Deck 11: Health and Wellbeing

Question 1

The biopsychosocial model focuses on

A)how biological factors impact health outcomes.
B)how social conditions can influence health.
C)the interplay of biological and social factors in health outcomes.
D)the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in health outcomes.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In underdeveloped nations, deaths that result from infectious diseases have over the past century.

A)increased slightly
B)decreased
C)stayed the same
D)increased greatly

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a social condition that would be examined in the biopsychosocial model?

A)the influence of culture and family support on an individual
B)the lifestyle choices and levels of stress an individual is experiencing
C)the individual's health beliefs
D)an individual's preexisting brain or nervous system conditions

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the traditional medical model, individuals are recipients in their health and well-being, whereas in the biopsychosocial model individuals take an) role in their health and well-being.

A)passive; active
B)active; passive
C)active; neutral
D)neutral; passive

Question 5

An important change in the health of people over the last 100 years involves

A)an increasing number of mortalities associated with lifestyle choices.
B)a decreased number of mortalities associated with lifestyle choices.
C)obesity becoming less prevalent.
D)more people dying of infectious diseases.

Question 6

The average life expectancy for black males in the United States has in the past 40 years.

A)increased by 5 percent
B)decreased by 5 percent
C)increased by 10 percent
D)decreased by 10 percent

Question 7

The approximate life expectancy for a white female born in the United States in 2014 is years.

A)75
B)70
C)85
D)81

Question 8

The life expectancy gap between black and white Americans has been over the past few years, mainly because .

A)increasing; black Americans are dying at higher rates
B)increasing; white Americans are dying at lower rates
C)decreasing; white Americans are dying at higher rates
D)decreasing; black Americans are dying at lower rates

Question 9

Which of the following results best supports the biopsychosocial model of health?

A)bipolar disorder, which is found to have strong genetic indictors
B)bulimia, which has strong cultural influences
C)insomnia, which is related to psychological factors and social conditions
D)anxiety, which is influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and social environments

Question 10

Which of the following is a reason why the gap between life expectancies of black and white Americans has been closing over the past few years?

A)Universal health care has increased life expectancy more for black, urban Americans.
B)Lifestyle factors have lowered life expectancy more for white, rural Americans.
C)Increased health care costs have lowered life expectancy more for white Americans.
D)Better transportation has increased healthy food options for black Americans.

Question 11

Based on current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC) estimates, who is likely to have the longest life expectancy?

A)Mary, a white female
B)Tucker, a white male
C)Sierra, a black female
D)Jake, a black male

Question 12

Dr.Silver is treating a patient for depression.She knows that the patient has genetic relatives with depression and that the patient also makes unhealthy lifestyle choices.If Dr.Silver follows the biopsychosocial model of health, what else should she ask about?

A)whether there are any physiological or preexisting medical conditions
B)whether there are problems with family relationships or social support
C)if the patient exhibits harmful or distressing thoughts
D)if the patient exhibits harmful or distressing behaviors

Question 13

Which of the following is a cultural factor that increases racial disparities in life expectancy?

A)genetic variation in susceptibility to disease
B)dietary and exercise habits
C)access to affordable health care
D)sleep cycle variations

Question 14

In contrast to the model, the biopsychosocial model focuses on multiple aspects of health and well-being.

A)single stratum
B)medical
C)componential
D)interactive

Question 15

The biopsychosocial model of health psychology examines biological characteristics, like , as well as social conditions, like .

A)lifestyle; genetic predispositions
B)stress; social support
C)social support; cultural influences
D)genetic predisposition; social support

Question 16

Individuals from which country are LEAST likely to die as the result of lifestyle choices?

A)Kosovo
B)United States
C)Japan
D)Australia

Question 17

Henry is an American citizen.Given what you know about infectious diseases and health psychology, which of the following is he LEAST likely to die from?

A)heart disease
B)cancer
C)accident
D)malaria

Question 18

Thoughts and behaviors affect the environment.The environment affects human biology.In turn, biology affects behavior.This description fits the model.

A)medical
B)multistratum
C)circularity
D)biopsychosocial

Question 19

Dr.Meagher is treating a patient with chronic pain.She knows that the patient has a stressful lifestyle and limited family support.If Dr.Meagher follows the biopsychosocial model of health, what else should she ask about?

A)if the patient has friends to talk to about the experience
B)if the patient spends a lot of time thinking about the pain
C)whether the patient believes in treating pain with opioids
D)whether the patient has any preexisting brain or nervous system issues

Question 20

Dr.Carter is a psychologist who follows the biopsychosocial model of health.This means he is likely to ask his patients about before treating them.

A)any genetic predispositions
B)their lifestyle and health beliefs
C)their family relationships and social support
D)genetic predispositions, their lifestyle, and social support

Question 21

Researchers from the 2013 meta-analysis found that individuals with a BMI between had the lowest probability of dying from any cause during the study periods, which may suggest that there are some benefits of being .

A)18.5-25; underweight
B)25-30; overweight
C)30-35; slightly obese
D)35-40; obese

Question 22

Jeffrey has an eating disorder.Given what you know about the gender differences in eating disorders, it is likely that he has

A)anorexia.
B)bulimia.
C)binge-eating disorder.
D)nervosa.

Question 23

Given the prevalence rates, you know that adolescent girls are likely to suffer from bulimia nervosa as compared to anorexia nervosa.

A)just as
B)more
C)a little less
D)a lot less

Question 24

Which of the following provides the best support for the idea that Westernized lifestyles can have negative long-term health consequences?

A)Eating junk food and engaging in less physical activity dramatically increased diabetes in India.
B)Opioid and alcohol abuse increased white American death rates.
C)The availability of rotavirus vaccines reduced childhood hospitalization.
D)Access to affordable health care reduced death rates of black Americans.

Question 25

Which country has the highest proportion of smokers worldwide?

A)United States
B)India
C)China
D)Japan

Question 26

Imagine that you work for a life insurance company.You are setting premiums for insurance based on life expectancy.Assuming you charge a higher premium for people expected to have shorter lives, you know that will generally pay more for life insurance than .

A)males; females
B)females; males
C)children; adults
D)white individuals; black individuals

Question 27

Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is

A)stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.
B)universally rejected and devalued.
C)associated with lower economic status, particularly in developing countries.
D)positively associated with social status in most cultures.

Question 28

In distinguishing between the body mass index BMI) and the body shape index BSI), you know that the BMI is a calculation of , whereas the BSI is a measure that mainly takes into consideration .

A)body weight relative to height; the amount of one's abdominal fat
B)body weight relative to height; one's height
C)abdominal fat relative to height; one's age
D)abdominal fat relative to height; one's hip measurement

Question 29

Evidence that humans have a set-point for weight is reflected in the fact that

A)when prisoners were fed large amounts of food, they gained less weight than they should have and returned to their normal weight when they resumed a regular diet.
B)when people diet frequently, they wind up gaining more weight than those who do not.
C)studies of semi-starvation have shown that long-term reduction in food intake causes people to lose interest in food and eating.
D)as less food is consumed, the body's ability to use the energy contained in the food is reduced.

Question 30

John comes from a family in which everyone is overweight, even though people in the family appear to eat only moderate amounts of food.These circumstances are consistent with research showing that

A)food habits are primarily influenced by family attitudes.
B)the environment is more important than our genes in determining eating behavior.
C)genes play an important role in who becomes overweight.
D)food habits are determined by what foods are presented to us.

Question 31

Dora is a moderately obese woman with a full figure.Dora rarely hears negative comments about her weight.Instead, she is often complimented on how attractive her body is.Dora

A)is probably a hardy person.
B)probably lives in a developing country.
C)will nevertheless experience some negative psychological symptoms that are caused by her weight.
D)will experience a lack of congruent self-concept.

Question 32

One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves

A)the degree of psychological disturbance present.
B)whether periods of dieting occur.
C)the amount of food that is typically consumed.
D)the race and class of the people who engage in each.

Question 33

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia differ in that

A)anorexia is associated with a higher mortality rate than bulimia.
B)anorexia is more common among men than bulimia.
C)persons suffering from anorexia tend to recover more quickly than those with bulimia.
D)those with bulimia are very underweight and practice restrained eating.

Question 34

Your sister has been quite thin ever since the eighth grade, but she expresses a great fear of becoming fat and is always looking for ways to lose more weight.Of the following, she is likely suffering from

A)hypothyroidism.
B)the absence of a set-point for weight control.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)bulimia nervosa.

Question 35

Jamie is a college track star.He thought he was in great shape, so was surprised to learn that his body mass index BMI) was very high over 35).He is concerned about his health.What should you tell him that will help explain his BMI results?

A)If his cholesterol is fine, he can ignore the BMI results.
B)Being slightly overweight can have protective health properties.
C)Individuals with low BMI are at increased risk for premature death.
D)Athletes with significant amounts of muscle may have high BMI despite being in excellent shape.

Question 36

Your roommate, who is very overweight, has an identical twin whom you have never met and who lived with an adoptive family while growing up.Given what you know about genetic and environmental factors in weight status, you would

A)be unclear about the weight status of the twin.
B)guess that the twin had a similar weight status to his adoptive family members.
C)ask for more information on the attitudes of the adoptive parents toward being overweight.
D)guess that the twin is likely to be overweight.

Question 37

Attempting to restrain the amount you eat in order to control your weight

A)is still the best long-term weight-loss strategy yet discovered.
B)works for only about 60 percent of people over time.
C)can result in overeating when one perceives the diet has been "broken" by eating a forbidden food.
D)works best for those who are very overweight rather than moderately overweight.

Question 38

Dieting as a method of controlling weight has proved ineffective in part because

A)the diet causes metabolism to increase such that the body becomes highly efficient in using the calories that are available.
B)weight gain occurs more rapidly after each episode of dieting is terminated.
C)the body lacks a set-point for regulating weight.
D)most people have a set-point that is set too high.

Question 39

Of those who develop anorexia nervosa, what percentage eventually dies from the disorder?

A)1-2 percent
B)10-15 percent
C)15-20 percent
D)25-35 percent

Question 40

The body mass index BMI) of an adopted child will be to the BMI of the adoptive parents and to the BMI of the biological parents.

A)similar; similar
B)unrelated; dissimilar
C)unrelated; similar
D)dissimilar; dissimilar

Question 41

Based on what you know about the prevalence rates of smoking, where would you expect to find the most lung cancer deaths in the next 20 years?

A)urban cities in the United States
B)rural communities in the United States
C)China
D)France

Question 42

Milo is training for an international chess competition and thinks that if he "increases his brain volume" he will do better in the competition.Which of the following actions should be most helpful to Milo to increase his brain volume?

A)reduce the number of hours he watches television
B)switch to a vegetarian diet
C)pray
D)exercise

Question 43

Which of the following best summarizes the research on e-cigarettes?

A)They are much better than traditional tobacco products.
B)Some evidence shows they help smokers quit, but other studies show they make it harder to quit.
C)Studies show that they are as effective as other nicotine replacement therapies.
D)They are as attractive to adult smokers as they are to adolescent smokers

Question 44

Stacey wants to quit smoking.Which of the following suggestions would you give her to help her quit most successfully?

A)switch to e-cigarettes
B)use a prescription medication, like Chantix
C)use a behavioral treatment to learn effective ways of dealing with stress
D)quit "cold turkey" and just stop smoking all at once

Question 45

Which of the following correctly summarizes research findings on exercise and older adults?

A)Exercise reduces cognitive decline.
B)Both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise are equally effective.
C)Exercise increases overall cognition, but only after 6 months of activity.
D)Exercise increases only white matter in the brain.

Question 46

Exercise is associated with well-being, because it leads to benefits such as .

A)positively; decreased immune response
B)positively; decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease
C)negatively; production of synaptic connections
D)negatively; decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease

Question 47

Research shows that many adolescent smokers start smoking because of a false consensus effect.This means that they

A)falsely believe that smoking will improve their self-esteem.
B)falsely believe that most people think positively about smoking.
C)underestimate the number of adolescent smokers and start smoking to stand out from the crowd.
D)overestimate the number of adolescent smokers and start smoking to fit in with the crowd.

Question 48

If people did not possess dopamine neurons, addiction to nicotine would be

A)less likely.
B)more likely.
C)unaffected.
D)strong at first and weak later.

Question 49

If cigarettes contained no nicotine, the brain's dopamine neurons would be

A)overstimulated by smoking.
B)less affected by smoking.
C)inhibited by smoking.
D)easily activated at first but inactive after the first cigarette.

Question 50

Research suggests that, compared to the average adult nonsmoker, the average adult smoker

A)shortens his or her life by about 12 years.
B)underestimates the number of people who smoke.
C)did not try cigarettes until college.
D)overestimates the number of health problems he has.

Question 51

Exercise could be described as "Miracle-Gro for our brains." This is because the fertilizer Miracle-Gro is for plants what exercise is for

A)reproductive hormones.
B)the glands.
C)the bloodstream.
D)neurons.

Question 52

LaShawna has no siblings, and her parents do not smoke.Jayda has an older brother and mother who smoke.Who would be more likely to start smoking, and why?

A)LaShawna, because her dopamine neurons are more sensitive to nicotine
B)LaShawna, because smoking would be a novel and exciting experience
C)Jayda, because her family members act as role models for smoking
D)Both girls are equally likely to start smoking.

Question 53

Health psychologists would likely encourage people under high stress loads to avoid overeating, as

A)food cannot provide emotional comfort.
B)overeating contributes to a cycle of unhealthy behaviors, including reduced exercise.
C)overeating has been shown to be positively correlated with alcohol consumption.
D)smoking is higher in those who overeat.

Question 54

According to the text, who would benefit LEAST from increased aerobic exercise?

A)John, who is experiencing mild depression
B)Abigail, who is in treatment for alcoholism
C)Marty, who is an older adult with moderate memory problems
D)Gina, who is being treated for schizophrenia

Question 55

Psychologists use the term stress primarily to refer to our responses when

A)the demands placed on us exceed our abilities to respond to them.
B)we are emotionally aroused but do not know why.
C)the demands of a physical task require more effort than expected.
D)we experience high levels of physiological arousal.

Question 56

People become addicted to smoking cigarettes because

A)they enjoy the social acceptance associated with the smoking stigma.
B)they come to develop a preference for the smell of smoke.
C)nicotine leads to increased activation of dopamine neurons.
D)they incorporate the idea of being a smoker into their self-concept.

Question 57

The brain region that experiences the most growth in response to aerobic exercise is the

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary gland.
C)hippocampus.
D)amygdala.

Question 58

Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to become regular smokers than are others. One factor involves

A)a greater tendency to have acetylcholine pathways in the brain.
B)a cascade of HPA activation.
C)parents and peers who smoke.
D)the absence of antidrug programs in school.

Question 59

Jamie has an older brother who smokes.Jamie is

A)less likely to start smoking than other kids.
B)more likely to start smoking than other kids.
C)no more and no less likely to start smoking than other kids.
D)more likely to be a problem drinker, whether or not he smokes.

Question 60

Kristine's frequent drug use has resulted in some short- and long-term memory impairment.Now that Kristine has quit using drugs, which of the following should her doctor recommend to help Kristine enhance her memory functioning?

A)prayer
B)exercise
C)social support
D)increasing her self-esteem

Question 61

Denise is a customer service representative who spends her days answering calls and dealing with unhappy customers.Although she is usually able to resolve their problems, most of her job involves dealing with difficult people.Denise's job is considered

A)eustress.
B)a major life stressor.
C)a daily hassle.
D)a coping response.

Question 62

Which of the following is the correct order of events?

A)stressful event; hypothalamus activation; cortisol production
B)cortisol production; stressful event; hypothalamus activation
C)stressful event; cortisol production; hypothalamus activation
D)hypothalamus activation; stressful event; cortisol production

Question 63

Assume that a negative event has occurred in your life.Under which of the following conditions is it likely to be most stressful?

A)It occurred just after a positive event.
B)It was just like an event you had experienced a year earlier.
C)It was unexpected.
D)You are female rather than male.

Question 64

Maya's HPA axis has been activated for many weeks.After chronic HPA activation over this long period, Maya is most likely to have problems with

A)smooth muscle movement.
B)remembering information.
C)understanding spoken language.
D)expressing positive and negative emotions.

Question 65

Research has shown that stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy has

A)no effect on the woman's developing child.
B)an effect on the child's physical development.
C)an effect on the child's physiological responsiveness to stress.
D)an effect on the child's physiological responsiveness to happiness.

Question 66

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish whether an event will cause an individual to experience stress, because

A)only negative events cause stress and people may not agree on what is negative.
B)only positive events cause stress and people may not agree on what is positive.
C)both negative and positive events cause stress, but people differ in what they feel is demanding or threatening.
D)both negative and positive events cause stress, but people differ in what they feel is negative versus positive.

Question 67

Research indicates that exposure to a stressor serves to activate

A)the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.
B)the norepinephrine system but not the epinephrine system.
C)primarily the right brain hemisphere.
D)primarily the left brain hemisphere.

Question 68

Recently, Arianna and Raymond had their first child.They are experiencing difficulty dealing with the lack of sleep and demands of the new baby.The kind of stress Arianna and Raymond are experiencing is called

A)eustress.
B)a daily hassle.
C)chronic stress.
D)a major life stressor.

Question 69

Which of the following is the result of the sympathetic nervous system being activated in response to a stressor?

A)blood pressure decreases
B)muscles relax
C)epinephrine decreases
D)pupils dilate

Question 70

One of the problems with the prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is that it

A)remains inactive even during extreme stress.
B)destroys neurons in the spinal cord.
C)damages neurons in the hippocampus.
D)facilitates long-term potentiation.

Question 71

In examining the human stress response, you can conclude that

A)the fight-or-flight response is generally adaptive for modern-day stressors.
B)the fight-or-flight response is generally not adaptive for modern-day stressors.
C)the tend-and-befriend response is generally not adaptive for modern-day stressors.
D)neither the fight-or-flight nor tend-and-befriend response is adaptive for modern-day stressors.

Question 72

Which of the following is considered a major life stressor rather than a daily hassle stressor?

A)living in poverty
B)having a child
C)noisy environment
D)being overcrowded

Question 73

If no damage to the hippocampus occurred due to prolonged HPA activation, people would likely experience no or few stress-related impairments in

A)muscle movement.
B)memory.
C)social interaction.
D)emotion regulation.

Question 74

Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are

A)boring and predictable.
B)catastrophic and uncontrollable.
C)repetitive.
D)a result of our own actions.

Question 75

The HPA axis involves initial activation of the

A)hypothalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)hindbrain.
D)heart.

Question 76

Miryam and her boyfriend were together for 10 years, and then he broke up with her.The breakup was extremely distressing to her.Which of the following responses will Miryam almost certainly experience?

A)anticipatory coping
B)the eustress response
C)the allostatic release response
D)HPA activation

Question 77

The threat of military combat, adjustment to a new marriage, and thinking about an upcoming exam are all examples of

A)eustress.
B)chronic stress.
C)daily hassles.
D)stress.

Question 78

Josh has a long commute to work every day during which he spends hours fighting traffic.Josh isn't concerned because he thinks that the day-to-day irritations of traffic won't have any impact on his health.What should you tell Josh about his beliefs about the effects of daily hassles?

A)He is correct.Only major life stressors can negatively impact health.
B)He is correct.Only daily hassles can negatively impact health.
C)He is incorrect.Both major life stressors and daily hassles can negatively impact health.
D)He is incorrect.Only daily hassles can negatively impact health.

Question 79

The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as

A)acute or chronic.
B)positive or negative.
C)occurring now or in the future.
D)involving the self or others.

Question 80

A positive event, like a wedding, would cause an individual to experience , whereas a negative event would cause an individual to experience .

A)eustress; distress
B)distress; eustress
C)distress; coping
D)coping; eustress