Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience?

A)We need to remember details of events.
B)It would take up too much of our limited long-term memory storage.
C)Attention is limited.
D)Neural networks are limited.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In memory information processing, an individual must ________ a memory before it.

A)store; retrieving
B)retrieve; storing
C)process; inputting
D)store; consolidating

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What are the three steps in memory information processing, in the correct order?

A)input, storage, retrieval
B)encoding, storage, retrieval
C)encoding, retrieval, storage
D)input, processing, output

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The phase of information processing that is most similar to a Google search is

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Question 5

The acronym LTP stands for

A)long-term potential.
B)long-term processing.
C)long-term potentiation.
D)long-term pulse.

Question 6

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

A)encoding.
B)rehearsal.
C)retrieval.
D)storage.

Question 7

You witness an accident and see one of the cars driving away from the scene.Even though you have just seen the license plate, you cannot remember the number.This was likely due to limited processing during which stage?

A)encoding
B)retrieval
C)rehearsal
D)consolidation

Question 8

Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is.This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of

A)sensation.
B)encoding.
C)retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Question 9

The information processing model of memory is based on computer functioning, though it does not directly model which stage?

A)retrieval
B)storage
C)encoding
D)processing

Question 10

The working of memory is frequently compared to the actions of a computer.However, human memory differs from that of a computer because human memories

A)are entered by sensory input.
B)often differ in how often they last over time.
C)become stronger over time.
D)"live" in one place in the brain.

Question 11

The storage phase of information processing lasts

A)a fraction of a second.
B)several seconds.
C)several minutes.
D)variable amounts of time.

Question 12

Yesterday you taught your dog to crawl across the floor while barking.If your dog is to perform this fabulous trick tomorrow, then he will need to the trick, then the trick, then ________ the trick.

A)encode; store; retrieve
B)store; encode; retrieve
C)rehearse; store; retrieve
D)store; rehearse; retrieve

Question 13

Research on memory consolidation reveals that memories

A)can be interfered with.
B)are stored as exact copies of experience.
C)are easy to duplicate.
D)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 14

Recent research on reconsolidation suggests that bad memories could be erased by activating them and then them.

A)encoding
B)retrieving
C)interfering with
D)rehearsing

Question 15

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)consolidation.
D)rehearsal.

Question 16

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called

A)concurrent storage.
B)equity of distribution.
C)connectivity.
D)equipotentiality.

Question 17

Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased through

A)blocking of reconsolidation.
B)lack of sleep.
C)schemas.
D)fMRI studies.

Question 18

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the lobe.

A)medial temporal
B)posterior parietal
C)left frontal
D)right temporal

Question 19

Memory requires attention.If you want to remember something well, it is best to attend to only one thing at a time because attention

A)is limited.
B)is unlimited.
C)is relatively permanent.
D)waxes and wanes.

Question 20

Digitally editing a photograph on a computer is analogous to which memory process?

A)spreading activation
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)reconsolidation
D)retrieval

Question 21

When you read, your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second, and then jump to a new point in the text.Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump, the information from the last eye fixation is held in memory.

A)short-term
B)working
C)sensory
D)echoic

Question 22

The brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory.This selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because

A)only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory.
B)information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized.
C)increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence.
D)selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory.

Question 23

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience.This overlap is a function of memory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)working
D)sensory

Question 24

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN, where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).These students are using

A)hierarchies.
B)linkage.
C)chunking.
D)primitive features.

Question 25

Professor Smith is doing research on fish.He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish information.He is incorrect because

A)different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory.
B)the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory.
C)long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.
D)the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information.

Question 26

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F.Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 27

To remember more information, can be used to organize information into meaningful units.

A)cognitive maps
B)chunking
C)networks of association
D)mnemonics

Question 28

Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called

A)attention.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)encoding.
D)transduction.

Question 29

You see all of a written word simultaneously, but you hear a spoken word over time.The memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is memory.

A)iconic
B)sensory
C)working
D)short-term

Question 30

Even though they probably look at quarters on a daily basis, most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because

A)people do not pay attention to money that isn't theirs.
B)people do not pay attention to quarters.
C)memories are transient.
D)other things interfere with the memory of the quarter.

Question 31

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will learn more from because of the increased time.

A)reviewing; rehearsal
B)reviewing; retrieval
C)testing; retrieval
D)testing; rehearsal

Question 32

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down.Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

A)about half a minute
B)several minutes
C)less than half a second
D)less than 1 second

Question 33

Shannon has a biology exam next week.To be sure that she really knows the material, she should

A)cram the night before the test.
B)test herself on the material.
C)make up multiple-choice questions.
D)use maintenance rehearsal.

Question 34

A children's flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly different positions.If you look at the pages one at a time, slowly, all you see are the individual pictures of Mickey.However, if you flip the pages quickly, you see Mickey running.This illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in memory.

A)sensory
B)echoic
C)working
D)short-term

Question 35

Colt is an excellent quarterback.One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals but as units that can be called on to make different plays.This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory.Colt is using the memory strategy of

A)visualization.
B)imaging.
C)chunking.
D)linking.

Question 36

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in what type of memory?

A)long-term memory
B)motion memory
C)iconic memory
D)echoic memory

Question 37

Short-term memory

A)has a limited capacity.
B)has an unlimited capacity.
C)retains information for up to an hour.
D)lasts a lifetime.

Question 38

Storage in which memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)working memory

Question 39

You are reading a book, and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you ask, "What did you say?" you hear his question.This effect is due to storage of information in the memory for audition.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)working
D)sensory

Question 40

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam.This strategy is likely to his performance due to .

A)hurt; cramming
B)hurt; spreading out his practice
C)help; cramming
D)help; spreading out his practice

Question 41

According to the networks of association theory, what words would come to mind when you hear the trigger word red?

A)rose; fire engine
B)flower; vehicle
C)cherry; police car
D)pansy; toy wagon

Question 42

On his way to get an afternoon snack, Jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers.He had intended to order an ice cream cone but instead orders french fries.According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger made Jed want french fries because

A)hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory.
B)hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries.
C)hamburgers were encoded with french fries.
D)hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory.

Question 43

A psychologist who agrees with network of association theories would suggest that the best way to set up a computer hard drive to mimic human memory would be to organize the information into

A)alphabetically tagged files.
B)nested files.
C)temporally flagged files.
D)hierarchical files.

Question 44

Consider a psychology experiment where someone is asked to say, as rapidly as possible, whether a sentence appearing on a computer screen is true or false.Research has shown that people will be faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of clothing.Which model of human memory could easily account for this finding?

A)levels of processing model
B)modal memory model
C)prototype model
D)spreading activation model

Question 45

In a serial position curve, words without influence from the primacy or recency effects are more easily

A)forgotten.
B)only partially learned.
C)stored but not consolidated.
D)unprocessed.

Question 46

Memory for items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as

A)serial position effect.
B)networks of association.
C)chunking.
D)episodic memory.

Question 47

Suppose you need to learn the following list: pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass, fork, wave.Which of the following types of study would lead you to the best recall?

A)Count the number of vowels in each word.
B)Relate each word to a fond childhood memory.
C)Think about whether each word rhymes with den.
D)Passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s.

Question 48

As a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity.When you are later asked to recall the list, the effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering _.

A)chunking; book
B)chunking; pizza
C)serial position; music
D)serial position; curtain

Question 49

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information are referred to as

A)sensory memory.
B)schemas.
C)working memory.
D)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 50

According to levels of processing theory, information that is encoded more deeply is remembered better than information that is encoded less deeply, because information encoded more deeply

A)has greater rehearsal.
B)is stored longer in short-term memory storage.
C)is more meaningful.
D)is entered into long-term memory more logically.

Question 51

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning.As the class progresses, the information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material.One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory.

A)prototypes
B)schemas
C)frames
D)feature lists

Question 52

Yu-sheng, Jocelyn, and Juan are in three different introductory anthropology classes.Yu-sheng's class takes a multiple-choice midterm.Jocelyn's class takes a short-answer midterm.Juan's class takes an essay midterm.Which students) takes) the midterm that requires the greatest depth of processing?

A)Yu-sheng
B)Jocelyn
C)Juan
D)Jocelyn and Juan

Question 53

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions.According to an evolutionary perspective, this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions

A)make information easier to rehearse.
B)emphasize information important to survival.
C)increase consolidation of information.
D)act as mnemonics for information.

Question 54

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed.These memory-related earlier beliefs are part of cognitive

A)nodes.
B)schemas.
C)biases.
D)frames.

Question 55

Geoff is trying to remember his shopping list by repeating the items over and over again to himself.He is using rehearsal.

A)maintenance
B)acoustic
C)elaborative
D)linkage

Question 56

According to network of association theories, concepts in memory are localized in

A)nodes.
B)associations.
C)feature lists.
D)feature hierarchies.

Question 57

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that

A)brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact.
B)recent events are remembered better than most past events.
C)recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not.
D)the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot.

Question 58

Consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library.You could sort them into groups with the same color cover.You could alphabetize them by the authors' last names or by the titles of the books.You could also sort them into groups with common themes.Which of these ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in long-term memory?

A)alphabetize by title
B)group by common theme
C)alphabetize by authors' names
D)group by common color

Question 59

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam.For each novel he has read for the course, he tries to spend a lot of time thinking of how the novel relates to his own life.This activity requires that he really thinks about the themes and characters in the book, making him recognize more about how different characters in the story relate to each other.Fayd is using the memory strategy of

A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)practice.
C)chunking.
D)elaborative rehearsal.

Question 60

When remembering words on a list, people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list.This phenomenon is known as

A)the serial position effect.
B)retroactive interference.
C)motivated forgetting.
D)spreading activation effect.

Question 61

Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of Texas and Montana.She instantly knows that the capital of Texas is Austin, but she does not know the capital of Montana.Akila is using her ________ memory to retrieve memories.

A)explicit; declarative
B)implicit; tacit
C)episodic; autobiographical
D)procedural; semantic

Question 62

Attitude formation falls under which memory category?

A)implicit
B)explicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 63

The encoding specificity principle states that

A)only similar kinds of information can be encoded together.
B)anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information.
C)similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas.
D)associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information.

Question 64

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else.This outcome occurs because of memory, which is a form of .

A)context-dependent; hierarchical storage
B)state-dependent; hierarchical storage
C)context-dependent; encoding specificity
D)state-dependent; encoding specificity

Question 65

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal that happened to you.In this way, you are taking advantage of your memory to aid retrieval from your memory.

A)implicit; explicit
B)semantic; episodic
C)episodic; semantic
D)explicit; implicit

Question 66

Karl's grandmother, who came from Poland, died when he was three.He can remember very little about her.In fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook.One day, Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother.The food served as a for Karl's memories of his grandmother.

A)mnemonic
B)mental image
C)frame
D)retrieval cue

Question 67

Patient H.M.suffered from seizures, so he had part of his medial temporal lobes removed.As a result, he could no longer

A)remember his past.
B)form new implicit memories.
C)form new explicit memories.
D)remember anything at all.

Question 68

On the bus last week, Kyohei heard two women talking about someone named Enisa for the entire 30 minutes of the trip.Today, the woman sitting next to Kyohei in class told her friend that Enisa was coming.Kyohei assumed that Enisa was someone famous and wondered why she did not know her.Kyohei is experiencing the effect.

A)misinformation
B)repetition priming
C)false fame
D)source attribution

Question 69

People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September, October, and May by using

A)verbal mnemonics.
B)episodic memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)elaborative retrieval.

Question 70

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the 50 states, then you have excellent episodic memory but somewhat poor memory.

A)semantic
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)procedural

Question 71

The memory of your wedding day is an example of an)

A)procedural memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 72

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type.Newer views like those of Schacter and Tulving disagree, arguing that memories involve several different

A)strengths.
B)types of neurons.
C)interacting systems.
D)independent processes.

Question 73

Samantha has just broken up with her boyfriend and is feeling very sad.She resolves to change her mood by thinking about happy things but finds that she just keeps remembering other sad things. Samantha's experience can best be explained in terms of

A)context-dependent memory.
B)cognitive schemas.
C)depth of processing.
D)state-dependent memory.

Question 74

Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of which type of memory?

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)sensory
D)explicit

Question 75

Many movies use product placement.For example, the main character in a movie may drink only Dr.Pepper.Companies pay for product placement because they assume that it increases the likelihood that audience members will later buy the product.If a person's shopping is unconsciously influenced by the appearance of a product in a movie, this effect is likely due to existence of the item in memory.

A)explicit
B)semantic
C)implicit
D)procedural

Question 76

As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals.On another day, you read a list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous.According to the , you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous.

A)procedural memory schema
B)prospective memory effect
C)shadowing effect
D)false fame effect

Question 77

When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood.Something about the way her house smells triggers the memory.This phenomenon is referred to as

A)context-dependent memory.
B)a network of association.
C)memory nodes.
D)mnemonics.

Question 78

The memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching situations surrounding encoding and recall match is called memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching internal states surrounding encoding and recall match is called memory.

A)context-dependent; state-dependent
B)semantic; episodic
C)episodic; semantic
D)state-dependent; context-dependent

Question 79

If someone asks you who is running for president, you will answer from your memory. If someone asks who you voted for in the last election, you could answer from your memory.

A)episodic; semantic
B)semantic; episodic
C)procedural; explicit
D)explicit; procedural

Question 80

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to list the steps involved in putting on that shirt.This difference suggests that memory is more useful in getting dressed than memory.

A)declarative; procedural
B)procedural; declarative
C)episodic; semantic
D)semantic; episodic