts believe that postindustrial society will be followed by a biotech society. Such a society would be characterized by ________.

A)a greater respect for the environment
B)the merging of work and leisure time activity
C)an economy centering around the application of genetic structures
D)the elimination of fossil fuels

Question 37

A society that is based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels is called a(n)________ society.

A)horticultural
B)agricultural
C)postindustrial
D)industrial

Question 38

Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?

A)Class differences were minimized which created greater opportunity.
B)The new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it, leading to larger surpluses and greater inequality.
C)Democracies replaced monarchies and dictatorships encouraged capitalism.
D)Intellectual capability increased with advances in science and technology.

Question 39

In Professor Jones' social problems course, the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as "Dr. J's class," and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. Which concept best describes Dr. Jones' class?

A)aggregate
B)category
C)social frame
D)group

Question 40

The ________ is to the postindustrial society as the ________ is to the emerging biotech society.

A)steam engine; microchip
B)discovery of the double helix DNA molecule; decoding of the human genome system
C)printing press; microchip
D)microchip; decoding of the human genome system

Question 41

How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?

A)Members tend to form more informal relationships.
B)Group members become more active in the decision-making process.
C)Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.
D)Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.

Question 42

Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.

A)in-group
B)primary group
C)out-group
D)secondary group

Question 43

With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?

A)All members of the group can interact directly with one another.
B)All members of the group are intimately involved with one another.
C)It is composed of no more than three members.
D)The group is stable.

Question 44

Jane, Mark, Courtney, and Kelly are enrolled in the 8:00 a.m. sociology course at their college. After studying together for the first test, they started sitting together in class and chose to work together on group projects. During spring break, they decided to go on a trip as a group. These four students would be considered members of a(n)________.

A)aggregate
B)reference group
C)clique
D)secondary group

Question 45

Despite recent confirmation of Milgram's findings, Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon has received much criticism over the years. For example Kleinfeld criticized the study by making the analogy that "we live in a world that looks a lot like ________."

A)a tossed salad
B)a bowl of clumpy oatmeal
C)an ice cream sundae
D)a pan of baked lasagna

Question 46

If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A)The individual will cease to exist.
B)The secondary group will break down into primary groups.
C)The secondary group will develop into an out-group.
D)The secondary group will develop into a reference group.

Question 47

In which group would there be the greatest number of relationships?

A)a traditional marriage
B)a panel of three
C)the starting five on a basketball team
D)the starting nine on a baseball team

Question 48

A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.

A)secondary group
B)clique
C)primary group
D)community

Question 49

Milgram's experiment involving the "small world phenomenon" utilized two groups. He referred to these two groups as the ________ and the ________.

A)in-group; out-group
B)starters; targets
C)givers; takers
D)primary; secondary

Question 50

For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.

A)generalized others
B)secondary groups
C)social others
D)reference groups

Question 51

According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most unstable?

A)triad
B)secondary group
C)dyad
D)primary group

Question 52

A leader of a group whose responsibility would be to keep the group moving towards its goal is classified as a(n)________ leader.

A)expressive
B)instrumental
C)authoritarian
D)democratic

Question 53

In any group of three members, two of the three may have a tendency to alienate the third member and dominate the decision making for the group the trio represents. When this occurs, what term best applies to the two unified members?

A)an aggregate
B)an oligarchy
C)an aristocracy
D)a coalition

Question 54

Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often judge our own group's traits as virtues, but view the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.

A)subcultural relativity
B)objectivity
C)a double standard
D)a lack of judgment

Question 55

Sociologist Judith Kleinfeld felt Milgram "stacked the deck" in his "small world phenomenon" experiment because ________.

A)he only used men as the target population
B)he violated the ethical standards of research
C)many of his targets and starters shared a common interest
D)most of his sample lived in the same geographic area

Question 56

In which group would diffusion of responsibility be the greatest concern?

A)a married couple
B)the graduating class of a large university
C)a football team
D)a basketball team

Question 57

Which phrase became synonymous with the research Stanley Milgram conducted on "the small world phenomenon"?

A)the world is a stage
B)six degrees of separation
C)society as the sum of its parts
D)situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Question 58

How groups influence individuals and how individuals affect groups is referred to as ________.

A)the Hawthorne Effect
B)social solidarity
C)group dynamics
D)small group phenomenon

Question 59

A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as ________.

A)diffusion of responsibility
B)small group phenomenon
C)the Hawthorne Effect
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 60

Kody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Kody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Kody, these two rival gangs would be considered ________.

A)reference groups
B)social networks
C)secondary groups
D)out-groups

Question 61

What did Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity demonstrate?

A)Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true.
B)Americans are highly individualistic and reluctant to conform to group pressure.
C)Women are more susceptible to group pressure than men.
D)Younger people are more susceptible to group pressure than older adults.

Question 62

What is the earliest explanation for the advent of the biotech society?

Question 63

In the hunting and gathering society, what were the major social divisions on which social stratification was based?

Question 64

Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?

A)democratic leader
B)authoritarian leader
C)laissez-faire leader
D)expressive leader

Question 65

Why are secondary groups essential to the functioning of society?

Question 66

In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.

A)brainwashing
B)groupthink
C)mental programming
D)group polarization

Question 67

Which group is most notable for its lack of achievement and effectiveness in decision making?

A)expressive
B)authoritarian
C)democratic
D)laissez-faire

Question 68

In order of their historical occurrence, what are the seven types of societies?

Question 69

How would an organization minimize the occurrence of groupthink?

A)using a highly authoritative leader
B)hiring the most intelligent applicants
C)giving free rein to diverse opinions
D)submitting to public review and scrutiny

Question 70

What was the most obvious result of social inequality as some families and clans acquired more goods and wealth than others?

Question 71

A(n)________ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile towards their leader.

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)laissez-faire
D)expressive

Question 72

Why don't aggregates and categories qualify as social groups?

Question 73

What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?

A)A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.
B)Most people conform to social norms, even when told to deviate from them by persons in authority.
C)Group conformity is the most important social relationship people seek to achieve.
D)Individualism is among the most cherished personal qualities one can possess.

Question 74

What is the difference between a primary and secondary group?

Question 75

Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six stooges and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?

A)Stanley Milgram
B)Robert Merton
C)Philip Zimbardo
D)Solomon Asch

Question 76

The concept of "groupthink" was developed by ________.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Stanley Milgram
C)Irving Janis
D)Georg Simmel

Question 77

What are the two qualities that members of a society must share?

Question 78

Why is the postindustrial society also called the information society?

Question 79

What is the major difference in technology between the horticultural and agricultural societies?

Question 80

Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?

A)laissez-faire leader
B)authoritative leader
C)dictatorial leader
D)democratic leader