Deck 3: Biology and Behaviour

Question 1

The brain and the spinal cord make up the nervous system.

A)central
B)peripheral
C)primary
D)autonomic

Answer 1

A

Question 2

neurons detect information from the outside world and pass the information to the brain via the spinal cord.

A)Sensory
B)Motor
C)Spinal
D)Glial

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the text, a reflex is an)

A)preplanned action.
B)electrical communication between neurons.
C)chemical communication between neurons.
D)automatic motor response.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The central nervous system CNS) consists of the

A)brain and spinal cord.
B)somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
C)sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
D)central and peripheral nervous systems.

Question 5

In the nervous system, cells called receive, integrate, and transmit information.

A)axons
B)neurons
C)dendrites
D)glial cells

Question 6

The basic building blocks of the nervous system are the

A)neurons.
B)synapses.
C)dendrites.
D)glial cells.

Question 7

What are the branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from other neurons?

A)axons
B)synapses
C)cell bodies
D)dendrites

Question 8

Our body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, also called

A)neurotransmitters.
B)neurons.
C)axons.
D)genomes.

Question 9

Thara's roommate has been complaining about having a "pinched nerve" from moving some furniture.What is she likely referring to as a nerve?

A)a single axon from a portion of her back to her spinal cord
B)a neuron that is part of her spinal cord
C)a bundle of axons from some nerves in her back
D)a neuron that connects to the pain center in her spine

Question 10

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the

A)axons.
B)cell body.
C)dendrites.
D)terminal buttons.

Question 11

In the nervous system, each neuron communicates

A)with one or two other neurons.
B)with a random subset of the other neurons.
C)selectively with many other neurons.
D)with all the other neurons in the nervous system.

Question 12

Which of the following parts of a neuron integrates information from other neurons?

A)axon
B)synapse
C)cell body
D)dendrite

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?

A)dendrite
B)cell body
C)terminal button
D)interneuron

Question 14

Axons

A)transmit nerve impulses to terminal buttons and vary in length.
B)are always bundled with other axons to form nerves and are individually very short in length.
C)vary in length depending on whether they send or receive information.
D)are uniform in size throughout the body though capable of serving different functions.

Question 15

Neurons outside the brain and the spinal cord are part of the nervous system.

A)secondary
B)peripheral
C)central
D)auxiliary

Question 16

A neuron without dendrites is most similar to

A)a computer without a mouse.
B)a telephone that cannot receive incoming calls.
C)a light with no "off" switch.
D)a car that cannot go faster than 60 mph.

Question 17

The spinal cord is part of the nervous system.

A)sensory
B)peripheral
C)somatic
D)central

Question 18

What part of the neuron releases chemical signals?

A)axon
B)terminal buttons
C)cell body
D)dendrite

Question 19

neurons direct muscles to contract or relax.

A)Reflex
B)Spinal
C)Musculoskeletal
D)Motor

Question 20

Imagine that scientists have developed an experimental medication that completely blocks the sensation of pain.This medication most likely targets

A)the amygdala.
B)the autonomic nervous system.
C)interneurons.
D)somatosensory nerves.

Question 21

The nodes of Ranvier are

A)unmyelinated portions of an axon.
B)the bulblike endings of axons.
C)receptor sites on dendrites.
D)myelinated portions of an axon.

Question 22

What is the state of the electrical charge when a neuron is at resting potential?

A)Inside the neuron is more positive than outside the neuron.
B)Inside the neuron is more negative than outside the neuron.
C)Both the inside and outside of the neuron are of equal electrical charge.
D)The inside of the neuron is hyperpolarized.

Question 23

If your house was "selectively permeable" like a neuron, which of the following situations would be most likely?

A)Everyone would be welcome to enter.
B)All the doors would be open.
C)Only certain people would be allowed inside.
D)No one would be allowed to leave.

Question 24

Imagine it takes a 100 mV depolarization change to produce an action potential.Which of the following should result in an action potential?

A)inhibitory signals equaling approximately 110 mV
B)excitatory signals equaling 75 mV plus inhibitory signals equaling 25 mV
C)excitatory signals equaling 110 mV
D)inhibitory signals equaling 75 mV plus excitatory signals equaling 25 mV

Question 25

Movement of the action potential occurs

A)along the axon at the nodes of Ranvier.
B)along the dendrites at the nodes of Ranvier.
C)between neurons at the synapse.
D)on the cell body.

Question 26

Why are the nodes of Ranvier important structures for neural firing?

A)They release neurotransmitters.
B)They are involved in reuptake.
C)They are the receptor sites for binding with neurotransmitters.
D)They are areas along the axon that speed transmission.

Question 27

Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which a signal generally travels through a neuron?

A)dendrite; soma; axon; terminal buttons
B)terminal buttons; axon; cell body; dendrite
C)cell body; dendrite; axon; terminal buttons
D)dendrite; axon; cell body; terminal buttons

Question 28

A myelin sheath is like the

A)tuning dial of a radio.
B)insulation of a wire.
C)layers of a cake.
D)thermostat of a heater.

Question 29

Another term for neuron firing is

A)action potential.
B)somatic potential.
C)resting membrane potential.
D)ion potential.

Question 30

If you had a disorder that caused neurons to demyelinate, this would initially cause

A)neurons to immediately begin to die.
B)dendrites to proliferate excessively.
C)the insulation of the axon to deteriorate.
D)a decreased number of nodes of Ranvier.

Question 31

A synapse is a

A)chemical.
B)joint.
C)signal.
D)gap.

Question 32

The neural impulse, or , is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

A)action potential
B)resting membrane potential
C)neurotransmitters
D)all-or-none principle

Question 33

When not active, neurons have a negative electrical charge.This is referred to as the

A)action potential.
B)resting membrane potential.
C)all-or-none principle.
D)electron principle.

Question 34

Excitatory signals are , whereas inhibitory signals are .

A)depolarizing; hyperpolarizing
B)hypopolarizing; hyperpolarizing
C)hyperpolarizing; depolarizing
D)depolarizing; depolarizing

Question 35

What allows the movement of sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron to cause firing?

A)gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall
B)changes in the chemical structure of the ions
C)changes in the charge of the ions
D)refraction

Question 36

The part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is called the

A)dendrite.
B)cell body.
C)axon.
D)terminal button.

Question 37

The two types of ions that control neuron firing are and .

A)nitrogen; calcium
B)calcium; sodium
C)sodium; potassium
D)potassium; magnesium

Question 38

Inhibitory signals polarization, the likelihood of an action potential.

A)decrease; decreasing
B)decrease; increasing
C)increase; decreasing
D)increase; increasing

Question 39

An action potential traveling along an axon is similar to which of the following types of movement?

A)skipping
B)crawling
C)running laps
D)driving on a road

Question 40

The captures) the incoming chemical signal while the releases) the chemical signal.

A)terminal buttons; dendrites
B)dendrites; terminal buttons
C)dendrites; axon
D)axon; terminal buttons

Question 41

Chemical substances that carry messages directly from one neuron to the next are called

A)agonists.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)enzymes.
D)hormones.

Question 42

What happens when the action potential reaches the terminal button?

A)The signal terminates, or ends.
B)The signal causes the vesicles to release neurotransmitters.
C)The terminal button sends it down the axon.
D)The signal causes reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse.

Question 43

Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called

A)antagonists.
B)agonists.
C)acetylcholines.
D)reuptake inhibitors.

Question 44

A medication that blocks the reuptake of serotonin will lead to

A)more serotonin in the synapse.
B)less serotonin in the synapse.
C)more serotonin in the axon.
D)less serotonin in the axon.

Question 45

You cannot fire a gun softly or flush a toilet halfway.Like an action potential, gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the principle.

A)on-or-off
B)this-or-that
C)binary response
D)all-or-none

Question 46

Imagine you are part of the chain of activity on a production line.Your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an antagonist.What would she be implying?

A)that you interfere with production
B)that you speed up production
C)that you take stuff out of the process that is defective
D)that you sleep on the job, doing nothing

Question 47

An overdose of an acetylcholine antagonist is most likely to produce

A)fatigue.
B)paralysis.
C)impulsiveness.
D)anxiety.

Question 48

Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their receptor sites are called

A)antagonists.
B)agonists.
C)acetylcholines.
D)selective inhibitors.

Question 49

Another way to think of agonists and antagonists, with respect to their involvement in the actions of neurotransmitters, is that agonists , whereas antagonists the action of neurotransmitters.

A)help; hinder
B)hinder; help
C)alter; maintain
D)maintain; alter

Question 50

Suppose scientists develop a new, highly addictive drug called PxH.Based on what you know about the effect of drugs on neural activity, which of the following is most likely to be true about PxH?

A)PxH can be distinguished from naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the synapse.
B)PxH permanently disables the production of new neurotransmitters.
C)PxH operates via mechanisms that are independent from neurotransmitters.
D)PxH mimics neurotransmitters and binds to receptors.

Question 51

Joyce is experiencing tremors, muscular rigidity, cognitive disturbances, and mood disturbances.Which of the following is most likely to improve Joyce's condition?

A)epinephrine
B)L-DOPA
C)SSRI
D)endorphins

Question 52

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A)Terminal buttons plug into receptor sites on adjacent dendrites.
B)Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite.
C)Electric signals jump across the synapse to the adjacent neuron.
D)Chemicals released into the synapse are converted to neurotransmitters that bind with receptors.

Question 53

What is the term for the neurons on the receiving side of a synapse?

A)postsynaptic neurons
B)presynaptic neurons
C)interneurons
D)excitatory neurons

Question 54

Antagonistic drugs the availability of neurotransmitters, whereas agonistic drugs the availability of neurotransmitters.

A)increase; decrease
B)decrease; increase
C)eliminate; block
D)block; eliminate

Question 55

Needing a certain key to open the front door of your house is analogous to the

A)randomness of neural activation.
B)unique chemical structure of a neurotransmitter that fits certain receptor sites.
C)neurotransmitters that carry a secret code to neurons.
D)activity log that the nervous system maintains.

Question 56

Cocaine causes dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would, therefore inhibiting the of dopamine.

A)recycling
B)reabsorption
C)reuse
D)reuptake

Question 57

There are three events that can terminate a neurotransmitter's influence in the synapse.Which of the following is NOT one of these events?

A)The neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron.
B)Enzymes in the synapse destroy the neurotransmitter.
C)Autoreceptors signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing neurotransmitter.
D)The neurotransmitter alters its structure after release from the synaptic vesicle.

Question 58

Imagine you are part of the chain of activity on a production line.Your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an agonist.What would he be implying?

A)that you completely halt production
B)that you interfere with production
C)that you take stuff out of the process that is defective
D)that you facilitate production

Question 59

What is the term for the neurons on the sending side of a synapse?

A)postsynaptic neurons
B)presynaptic neurons
C)interneurons
D)excitatory neurons

Question 60

Drugs affect neural communication in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A)blocking reuptake.
B)blocking receptors.
C)destroying neurotransmitters.
D)eliminating the need for action potentials.

Question 61

Drugs that treat make serotonin more available by blocking reuptake.

A)motor disturbances
B)memory disturbances and hallucinations
C)obsessive-compulsive disorders and depression
D)pain and somatic sensitivity

Question 62

Which of the following is a part of the brain stem?

A)pons
B)thalamus
C)forebrain
D)cerebellum

Question 63

Although alcohol may make people feel outgoing, it inhibits the nervous system by increasing the binding of

A)GABA.
B)epinephrine.
C)serotonin.
D)glutamate.

Question 64

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is

A)epinephrine.
B)norepinephrine.
C)acetylcholine.
D)dopamine.

Question 65

Narcotics, such as heroin and morphine, are probably rapidly addictive because they

A)block neural transmission.
B)cause a placebo effect.
C)cause the release of GABA.
D)bind to endorphin receptors.

Question 66

Drugs that enhance the effects of GABA

A)are used to treat depression.
B)affect the location of reception.
C)are used to treat anxiety disorders.
D)may cause seizures and hallucinations.

Question 67

Which of the following groups identifies structures in the brain stem?

A)medulla, thalamus, amygdala
B)reticular formation, thalamus, amygdala
C)medulla, thalamus, reticular formation
D)medulla, pons, reticular formation

Question 68

The effect of the botulism toxin also known as Botox) on acetylcholine is to

A)increase the amount of acetylcholine available.
B)inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons.
C)destroy acetylcholine within the synapse.
D)prevent the production of acetylcholine in the vesicles.

Question 69

Unlike a full set of electroencephalograms, examining event-related potentials means that an investigator is looking at

A)average neural responses to an event.
B)the relatedness between different cognitive states.
C)electrical potentials.
D)multiple recordings.

Question 70

The phrase adrenaline rush refers to the action of the neurotransmitter

A)dopamine.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)epinephrine.

Question 71

Regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters

A)are very specific, with a separate neurotransmitter for each behavior.
B)may affect a variety of behaviors depending on the size of the action potential produced.
C)influence behavior through the function of a particular postsynaptic neuron.
D)convert enzymes at particular synapses.

Question 72

Since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning, we would assume it is an)

A)agonist.
B)antagonist.
C)substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors.
D)toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors.

Question 73

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be most involved in enabling nerves that connect with muscles as you raise your arms above your head?

A)acetylcholine
B)epinephrine
C)serotonin
D)norepinephrine

Question 74

James experienced a brain injury and now he can only say one word.James's injury most likely occurred in

A)the medulla oblongata.
B)the motor cortex.
C)the brainstem.
D)Broca's area.

Question 75

Suppose you wish to examine the structure of a person's brain.Given the choice, you should use

A)electrophysiology.
B)positron emission tomography.
C)magnetic resonance imaging.
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Question 76

GABA is to glutamate as is to .

A)control; out of control
B)inhibit; excite
C)arouse; paralyze
D)awake; asleep

Question 77

Penny consumes a recreational drug, and then finds that she is extremely sensitive to what is going on around her-too vigilant, in fact.The drug Penny consumed seems to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter

A)serotonin.
B)GABA.
C)norepinephrine.
D)glutamate.

Question 78

In the brain of someone who suffers from Parkinson's disease, what is happening to the neurons involved with dopamine activity?

A)They are dying off.
B)They are overproducing dopamine.
C)They are blocked for reuptake.
D)They are rapidly multiplying.

Question 79

Which brain stem structure influences the sleep cycle, as well as general alertness?

A)reticular formation
B)amygdala
C)cerebellum
D)medulla

Question 80

Since nicotine increases acetylcholine functioning, we can assume it is an)

A)agonist.
B)antagonist.
C)substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors.
D)toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors.