Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

After appearing to emerge from a coma, a patient is considered to be experiencing unresponsive wakefulness syndrome if she regains her ability to respond to external stimuli after one

A)day.
B)week.
C)month.
D)year.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)Consciousness is not always associated with brain activity.
B)Awareness is an aspect of consciousness.
C)Consciousness cannot be described in subjective terms.
D)Information processing relies on conscious awareness.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of a normal individual imagining playing tennis.What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?

A)Consciousness is unrelated to awareness.
B)Consciousness is necessary for awareness.
C)Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.
D)Consciousness is equivalent to awareness.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?

A)moment-by-moment subjective experience
B)paying attention to your surroundings
C)reading a book
D)daydreaming

Question 5

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT

A)complex actions.
B)higher-level thinking.
C)automatic processing.
D)communicating with others.

Question 6

While at a party, a friend tells you that he thinks his brain only processes one thing at a time.To demonstrate that he is wrong, you later stand nearby and, while he is engaged in another conversation, say out loud

A)the text from your psychology textbook.
B)something quietly.
C)his name.
D)a fact you learned that day.

Question 7

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state.Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

A)higher levels of consciousness, including the ability to identify his family members
B)deliberate eye movements
C)opening and closing his eyes, but with no awareness of his surroundings
D)no EEG brain activity

Question 8

One example of an automatic process is

A)walking.
B)taking a test.
C)driving in stormy weather.
D)threading a needle.

Question 9

Which of the following actions requires the most conscious awareness?

A)swinging your arms
B)chewing gum
C)walking home from class
D)following GPS directions

Question 10

"Brain death" is said to occur when activity stops

A)in the cortex.
B)in the brain stem.
C)anywhere in the brain.
D)everywhere in the brain.

Question 11

Based on the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text, which early psychologists) would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in modern psychology?

A)James
B)Titchener
C)Watson
D)both James and Titchener

Question 12

In the technique known as shadowing, research participants repeat back

A)text they are reading.
B)words heard in one ear.
C)their internal monologue.
D)their current conversation.

Question 13

Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw.What were the participants' brain responses?

A)The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.
B)The brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious.
C)The unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face.
D)The brain emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.

Question 14

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?

A)During a stressful episode, an individual is unable to make voluntary movements, and can only use autonomic behaviors.
B)After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
C)After a stroke or other brain trauma, an individual is locked into previously-learned voluntary movements.
D)An individual is locked into patterns of autonomic movements, but he can still make voluntary movements.

Question 15

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body.Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a

A)monist.
B)qualist.
C)dualist.
D)clinical psychologist.

Question 16

What do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the brain? How does the modern view relate to Descartes's position?

A)Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain.This view contrasts with Descartes's dualism.
B)Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain.This view accords with Descartes's dualism.
C)Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness is separate from the brain.This view contrasts with Descartes's dualism.
D)Contemporary psychologists do not believe that consciousness exists.This view contrasts with Descartes's dualism.

Question 17

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was

A)in a minimally conscious state.
B)able to make current medical decisions for herself.
C)more dependent on her parents or on her husband.
D)able to vocalize her choices.

Question 18

Suppose that while a man is asking you for directions, a large framed picture is moved between the two of you.You are most likely to notice that he has now been swapped with a different man if he is

A)in a different social group from you.
B)in the same social group as you.
C)holding a bag.
D)empty-handed.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?

A)taking notes on a laptop during class
B)surfing the Internet on a laptop during class
C)sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class
D)sitting next to someone who is surfing the Internet on a laptop during class

Question 20

While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived.This experience supports the idea that

A)automatic processes require awareness.
B)automatic processes do not require awareness.
C)awareness requires automatic processes.
D)awareness does not require automatic processes.

Question 21

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as

A)the smart unconscious.
B)subliminal perception.
C)split brain.
D)drifting off.

Question 22

The fact that hemineglect patients are unable to detect deficits suggests what about consciousness?

A)It arises from the brain processes that are currently active.
B)It can be easily neglected.
C)It operates independently of the brain.
D)Everyone is conscious all the time.

Question 23

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep?

A)Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed.
B)Your brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.
C)You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep.
D)Most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they do not report it.

Question 24

After a short period of unconsciousness, Janine is showing signs of mental confusion, dizziness, and memory problems.Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

A)unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
B)insomnia
C)brain death
D)concussion

Question 25

Suppose a patient is fully conscious after waking from a coma, but is unable to move any part of her body except for her eyelids.This patient is experiencing

A)concussion.
B)locked-in syndrome.
C)hemineglect.
D)unresponsive wakefulness syndrome.

Question 26

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin?

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmic nuclei
C)reticular formation
D)substantia nigra

Question 27

In order to most effectively alter behavior, subliminal messages should target a person's

A)motivational state.
B)emotional state.
C)buying habits.
D)complex actions.

Question 28

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is most accurate?

A)Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.
B)The brain shuts down during sleep.
C)Complex thinking cannot occur during sleep.
D)Conscious experience of the outside world is mostly intact during sleep.

Question 29

Which of the following is true about concussions?

A)A concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury.
B)A concussion is considered a severe traumatic brain injury.
C)Concussions are relatively harmless.
D)Concussion symptoms usually last about 24 hours.

Question 30

Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A)pineal gland
B)occipital lobe
C)interstitial space
D)frontal cortex

Question 31

The SLEEPLESS gene regulates a protein that reduces in the brain.

A)dendritic spines
B)cell membrane thickness
C)myelination
D)action potentials

Question 32

Which of the following abilities is most impaired during sleep?

A)analyzing potential dangers
B)maintaining automatic bodily functions
C)experiencing conscious awareness
D)finding comfortable positions

Question 33

Suppose the shapes in an advertisement subtly spell out a positive word, which most people do not notice.The advertisers are using

A)change blindness.
B)the Stroop effect.
C)Freudian slips.
D)subliminal perception.

Question 34

A Freudian slip is presumed to be an)

A)conscious thought that was verbally misleading.
B)conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.
C)unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.
D)unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later.

Question 35

Which of the following statements would be consistent with the global workspace model?

A)A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his blindness.
B)A person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part.
C)If a person cannot see something, she does not believe it exists.
D)If a person cannot see something, he does not feel compelled to search for it.

Question 36

Which of the following interferes with normal circadian rhythms?

A)melatonin
B)jet lag
C)naturally changing light levels
D)sleep

Question 37

A person in a coma

A)is unable to process external stimuli.
B)can still process external stimuli.
C)may or may not be able to process external stimuli.
D)can usually still communicate through brain activity.

Question 38

According to the model, consciousness should be a function of .

A)sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas
B)sensory neglect; which brain circuits are active
C)global workspace; which brain circuits are active
D)global workspace; the level of arousal

Question 39

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness?

A)Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if they are experienced unconsciously.
B)Unconscious dreams are the only form of the subconscious that is capable of influencing our thoughts and actions.
C)Unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions.
D)It is impossible to study the effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness.

Question 40

Which of the following provides the strongest support for the global workspace model?

A)A patient realizes she is blind after an eye injury.
B)A hemineglect patient is not aware that she is missing part of the visual world.
C)A hemineglect patient is aware that she is missing part of the visual world.
D)A patient does not realize she is blind after an eye injury.

Question 41

Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep?

A)reduced brain activity
B)involuntary muscle contractions
C)dreaming
D)delta waves

Question 42

REM sleep is paradoxical because

A)the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
B)the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive.
C)the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D)dreams occur more often during REM sleep than during other sleep stages.

Question 43

As you get older, you have fewer less) during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A)sleep spindles
B)delta waves
C)K-complexes
D)synchronization

Question 44

Suppose you have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes.What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

A)slow-wave sleep
B)theta-wave sleep
C)K-complex sleep
D)REM sleep

Question 45

How do successive REM periods change as the night progresses?

A)Successive REM periods become shorter.
B)Successive REM periods become longer.
C)Successive REM periods are less likely to involve dreaming.
D)Successive REM periods are more likely to involve dreaming.

Question 46

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A)The person is not really asleep.
B)The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active.
C)The person has no awareness of being asleep.
D)The person is both awake and asleep at the same time.

Question 47

Suppose you want to test if some of your dreams are mundane.To check this, you should ask a friend to wake you during

A)REM sleep.
B)non-REM sleep.
C)stage 1 sleep.
D)slow-wave sleep.

Question 48

In order to remember your dreams, you decide to have a friend wake you up when you are likely to be dreaming.To maximize the chance of this happening, your friend should wake you up

A)after 15 minutes.
B)after 45 minutes.
C)after 90 minutes.
D)after 3 hours.

Question 49

You find your friend sleeping and wake her up, but she denies she was sleeping.Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)REM

Question 50

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG reading?

A)beta waves
B)alpha waves
C)theta waves
D)sleep spindles

Question 51

If you were given an EEG while you were awake and alert, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A)beta waves
B)alpha waves
C)theta waves
D)sleep spindles

Question 52

According to modern research, which of the following influences) the content of dreams?

A)hidden conflicts
B)prefrontal cortex
C)motor cortex
D)daily experiences

Question 53

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely

A)awake.
B)in stage 1 sleep.
C)in stage 4 sleep.
D)in stage 2 sleep.

Question 54

The deactivation of during sleep likely contributes to the delusional and illogical aspects of dreams.

A)REM
B)the amygdala
C)the prefrontal cortex
D)neural activity

Question 55

In which of the following stages of sleep can a person can be easily awakened?

A)stage 2
B)stage 3
C)stage 1
D)REM

Question 56

Which of the following is true about non-REM sleep and dreams?

A)Dreams only occur during non-REM sleep.
B)Dreams do not occur during non-REM sleep.
C)Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be mundane.
D)Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.

Question 57

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A)REM
B)stage 4
C)stage 3
D)stage 2

Question 58

What brain regions) have been linked to narcolepsy?

A)motor cortex
B)parietal lobe and spinal cord
C)temporal lobe and frontal lobe
D)hypothalamus

Question 59

Which of the following is true about REM and dreams?

A)Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
B)Dreams do not occur during REM sleep.
C)Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be mundane.
D)Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.

Question 60

Sleep spindles are indicative of which stage of sleep?

A)stage 2
B)stage 1
C)REM
D)stage 4

Question 61

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability, and she mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep.What condition might your friend have?

A)dementia
B)insomnia
C)melatonin
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 62

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?

A)chronic insomnia
B)depression
C)hypertension
D)ADHD

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT likely a purpose of sleep?

A)strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning
B)consolidation of information
C)maintenance and strengthening of the immune system
D)reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

Question 64

If your brain was a building, sleep would play the role of the

A)manager.
B)janitor.
C)security guard.
D)decorator.

Question 65

Which of the following is closest to being the opposite of narcolepsy?

A)insomnia
B)REM behavior disorder
C)sleep apnea
D)somnambulism

Question 66

After a period of sleep deprivation, you would expect a person to exhibit

A)microsleeps.
B)macrosleeps.
C)microwakes.
D)macrowakes.

Question 67

Suppose your friend has been sleep deprived for two straight days.You would expect him to be impaired on

A)lifting heavy weights.
B)mundane tasks.
C)complex tasks.
D)athletic ability.

Question 68

Occasionally, Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer.Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder?

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 69

Your friend has a young child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look.The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning.Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder.Based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child most likely

A)has narcolepsy and should be seen immediately by a physician.
B)has an REM behavior disorder, and this could be very dangerous.
C)is sleepwalking, and this condition is not typical for her age group.
D)is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group.

Question 70

Which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?

A)monkey
B)shark
C)human
D)dolphin

Question 71

Which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to sleep?

A)insomnia
B)sleep apnea
C)narcolepsy
D)night terrors

Question 72

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?

A)drug therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy CBT)
B)drug therapy alone
C)cognitive-behavioral therapy CBT) alone
D)There is no treatment for insomnia.

Question 73

Circadian rhythms can best be described as

A)special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood.
B)the rise and fall of the sun each day.
C)biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle.
D)the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns.

Question 74

The restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena?

A)plasticity
B)sleep
C)hormone balance
D)exercise

Question 75

Which of the following is a major cause of insomnia?

A)disrupted sleep cycles
B)altered theta waves
C)narcolepsy
D)worrying about sleep

Question 76

Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia?

A)a younger woman
B)an older woman
C)a younger man
D)an older man

Question 77

Which of the following is an adaptive function of sleep?

A)reducing depression
B)facilitation of learning
C)synchronizing eye movements
D)increasing somnambulism

Question 78

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra 4 hours after running a marathon?

A)circadian rhythms theory
B)facilitation of learning theory
C)restorative theory
D)paradoxical theory

Question 79

Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of receptors in the brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of .

A)serotonin; depression
B)dopamine; insomnia
C)norepinephrine; Alzheimer's
D)marijuana; stress

Question 80

Evan stops breathing for short periods of time while he is asleep.Because of this, he is given a device that blows air into his nose at night to compensate for his lowered oxygen levels and sleep disruption during these episodes.It is likely that Evan has

A)obstructive sleep apnea.
B)sleep apraxia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.