Deck 10: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned.Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he

A)knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it.
B)does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it.
C)does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it.
D)knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Winona has a great deal of trouble determining the amount of fear that someone is experiencing based on his or her facial expressions.It is quite likely that Winona has damage to her

A)hippocampus.
B)prefrontal cortex.
C)thalamus.
D)amygdala.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Extinction of a classically conditioned response involves suppression of that response by higher brain centers; the conditioned response can be established again very quickly.The probable mechanism for extinction lies in the path from the ; the probable mechanism for reconditioning lies in the path from the .

A)thalamus to the amygdala; thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
B)thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala; thalamus to the amygdala
C)hippocampus to the amygdala; thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala
D)thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala; hippocampus to the amygdala

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A child is very excited to go to the playground.He is walking in circles, fidgeting with his hands, and showing other forms of agitation.These behaviors are almost certainly the result of

A)homeostasis.
B)arousal.
C)incentives.
D)goals.

Question 5

According to the circumplex model, anger and annoyance share , whereas anger and joy share .

A)valence but not activation; activation but not valence
B)valence and activation; activation but not valence
C)activation but not valence; valence but not activation
D)activation but not valence; valence and activation

Question 6

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal.They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love.The effect of the roller coaster causes associated with emotion; thinking that the arousal is usually due to romantic feelings is part of the associated with emotion; and feeling they are falling in love reflects the associated with emotion.

A)physical changes; cognitive appraisals; subjective experiences
B)physical changes; subjective experiences; cognitive appraisals
C)subjective experiences; cognitive appraisals; physical changes
D)cognitive appraisals; physical changes; subjective experiences

Question 7

In the mythical country of Xacandra, people experience an emotion they call revzola.Revzola is associated with particular states of arousal, and the people who experience it strongly do better in Xacandran society.When Xacandran psychologists explored nearby countries, they discovered that every culture had an emotion like revzola, though they called it by different names.In terms of the circumplex model of emotions, revzola is a emotion.

A)universal
B)primary
C)secondary
D)cross-culturally congruent

Question 8

A convincing piece of evidence for the idea that positive emotions and negative emotions are independent is that positive emotions involve and negative emotions involve .

A)increases in norepinephrine; increases in dopamine
B)increases in dopamine; increases in norepinephrine
C)increases in dopamine; decreases in norepinephrine
D)decreases in norepinephrine; decreases in dopamine

Question 9

Xandra, a 3-year-old, has a damaged amygdala.Her parents should be concerned that she may

A)not bond well to them.
B)not experience a full range of normal emotions.
C)not be able to remember experiencing emotions.
D)be too friendly to strangers.

Question 10

Delroy was on a plane that flew through a hurricane.There was tremendous turbulence, and he was absolutely terrified.Even though he tries not to think about it, Delroy cannot forget that plane trip.Delroy's persistent memory results from the effect of the on how the consolidates memory.

A)thalamus; prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala; prefrontal cortex
C)amygdala; hippocampus
D)thalamus; hippocampus

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?

A)fear
B)guilt
C)sadness
D)disgust

Question 12

Contemporary thinking about the role of the amygdala in emotion is that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala , and the path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala .

A)confirms whether a threat exists; prepares someone to respond
B)prepares someone to respond; confirms whether a threat exists
C)selects a response; determines if that is the appropriate response
D)determines what is the appropriate response; selects a response

Question 13

Aurore has been in a skiing accident.She remembers everything about her life, but does not seem to experience any emotions about her memories or about new things that happen.Aurore most likely has experienced damage to her , making her .

A)prefrontal cortex; insensitive to somatic markers
B)prefrontal cortex; unable to interpret emotional cues
C)amygdala; insensitive to somatic markers
D)amygdala; unable to interpret emotional cues

Question 14

Luiz is walking home late at night when he hears footsteps behind him.He is instantly frightened and gets ready to run.He glances over his shoulder and sees that it is the neighborhood police officer on patrol.Realizing there is nothing to fear, he calms down.Luiz's first response, fear, was processed by the path from the .His second response, calming, was processed by the path from the .

A)thalamus to the amygdala; thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
B)thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala; thalamus to the amygdala
C)amygdala to the thalamus; amygdala to the sensory cortex to the thalamus
D)amygdala to the sensory cortex to the thalamus; amygdala to the thalamus

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a secondary emotion?

A)remorse
B)anticipation
C)happiness
D)submission

Question 16

Participants in a psychology experiment are shown photographs that elicit three kinds of emotional reactions: happiness, fear, or sadness.A week later, they are shown a series of photographs and asked to identify which ones they had seen before.You could predict that the best memory would be for the

A)sad pictures.
B)happy pictures.
C)frightening pictures.
D)happy and frightening pictures.

Question 17

Which brain region processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 18

In the mythical country of Xacandra, people experience an emotion that they call blegthium.Though everyone agrees that people experience blegthium, it has proven very difficult to define it or to associate it with physiological correlates.Cross-cultural Xacandran psychologists have not been able to consistently find an emotion comparable to blegthium in other cultures.In terms of the circumplex model of emotions, blegthium is a emotion.

A)universal
B)primary
C)secondary
D)cross-culturally congruent

Question 19

Toby is generally somewhat sad and pessimistic.Today, however, his candidate for president has won the election, and Toby is feeling incredibly optimistic and exuberant.Toby's usual sadness and pessimism are an) ; his current optimism and exuberance are an) .

A)emotion; mood
B)emotion; emotion
C)mood; emotion
D)mood; mood

Question 20

Eva and Garnet are identical twins who survived a traumatic accident in which a bus they were riding in plummeted into a river.During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged, but Garnet experienced no injuries.You would expect that Eva develop a conditioned fear to buses and Garnet develop a conditioned fear to buses.

A)would not; would not
B)would; would not
C)would; would
D)would not; would

Question 21

Ever since his girlfriend broke up with him, Marcus has been going over the breakup in his mind."Why did she leave? How could I have stopped her? We had such wonderful times.I miss her so much." Marcus is coping with his feelings through

A)thought suppression.
B)misattribution.
C)rebound.
D)rumination.

Question 22

Research on thought suppression has shown that trying to suppress negative thoughts can lead to

A)misattribution.
B)humor.
C)distraction.
D)a rebound effect.

Question 23

Jason is fascinated by his physics course; he gets excited every time he walks into class.However, Jason has always considered himself someone who does not like science, so he does not recognize that his excitement is due to the class.Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner.Jason's misattribution of his arousal is compatible with which theory of emotion?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)two-factor
D)facial-feedback hypothesis

Question 24

In recent years, people all across the country have formed laughter groups, in which a small number of people get together on a regular basis to laugh.They do not generate their laughter by watching funny movies or telling jokes.Instead, they simply laugh deliberately for some period of time.Even though the laughter is occurring without humor, people in these groups enjoy improved mental and physical health.The primary reason these groups lead to health improvements even though they do not change people's emotions is that

A)the act of laughing is a cue to positive affect.
B)laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.
C)we base our moods on our actions.
D)laughter makes us remember other happy times.

Question 25

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, we experience emotion through

A)simultaneous physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
B)the subjective emotion followed by the physiological response.
C)physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.
D)the emotion correlated with the physiological response pattern.

Question 26

According to the textbook, what is the current consensus on the use of neuroimaging methods such as fMRI for lie detection?

A)There is sufficient evidence to support the use of fMRI in the courtroom.
B)There are ethical and methodological issues that need to be considered before fMRI can be used in the courtroom.
C)fMRI is more effective for lie detection than a traditional polygraph test.
D)EEG is more appropriate than fMRI for lie detection because it is portable and inexpensive.

Question 27

Dagmar and Bjorg have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort.Back at the lodge, they suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly.This effect is most likely due to

A)display rules.
B)excitation transfer.
C)subjective emotional appraisal.
D)cognitive analysis.

Question 28

How might the James-Lange theory of emotion describe the relationship between fear and trembling?

A)Fear and trembling are unrelated.
B)We tremble and feel afraid simultaneously.
C)We tremble because we feel afraid.
D)We feel afraid because we tremble.

Question 29

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

A)the emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions.
B)our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions.
C)our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously.
D)emotion and physical reaction happen independently but at the same time.

Question 30

Gavriel has a tremendous crush on Angelique, who seems to see him only as a friend.One way that Gavriel might be able to change Angelique's feelings would be to

A)take her to a scary movie.
B)write her a love poem.
C)make her a touching mixed tape.
D)take her for a romantic dinner.

Question 31

One criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion has been that physiological responses are not specific enough to correspond to different emotions.However, more recent research has shown that , which is with the James-Lange theory.

A)different primary emotions correspond to different patterns of brain activation; inconsistent
B)different primary emotions correspond to different patterns of brain activation; consistent
C)adopting a happy facial expression leads to positive emotions; inconsistent
D)adopting a happy facial expression leads to positive emotions; consistent

Question 32

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that

A)a situation can evoke a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label.
B)a situation can evoke an emotion label and the physiological response will follow.
C)a situation can evoke a physiological label that is followed by a physiological response.
D)a situation can evoke an emotional response that is followed by a physiological label.

Question 33

Imagine you are out for a hike and come across a snake.Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)I'm afraid because I'm shaking.
B)I'm shaking because I'm afraid.
C)My shaking must be due to fear because snakes are naturally scary.
D)I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

Question 34

Researchers conduct an experiment in which male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy.Participants in Group A are told that they will feel this way from the drug.Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug.After the drug has taken effect, an attractive woman enters the room.According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, which group of participants is less likely to feel attracted to the woman, and why?

A)Group A, because they were already happy when they came to the experiment
B)Group A, because they expected positive feelings from the drug
C)Group B, because they identified the positive feelings later
D)Group B, because they were not told about the effects of the drug

Question 35

Amayah is applying for a job at the CIA, and learns she will have to take a polygraph test.Based on what you know about how such tests work, which physiological signals should Amayah attempt to control if she wants to pass her test?

A)heart rate, hand tremor, and respiration
B)respiration, skin conductance, and hand tremor
C)heart rate, respiration, and skin conductance
D)breathing rate, hand tremor, and heart rate

Question 36

Imagine you are out for a hike and come across a snake.Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A)I'm afraid because I'm shaking.
B)I'm shaking because I'm afraid.
C)My shaking must be due to fear because snakes are naturally scary.
D)I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

Question 37

All of the following are limitations of the polygraph method for lie detection EXCEPT that

A)interpretation of the results relies on the judgement of the investigator.
B)test anxiety can register as arousal on the polygraph.
C)individual differences in physiological arousal can obscure the results.
D)there is no baseline, or control condition, against which to compare responses.

Question 38

Bethany's boyfriend has just broken up with her.At first, she is heartbroken, thinking she has lost the perfect man.As the weeks go by, she realizes that she had never acknowledged the negative aspects of the relationship.Eventually, she comes to see the breakup as an opportunity rather than a disaster.Bethany is engaging in , which research suggests will .

A)rumination; change neural processing of emotion
B)rumination; change patterns of physiological arousal
C)reappraisal; change patterns of physiological arousal
D)reappraisal; change neural processing of emotion

Question 39

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur

A)roughly simultaneously and independently.
B)sequentially and independently.
C)sequentially beginning with physiological responses.
D)sequentially beginning with emotional experiences.

Question 40

If you hold a pencil in your teeth, forcing you to raise the edges of your lips into a sort of smile, you will , as predicted by the .

A)begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis
B)begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard theory
C)not feel any differently than you did before; facial feedback hypothesis
D)not feel any differently than you did before; circumplex model

Question 41

Evolutionarily, women are more likely to display emotions related to , whereas men are more likely to display emotions related to .

A)caregiving; dominance
B)sadness; anger
C)relationships; solitude
D)competitiveness; cooperation

Question 42

Imagine you will be going to Zambia on a field trip.The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should

A)take care because the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions.
B)not assume that you are reading Zambian expressions accurately.
C)not worry much about misinterpretation of universal facial expressions.
D)assume that the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions and you will not be able to read the Zambians' expressions.

Question 43

Researchers investigating how emotions are expressed in music tested participants in the United States and rural Cambodia, and found that

A)the music of the two cultures differed considerably in its tonal structure.
B)the musical attributes associated with different emotions were similar across cultures.
C)young children were more likely than adults to express their emotions through music.
D)in both cultures, the mood of the individual greatly influenced the music he or she created.

Question 44

How many English words refer to emotions?

A)35
B)150
C)550
D)5,000

Question 45

When Suellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that she will be stiff and reserved.She is very surprised, but pleased, when her roommate, Diana, turns out to be bouncy and emotional.Suellen is surprised because Diana's behavior violates

A)cross-cultural congruence.
B)gender norms for emotionality.
C)cultural display rules.
D)conformity.

Question 46

The strongest cross-cultural congruence in the identification of emotions seems to involve , and the weakest seems to involve .

A)fear and disgust; happiness
B)happiness; fear and disgust
C)happiness and joy; fear and pain
D)fear and pain; happiness and joy

Question 47

When people view a face that is displaying an emotion, which part is most important in determining how the viewers perceive the emotion?

A)forehead
B)eyes
C)nose
D)mouth

Question 48

Which of the following emotions is an infant capable of expressing at birth?

A)joy
B)disgust
C)pain
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 49

Imagine that an alien tunes in to watch the Super Bowl, and notices the body language of one of the players who just scored a touchdown.If this alien shared the same underlying biology as humans, what would the alien perceive?

A)That the football player is attempting to attract a mate.
B)That the football player is proud of his accomplishment.
C)That the football player is embarrassed about dancing in public.
D)The physical movements of the player only.

Question 50

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school.He is so anxious that he is having trouble working.To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about medical school or the admissions process.By engaging in this , Blake is likely to .

A)rumination; rebound and improve his mood
B)rumination; delay his medical school admissions
C)thought suppression; think about medical school even more
D)thought suppression; reduce his anxiety

Question 51

Paul Ekman did cross-cultural research about facial expressions to disprove the hypothesis of which early theorist?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Harry Harlow
C)William James
D)Charles Darwin

Question 52

According to Baumeister, which of the following is NOT a way in which guilt can protect and strengthen interpersonal relationships?

A)Guilt discourages people from doing things that harm their relationships.
B)Guilt can be used to manipulate others.
C)Guilt demonstrates that people care about their partners.
D)Guilt encourages people to be honest in their relationships.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true about display rules?

A)They are biologically based.
B)They are expressed similarly across cultures.
C)They are the same for women and men.
D)They are learned through socialization.

Question 54

Ahmad and Sheila just moved in together.While unpacking, they begin to fight and Sheila becomes frustrated when Ahmad cannot explain to her why he is upset.According to the textbook, why might this be occurring?

A)Men tend to experience emotions more intensely than women.
B)Women tend to experience emotions more intensely than men.
C)Women tend to be better at expressing their emotions than men.
D)Men tend to get defensive when women express their emotions.

Question 55

LaVonne is majoring in engineering, but she dislikes all of her engineering classes and loves all of her government classes.One day, when LaVonne is reading political science to avoid reading engineering, she decides to change her major and become a lawyer.LaVonne's decision reflects which quality of emotions?

A)They increase the probability of survival and reproduction.
B)They provide cues to facilitate interpersonal dynamics.
C)They provide information about significant personal goals.
D)They increase the probability of avoiding immediate danger.

Question 56

Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD) is characterized by attempts to avoid thinking about a seriously traumatic event, accompanied by flashbacks to and nightmares about that event.PTSD would seem to involve the emotional coping strategy of

A)thought suppression.
B)cognitive avoidance.
C)rumination.
D)distraction.

Question 57

The is are) the facial feature features) that best expresses express) emotion independently; the is are) the facial feature features) that best express expresses) emotion as part of the whole face.

A)mouth; eyes
B)eyes; eyes
C)eyes; mouth
D)mouth; mouth

Question 58

Cross-cultural research on emotions conveyed by facial expressions shows that

A)some facial expressions are universal, suggesting a biological basis.
B)some facial expressions are universal, suggesting a cultural basis.
C)all facial expressions are universal, suggesting a cultural basis.
D)all facial expressions are not universal, suggesting a biological basis.

Question 59

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions.When a student watched the clips with other people, she showed little outward emotion.When the student watched the clips alone, she showed the same emotions as are seen in American college students.The difference in emotional expression in the two situations shows the influence of

A)cultural display rules.
B)cues from experimenter expectancies.
C)responding to interpersonal rather than intrapersonal factors.
D)mere-exposure effect.

Question 60

A major aspect of depression is persistently negative cognitive attributions about the self, life, and the future.Depression would seem to involve the emotional coping strategy of

A)thought suppression.
B)cognitive avoidance.
C)rumination.
D)distraction.

Question 61

A computer program is developed that searches for the greatest number of items that are related to the search term or for items that are the most relevant to the search term.In terms of human behavior, a program that searches for the greatest number of items is showing the quality of motivation, whereas a program that searches for the most relevant items is showing the quality of motivation.

A)energizing; directive
B)energizing; persistent
C)persistent; directive
D)directive; energizing

Question 62

Bingwen does not like formal clothes, but he must buy a suit for his sister's wedding.He goes to seven stores before he finds a suit that he likes.Bingwen's going to buy a suit shows the quality of motivation.His search through seven stores shows the quality of motivation.

A)energizing; directive
B)energizing; persistent
C)directive; energizing
D)directive; persistent

Question 63

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth.Donato tends to be fearful of many things and can easily be made to feel guilty.If we evaluated fear and guilt in Quincy, we would expect that he would have of fear and of guilt.

A)high levels; unpredictable levels
B)unpredictable levels; high levels
C)high levels; high levels
D)unpredictable levels; unpredictable levels

Question 64

Vincent is a brilliant but impoverished artist.He spends all day pushing the boundaries of his art and finds complete satisfaction in his achievements, but he has little to eat and lives in squalor.His wife has left him, and most of his friends keep their distance because they do not understand his art.Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

A)Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need.
B)Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
C)Satisfying the need for achievement requires success.
D)Lower and higher needs cannot be organized in a single system.

Question 65

Magdala blushes very easily; any time she makes even a slight social error, she turns bright red.Magdala regards this tendency as a real social failing and would give a great deal to stop blushing.You might make Magdala reconsider the value of her blushing by telling her that people who blush

A)actually have better social skills.
B)do so because they are more empathetic.
C)look more attractive to the people around them.
D)are more readily forgiven their mistakes.

Question 66

Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued.Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant.As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why?

A)Erhard, because he never feels sufficiently secure
B)Paloma, because she has a happy relationship with her parents
C)Erhard, because he never feels valued or important
D)Paloma, because she feels obligated to repay her parents

Question 67

An) is a physiological state that encourages behaviors that correct a deficiency state, which is called an) .

A)goal; incentive
B)incentive; goal
C)need; drive
D)drive; need

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the four essential qualities of motivational states emphasized in most general theories of motivation?

A)They are energizing.
B)They are directive.
C)They enable persistence.
D)They differ in their valence.

Question 69

John lives far away from his parents and feels badly that he rarely sees them.To make up for it, he calls them three times a week.John's regular phone calls demonstrate that guilt

A)encourages behaviors that strengthen relationships.
B)can be used to manipulate others.
C)demonstrates caring.
D)makes people faithful to their life partners.

Question 70

Because Maslow's "need theory" of motivation places a strong emphasis on personal growth, it can be considered an example of

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behaviorism.
C)humanistic psychology.
D)cognitive psychology.

Question 71

Dashawna has decided that she wants a new image.She goes to a new store and shops for the perfect outfit.Dashawna's decision to get a new image shows the quality of motivation.Her trip to the store shows the quality of motivation.

A)energizing; directive
B)energizing; persistent
C)directive; energizing
D)persistent; directive

Question 72

Motivation , whereas emotion .

A)produces behavior; influences motivation
B)influences emotion; produces behavior
C)is caused by cognition; influences motivation
D)produces behavior; is caused by cognition

Question 73

Kitchi and Cosette are studying in the library on a Sunday afternoon.When they take a break for lunch, they discover that the university café, the campus convenience store, and their dorm cafeteria are all closed.Kitchi decides that he is hungry enough to walk half a mile to eat off campus.Cosette decides that she is not that hungry.Kitchi and Cosette differ in the of their motivation to have lunch.

A)energy
B)goal-directedness
C)strength
D)sincerity

Question 74

Studies have shown that guilt is primarily influenced by , whereas other negative emotions are primarily influenced by .

A)genetics; the social environment
B)the social environment; genetics
C)genetics; genetics
D)the social environment; the social environment

Question 75

Motivational states are directive, which means they

A)call attention to important goals.
B)activate us to do something.
C)help initiate behaviors that satisfy our needs.
D)determine a pattern of physiological activation.

Question 76

Bronwen is a first-year student and wants to meet more people.She attends a meeting of a campus organization, and then goes to a party in her dorm.She does not meet anyone she likes at either event and stops searching for new friends.Bronwen has the quality of motivation, but not the quality of motivation.

A)energizing; directive
B)energizing; persistent
C)directive; persistent
D)persistent; energizing

Question 77

Maslow's need hierarchy has been criticized for

A)lacking empirical support.
B)being limited to Western cultures.
C)defining the nature of a need too broadly.
D)underestimating the role of physiological factors.

Question 78

Yeast causes bread to rise, and sugar activates the yeast.In terms of human behavior, yeast is like and sugar is like .

A)motivation; motivation
B)emotion; emotion
C)motivation; emotion
D)emotion; motivation

Question 79

Huram is very sad because his girlfriend has gone to study abroad for a year.His friends try to get him to go out with them, but he just does not want to go.Even going to work is becoming difficult; he does not seem to want to do anything.Huram is lacking in

A)emotion.
B)motivation.
C)discipline.
D)judgment.

Question 80

Jermaine told his girlfriend that he was going to the library when he was actually staying home to watch the game.She begins to get angry when she stops by his room and finds him watching TV.However, when he starts to blush and look embarrassed, she readily forgives him.Her attitude changes because his embarrassment and blushing indicate that Jermaine

A)recognizes his error.
B)lied to her on purpose.
C)really cares about her.
D)can empathize with her feelings.