Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A new initiative by the National Institute of Mental Health called Research Domain Criteria RDoC) focuses on

A)the dimensional nature of personality.
B)refining disorder categories to reduce overlap.
C)studying domains of functioning across disorders.
D)improving the accuracy of disorder diagnosis.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As a research psychologist, Dr.Brown wants to be sure that she gathers information from all her patients in the same way, and that she asks questions about all of the same areas.Dr.Brown probably uses an)

A)unstructured interview.
B)structured interview.
C)unstructured observation.
D)structured observation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dr.Fields is assessing a client for major depressive disorder.Although the client exhibits significant depressive symptoms, they do not meet all the requirements for the disorder.Dr.Fields determines that the client does not have major depressive disorder.Dr.Fields follows the approach to psychological assessment.

A)dimensional
B)symptoms
C)categorical
D)diagnostic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the textbook, which of the following is the clearest evidence that classifying mental disorders into categories is problematic?

A)There are too many different types of professionals who assign categorical diagnoses.
B)Categorical diagnoses cause people to avoid taking responsibility for their problems.
C)Assigning categorical diagnoses can increase stigma and discrimination.
D)Patient symptoms and behaviors rarely fit into precise diagnostic categories.

Question 5

A therapist, Dr.Johannson, is writing a diagnosis for her patient, Sarah, who suffers from anxiety.If Dr.Johannson believes in the dimensional nature of psychopathology, she would be most likely to write that

A)Sarah is experiencing the symptoms of an anxiety disorder.
B)Sarah's anxiety is normal and thus does not warrant a diagnosis.
C)Sarah's anxiety passes the threshold and should be considered a disorder.
D)Sarah is at the extreme end of the anxiety spectrum.

Question 6

Michale is seeing a psychologist because his parents are concerned he has an Internet addiction.He stays up for days at a time playing online and ignoring everyone around him.During his assessment, his psychologist will mainly rely on the section of the DSM-5 that focuses on

A)etiology.
B)specific diagnostic criteria.
C)established intervention.
D)conditions in need of additional research.

Question 7

Which of the following criteria is used in determining if a behavior represents psychopathology?

A)The behavior deviates from family expectations.
B)The behavior is illegal.
C)The behavior is considered maladaptive.
D)The behavior is odd or unusual.

Question 8

Arianna has stopped washing her hair, going to the grocery store, going to work, and talking to people.Several of her friends and family members are concerned about these changes.Based on this information alone, which criterion for a psychological disorder does Arianna NOT meet?

A)maladaptivity
B)deviation from social norms
C)personal distress
D)impairment of social relationships

Question 9

Keith goes to a psychologist because he was recently arrested for a series of assaults on strangers in the street.His psychologist asks whether he gets upset with himself afterward and how he feels about his behaviors.His psychologist is asking these questions to asses which criteria of psychopathology?

A)If the behavior deviates from cultural norms.
B)If the behavior is personally distressing.
C)If the behavior is maladaptive.
D)If the behavior impairs social relationships.

Question 10

Leen has been experiencing extreme anxiety in any social situation.She started using alcohol and recreational drugs to cope with her anxiety.Leen is exhibiting

A)multidiagnosis.
B)cross-diagnoses.
C)interactive symptoms.
D)comorbidity.

Question 11

Dr.Suarez is assessing her client for an anxiety disorder.She asks her client if he is able to still go to work, run errands, and complete his necessary daily activities.Dr.Suarez is using these questions to asses which criteria of psychopathology?

A)If the behavior deviates from cultural norms.
B)If the behavior is personally distressing.
C)If the behavior is maladaptive.
D)If the behavior impairs social relationships.

Question 12

Zarina thinks she can talk to spirits that no one else can see.She sometimes channels the spirits so they can talk with living people.Zarina

A)is suffering from dissociative identity disorder.
B)is suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.
C)is showing behavior that is both personally distressing and maladaptive.
D)may be doing something normal, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.

Question 13

Dr.Leung gives all of her patients a short, valid, and reliable questionnaire that asks questions about sleeping habits, eating habits, daily activities, and emotional states.Based on this self-report information, Dr.Leung is able to assess whether depressive symptoms are present in each patient.She is making use of

A)psychological testing.
B)the neuropsychological method.
C)applied behavioral analysis.
D)a projective measure.

Question 14

Psychologists use the term prognosis to refer to the

A)risk of developing the disorder.
B)likely cause of the disorder.
C)future course and probable outcome of the disorder.
D)accuracy of the diagnosis.

Question 15

In determining whether a behavior indicates psychopathology, which of the following questions is an important criterion?

A)Does the person recognize that he or she has a disorder?
B)Does the behavior deviate from cultural norms?
C)Is the behavior legal?
D)Is the behavior normal for that particular person?

Question 16

Terence has not been out of the house in two months.He is fearful that if he goes outside people will follow him.When a concerned neighbor checked in on him, Terence verbally threatened him.Which of the following statements about Terence's behavior is FALSE?

A)It is adaptive, given the circumstances.
B)It is impairing his social relationships.
C)It deviates from social norms.
D)It is personally distressing.

Question 17

What is different about the approach of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM) and the approach of the Research Domain Criteria RDoC)?

A)The DSM focuses on observable symptoms, whereas RDoC focuses on unobservable symptoms.
B)The DSM defines disorders by category, whereas RDoC defines disorders on a spectrum.
C)The DSM focuses on diagnostic categories, whereas RDoC focuses on domains of functioning.
D)The DSM describes symptoms of disorders, whereas RDoC describes appropriate treatments for those symptoms.

Question 18

To help create accurate diagnoses, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM)

A)describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms.
B)classifies each disorder as either "neurotic" or "psychotic."
C)groups disorders by the theorist who discovered them.
D)groups disorders first by culture, then by severity.

Question 19

The first categorization of mental disorders developed out of

A)the observation that not all people with abnormal behavior have similar symptoms.
B)a factor analysis of a large number of abnormal traits and behaviors.
C)genetic studies that showed different patterns for different symptoms.
D)a failure to link mental disorders to physical symptoms.

Question 20

What is the difference between psychological testing and neuropsychological testing?

A)Psychological testing involves answering questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves brain imaging.
B)Psychological testing involves answering questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves getting a medical exam.
C)Psychological testing involves performing tasks that may reveal problems in brain functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves brain imaging.
D)Psychological testing involves answering questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves performing tasks that may reveal problems in brain functioning.

Question 21

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders takes the view that

A)certain biological or environmental factors directly cause mental illness.
B)certain biological or environmental factors make people vulnerable to mental illness.
C)an individual's ability to cope with stress is the best predictor of mental disorder.
D)an individual's personality is the best predictor of mental disorder.

Question 22

Which of the following findings best supports the sociocultural model of psychological disorders?

A)Genetic factors can influence the level of neurotransmitters and how their reception sites function.
B)Case studies like that of Little Albert show that phobias can be conditioned in children.
C)Disorders like schizophrenia are more common among people in lower socioeconomic classes.
D)Positron emission tomography PET) scans show that some brain regions function differently in people with mental disorders.

Question 23

Dr.Jahoda believes that his patients' problems are due to their distorted beliefs based on prior learning experiences.Dr.Jahoda most clearly takes a approach to psychological disorders.

A)family systems
B)sociocultural
C)psychodynamic
D)cognitive-behavioral

Question 24

Manuela has a family history of schizophrenia.Although she had a relatively uneventful childhood and stable adult life, she is concerned that she will develop the disorder.According to the diathesis-stress model, Manuela has a probability of developing schizophrenia because she
)

A)low; is missing the diathesis component
B)low; is missing the stress component
C)high; has both the diathesis and stress components
D)high; has the diathesis, stress, and genetic components

Question 25

Jaleesa thinks she may be depressed and decides to seek professional help.The psychologist starts by asking, "What kind of work do you do?" and proceeds to ask a series of standard questions, in order, about different possible symptoms.The psychologist is using an) approach to interviewing.

A)neuropsychological
B)motivational
C)structured
D)unstructured

Question 26

Psychologists who argue for the importance of biological factors in mental disorders use which of the following kinds of evidence to support this approach?

A)studies of the rates of mental disorders in fraternal versus identical twins
B)studies of the influence of childhood experiences on mental health
C)studies of the influence of family dynamics on mental disorders
D)studies involving gene alteration in individuals with mental disorders

Question 27

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders focuses mainly on how

A)nature can influence psychological disorders.
B)nurture can influence psychological disorders.
C)either nature or nurture can individually influence psychological disorders.
D)both nature and nurture can interact to influence psychological disorders.

Question 28

According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following is the stress component of a psychological disorder?

A)experiencing a traumatic loss of a parent when you were a child
B)having your biological brother diagnosed with the disorder
C)filing for bankruptcy and losing your home in the past month
D)being adopted when you were an infant

Question 29

Robin has had disruptive behavior problems since childhood, has shown signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD), and has had externalizing tendencies.According to the textbook, Robin is probably

A)American.
B)frequently in trouble with the law.
C)male.
D)female.

Question 30

Psychologists have noted that some mental disorders are more common among lower socioeconomic groups.Which model of mental illness most directly accounts for this observation?

A)family systems
B)sociocultural
C)cognitive-behavioral
D)diathesis-stress

Question 31

The current view is that a mental disorder is caused by

A)unconscious conflicts.
B)parent and peer modeling.
C)biological and environmental factors.
D)a lack of spiritual fulfillment.

Question 32

Alan is seeing a therapist for depression.Each week, Alan writes down his thoughts and the therapist analyzes them looking for irrational assumptions, unrealistic expectations, and other distorted thoughts that might contribute to his depression.His therapist is using a approach to help Alan.

A)psychodynamic
B)family systems
C)cognitive-behavioral
D)sociocultural

Question 33

Which one of the following statements is true concerning the assessment of psychological disorders?

A)Assessment should be evidenced-based when possible.
B)The neuropsychological method is more effective than evidence-based assessment.
C)Projective measures are always used in assessment.
D)Assessment is only necessary at the beginning of treatment.

Question 34

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders argues that

A)stress is the primary cause of mental disorders.
B)trauma is the primary cause of mental disorders.
C)factors that impair our ability to cope with stress are the primary cause of mental disorders.
D)genetics are the primary cause of mental disorders.

Question 35

From what you know about internalizing and externalizing disorders, you would expect anxiety disorders to be higher in and drug problems to be higher in .

A)Westerners; Easterners
B)adults; adolescents
C)people from a higher social class; people from a lower social class
D)females; males

Question 36

Meredith had a stable childhood and no family history of psychological disorders.However, as an adult, she has trouble staying employed, is in serious financial debt, and is in an abusive marriage.According to the diathesis-stress model, Meredith has a probability of developing a psychological disorder because she .

A)low; is missing the diathesis component
B)low; is missing the stress component
C)high; has both the diathesis and stress components
D)high; has the diathesis, stress, and genetic components

Question 37

A central assumption of the cognitive-behavioral model of mental disorders is that

A)mental dysfunction is an outgrowth of cultural mediation between thoughts and behaviors.
B)the family context is the most important factor in the development of mental illness.
C)abnormal behavior is learned.
D)the primary causes of mental illness are conflicts between the unconscious and conscious mind.

Question 38

In order to make the most accurate diagnoses, Dr.Balsis routinely updates his assessment methods based on the most recent clinical research studies.Dr.Balsis follows the approach to clinical evaluation.

A)research-based assessment
B)projective
C)neuropsychological
D)evidence-based assessment

Question 39

According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following people is most likely to become depressed?

A)Jane, who experienced childhood abuse but who currently has a stable family and job.
B)Johanna, who had a happy childhood but who currently has a stressful home and work life.
C)Janice, who was abused as a child and who was recently laid off from her job.
D)Jennifer, who has a stable personality but is in the middle of a difficult divorce.

Question 40

According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following is the diathesis component of a psychological disorder?

A)getting in a serious car accident on your way to work one morning
B)having close genetic relatives who experienced the same psychological disorder
C)getting treatment for a kidney infection
D)having a spouse get in trouble at work

Question 41

The more social fears someone with social anxiety disorder has, the more likely he or she will

A)respond to treatment.
B)develop depression.
C)get into physical fights with others.
D)avoid alcohol or other drugs.

Question 42

A 2-year-old is shy and has an inhibited temperament.According to research, this child is at greatest risk for later in life compared to a child who does not display this temperament.

A)bipolar disorder
B)an anxiety disorder
C)major depressive disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 43

Which of the following anxiety disorders are most similar?

A)specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder and agoraphobia
C)agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder
D)social anxiety disorder and specific phobia

Question 44

If you experience intense, uncontrollable fear when you encounter or think about a certain object, you would probably be diagnosed with

A)panic disorder.
B)social anxiety disorder.
C)agoraphobia.
D)specific phobia.

Question 45

Which of the following experiences is a symptom of a panic attack?

A)feeling sad
B)feeling irritable
C)feeling like you are going crazy or dying
D)feeling extremely tired

Question 46

The central characteristic of anxiety disorders is

A)the feeling of excessive fear or anxiety in the absence of any real threat.
B)fluctuating moods that are not related to events in the environment.
C)a feeling of apprehension or dread without any physical symptoms.
D)chronically high arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 47

Which of the following disorders shows the largest gender differences?

A)schizophrenia
B)obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?

A)conduct disorder
B)drug disorder
C)alcohol disorder
D)major depressive disorder

Question 49

Doug's parents are concerned about his risk-taking behavior.He has admitted to using drugs and alcohol and gets into fights with authority figures at school.His therapist is likely to diagnose him with an) disorder.

A)externalizing
B)internalizing
C)mood
D)anxiety

Question 50

Which of the following disorders is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life?

A)panic disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)specific phobia
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 51

In the current understanding of psychological disorders, is thought to be a normal response to stress but is problematic when it is .

A)depression; severe
B)social anxiety; experienced with close friends and family
C)anxiety; experienced excessively in the absence of a true threat
D)panic; experienced more than once a week

Question 52

A physically healthy woman is sitting on a bench.She is sweating profusely, is short of breath, has numbness in her feet and hands, and is afraid she might die.Based on this information alone, we could conclude that the woman is suffering from

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)a panic attack.
C)panic disorder.
D)agoraphobia.

Question 53

During a study, participants read an ambiguous story, which they can interpret in a variety of ways.Jonah interprets the story as threatening, whereas Elias interprets the story as comical.Based on this information alone, what conclusion can you draw about Jonah and Elias?

A)Jonah experiences higher levels of anxiety than Elias.
B)Jonah is more sensitive to other people's feelings compared to Elias.
C)Jonah and Elias have opposing personality disorders.
D)Elias is at increased risk of antisocial personality disorder.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing disorder?

A)conduct disorder
B)social phobia
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)major depressive disorder

Question 55

Sherecce and Marin both have social anxiety disorder.Sherecce's fears include public speaking and speaking up in meetings.Marin's fears include public speaking, meeting new people, and eating in public.Who is more likely to develop a substance abuse problem, and why?

A)Sherecce, because her anxiety is more pervasive.
B)Marin, because he has more social fears.
C)Neither, because neither quantity nor pervasiveness of social fears predicts substance use.
D)Marin, because his anxiety is more debilitating.

Question 56

Maxine has experienced chronic stress due to excessive anxiety her entire adult life.Given the research on chronic stress and brain structures, in which area of Maxine's brain would we expect to see atrophy?

A)the cerebellum
B)the hippocampus
C)the amygdala
D)the prefrontal cortex

Question 57

After getting robbed at gunpoint, Jackie is experiencing extreme distress and fear, and she is concerned that she is developing panic disorder.Her therapist is likely to diagnose her with an) disorder.

A)externalizing
B)internalizing
C)obsessive-compulsive
D)mood

Question 58

The development of anxiety disorders can be linked to which of the following?

A)misinterpreting positive situations as threatening
B)an introverted temperament in childhood
C)an inhibited temperament in childhood
D)difficulty learning positive associations to situations

Question 59

Which of the following anxiety disorders are the most different from each other?

A)specific phobia and social anxiety disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobia
C)panic disorder and agoraphobia
D)agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder

Question 60

If a particular disorder manifests similarly in different cultures around the world, one could confidently conclude that the disorder is most likely rooted in

A)patterns of family interaction.
B)biological factors.
C)environmental factors.
D)universally held beliefs.

Question 61

Which of the following is considered a trauma and stressor-related disorder?

A)adjustment disorder
B)specific phobia
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 62

A person diagnosed with panic disorder is most likely to develop which of the following additional disorders?

A)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B)agoraphobia
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)social anxiety disorder

Question 63

You would most likely be diagnosed with if you displayed negative mood, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide over the last few months.

A)posttraumatic stress disorder
B)major depressive disorder
C)persistent depressive disorder
D)bipolar I disorder

Question 64

Whenever Justin leaves his house, he turns back several times to make sure the door is locked.Every evening he cleans his entire apartment, even when it is not dirty.Justin is likely suffering from

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)agoraphobia.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)specific phobia.

Question 65

Which of the following is an obsession commonly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A)fear of contamination by germs
B)fear of public speaking
C)repeatedly washing hands
D)continuously checking locks

Question 66

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD)?

A)Once a person is aware that his or her obsessions and compulsions are irrational, treatment is easy.
B)There are no gender differences in OCD.
C)OCD has been linked to classical but not operant conditioning.
D)OCD is developed and reinforced through both classical and operant conditioning.

Question 67

Sam has posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD) from a traumatic childhood event.Sam takes part in a study in which he is shown pictures associated with the traumatic event while a brain scan is being done.Sam's brain will likely show heightened activation in the

A)hippocampus.
B)reticular formation.
C)cerebellum.
D)amygdala.

Question 68

In the DSM-5, posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as an) disorder.

A)anxiety
B)trauma and stressor-related
C)depressive
D)adjustment

Question 69

Which of the following are all symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD)?

A)intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and excessive worry
B)flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, and panic attacks
C)flashbacks, panic attacks, and guilt
D)nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts

Question 70

Which of the following accurately describes gender differences in depression cross-culturally?

A)Gender differences in depression are larger in developing compared to developed nations.
B)Gender differences in depression are smaller in developing compared to developed nations.
C)Gender differences in depression are the same across cultures.
D)There are no gender differences in depression across cultures.

Question 71

Which of the following best supports the idea that obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning?

A)Tom's brother never locks doors, so he checks the locks compulsively to be as different as possible from his brother.
B)Tom sees his mother compulsively check the door locks, so he also engages in the same behavior.
C)Tom experiences relief whenever he checks the locks, so he checks the locks whenever he is anxious.
D)Tom believes that checking the lock compulsively will keep his family safe.

Question 72

Which of the following people would be diagnosed with a trauma and stressor-related disorder?

A)Abel, who has obsessive thoughts about getting sick and washes his hands to relieve the anxiety.
B)Beth, whose fear of being judged by others means she rarely leaves her apartment.
C)Chasity, who worries constantly, but is unable to determine the cause of her worry.
D)Denise, who has intrusive thoughts and nightmares about a recent tornado in her town.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding potential causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD)?

A)Environmental factors, like certain bacterial infections, can trigger OCD in children.
B)There is little evidence supporting a genetic component to OCD.
C)OCD has been linked to classical but not operant conditioning.
D)OCD has been linked to operant but not classical conditioning.

Question 74

Which of the following is true about the development of posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD)?

A)Everyone exposed to the same traumatic event will develop PTSD.
B)Developing PTSD depends on whether the event is perceived as traumatic.
C)Some individuals are more genetically susceptible than others.
D)Men and women are equally likely to develop PTSD.

Question 75

Which of the following is accurate regarding individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD)?

A)They interpret positive stimuli as threatening.
B)They are unlikely to develop other health problems.
C)They have repressed memories.
D)They report memory and attention problems in their daily lives.

Question 76

A famous comedian refuses to shake hands whenever he meets someone because he fears catching a disease from them.The behavior of not shaking hands is an) and the belief that he will catch a disease is an) .

A)compulsion; obsession
B)obsession; compulsion
C)compulsion; compulsion
D)obsession; obsession

Question 77

People suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD) are

A)more likely to engage in violent behavior against others.
B)more likely to be male than female.
C)typically aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational.
D)typically diagnosed with the disorder in early childhood.

Question 78

Which of the following best describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia?

A)Having panic attacks is unrelated to the development of agoraphobia.
B)Agoraphobia rarely occurs in the absence of panic attacks.
C)Both panic and agoraphobia result from specific phobias in childhood.
D)More severe panic attacks are associated with reduced occurrence of agoraphobia.

Question 79

Which of the following is accurate regarding posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD)?

A)It has been linked to genetic differences in serotonin functioning.
B)Researchers have found minimal support for genetic causes.
C)It can lead to desensitization of the amygdala.
D)It has been linked to genetic differences in the size of the amygdala.

Question 80

Which of the following is categorized as a depressive disorder?

A)persistent depressive disorder
B)bipolar I disorder
C)chronic depressive disorder
D)posttraumatic stress disorder