Deck 5: Individual Differences and Special Educational Needs

Question 1

If we consider both Gardner's and Sternberg's views of intelligence, we would be most likely to conclude that:

A)We can bring about dramatic improvements in students' IQs in a year or two if we provide a stimulating classroom environment.
B)Regardless of cultural background, students with high intelligence will do well in school.
C)Many of our students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another.
D)Students who are fluent in two or three languages will be more intelligent than students who are fluent in only one.

Answer 1

Many of our students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another.

Question 2

"A child's ability to behave intelligently may vary considerably depending on the particular context, skills, and cognitive processes required by a given task." This statement is consistent with three of the following conceptualizations of intelligence.With which one is it least consistent?

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory
B)Cattell's concept of fluid intelligence
C)The concept of distributed intelligence
D)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 2

Cattell's concept of fluid intelligence

Question 3

Different cultural groups have different views about what intelligence includes.Which view are you least likely to encounter in your discussions with people from diverse cultures.

A)Intelligence partly involves how effectively one can work with other people.
B)Intelligence partly involves acquiring strong reading and writing skills.
C)Intelligence partly involves how much physical strength one has.
D)Intelligence partly involves demonstrating honorable moral values.

Answer 3

Intelligence partly involves how much physical strength one has.

Question 4

Which one of the following teachers is using a strategy that reflects the concept of distributed intelligence?

A)Mr.Arvis encourages his students to use their calculators when solving algebraic word problems.
B)Mr.Baker asks students to exchange and grade one another's homework assignments.
C)Mr.Chinn gives easy writing assignments at the beginning of the year and raises his expectations as the school year progresses.
D)Mr.Devlin encourages his students to relate what they are learning in social studies to their own personal experiences.

Question 5

Which one of the following is a correct interpretation of a high school student's IQ score of 115?

A)The student has performed better on an intelligence test than the majority of students of the same age.
B)The score will remain constant for that student for a period of at least three to four years.
C)The student has acquired 84% of the average adult's intellectual capabilities.
D)The student is probably not "college material."

Question 6

Four high school teachers have just learned that Ralph, one of their students, has scored extremely well on an intelligence test.Which teacher appears to believe in Spearman's concept of g in intelligence?

A)Mr.Hudson says, "No wonder Ralph performs consistently well in all of his classes!"
B)Ms.Crawford says, "Ralph is an exceptional writer, but from what I've observed, his math skills are only average."
C)Ms.Wyman says, "I agree that Ralph writes very well, but his spelling is atrocious."
D)Mr.Grant says, "Ralph has trouble remembering basic math facts, but he's very good when it comes to solving challenging math problems."

Question 7

A fourth-grade teacher says, "All of my students have strengths in certain areas.For example, some of them are really good at solving math problems.Others are really fast readers.Still others have a marvelous ability to make connections among seemingly very different ideas.And a couple of them are 'walking encyclopedias' of facts about the world." With which one of the following theoretical perspectives is the teacher's statement most consistent?

A)Distributed intelligence
B)Gardner's multiple intelligences
C)Spearman's general factor in intelligence
D)The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities

Question 8

Marissa seems to be a "born leader." As president of the school service club, she can often persuade her classmates to get involved in school and community service activities.Given this information, we could conclude that Marissa has a strength in which one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

A)Spatial
B)Naturalistic
C)Bodily-kinesthetic
D)Interpersonal

Question 9

Which one of the following statements best reflects most developmental theorists' current views about the relative impacts of heredity and environment on intellectual development?

A)Heredity clearly has a greater influence.
B)Environment clearly has a greater influence.
C)Favorable environmental conditions are most important for children who are born with high genetic potential.
D)Determining the relative effects of heredity versus environment may ultimately be impossible.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A)Intelligent behavior is a function of how well people draw on their prior experiences and cognitively process information in order to adapt to their particular environmental situation.
B)Intelligence is due to heredity, environment, and a complex interaction between the two; ultimately, researchers will probably never be able to separate the relative effects of heredity and environment.
C)Intelligent behavior evolves in three stages: preoperational thought, concrete thought, and abstract thought.
D)To be truly intelligent, one must show competence in critical thinking and appropriate classroom behavior as well as in traditional academic tasks.

Question 11

Robert is a 15-year-old boy who has attended U.S.schools since he began kindergarten at age 5.With this fact in mind, identify the task that is most likely to require Robert's fluid intelligence rather than his crystallized intelligence.

A)Finding Egypt on a map
B)Solving a new kind of puzzle
C)Applying algebra to a mathematical word problem
D)Writing a persuasive essay on a current issue in the news

Question 12

Psychologists believe that intelligence is culture-specific-that "intelligent" behavior in one culture is not necessarily intelligent behavior in a different culture.Three of the following are aspects of intelligence regardless of the culture in which it is found.Which one is probably related to intelligence in some cultures but not in others?

A)Applying prior knowledge to new situations
B)Doing well in academic classroom activities
C)Learning how to perform a new task quickly
D)Adapting readily to new situations

Question 13

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between IQ scores and classroom performance?

A)IQ scores obtained in the early elementary years are excellent predictors of high school success.
B)On average, students with higher IQ scores do better in school than students with lower IQ scores.
C)Students with IQ scores above 110 perform better when they are placed one or two grade levels ahead of where their age-mates are.
D)Because intelligence tests measure inherited potential, IQ scores are unrelated to school achievement, which is influenced primarily by environmental factors.

Question 14

Which one of the following statements most accurately reflects the concept of distributed intelligence?

A)How intelligent children become is, to some extent, a function of the number of siblings they have; children from larger families tend to have slightly lower IQ scores.
B)How intelligent students are is, to some extent, a function of class size; students achieve at lower levels when they are in larger classes.
C)Students almost invariably perform at higher levels in some academic subject areas than they do in others.
D)Students can behave more intelligently when they can use outside resources as well as their minds.

Question 15

Which one of the following is a true statement about IQ scores?

A)They are calculated from this formula: MA/CA)x 100.
B)They are calculated from this formula: CA/MA)x 100.
C)They reflect the percentage of typical adult-level intelligence that a person has acquired.
D)They are derived from comparisons with the test performance of others.

Question 16

Sam is a very talented dancer; he also shows considerable creativity in art class.He finds math and science classes very difficult, but he loves to read and tell stories to his many friends.Which view of intelligence is best reflected in Sam's abilities?

A)Distributed intelligence
B)Sternberg's triarchic theory
C)Gardner's multiple intelligences
D)Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Question 17

Three of the following statements about the effects of heredity and/or environment on intelligence are accurate.Which one is not accurate?

A)Children tend to get higher IQ scores when they attend school regularly.
B)Poor nutrition in the early years can adversely affect children's cognitive development.
C)Biologists working in the Human Genome Project have recently identified the chromosome that carries the "intelligence" gene.
D)On average, children's performance on intelligence tests has risen around the world, suggesting that improvements in environmental conditions enhance IQ.

Question 18

Lily is 10 years old.She gets a score of 97 on an IQ test.What does this tell us about her intellectual ability?

A)Lily must be a very smart girl-100 is a perfect score.
B)Lily is brighter than almost two-thirds of her age-mates, as IQ scores go up to about 150.
C)Lily's score is in the bottom fifth of the population.
D)Lily's score is about average for her age-group.

Question 19

The teacher of a sixth-grade class is concerned about the poor academic performance of a 12-year-old student named Nancy.The teacher looks through Nancy's school records and discovers that Nancy got an IQ score of 80 when she took an intelligence test in preschool.Considering the textbook's discussion of IQ scores, the teacher should conclude that:

A)Nancy's IQ is mostly an inherited characteristic, so there is little the teacher can do to improve her learning potential.
B)Nancy's IQ is largely the result of environmental conditions; given proper stimulation, instruction, and curricular materials, it can probably be raised as much as 30 points over the next school year.
C)Nancy's IQ score in preschool is not necessarily a good reflection of her capability in sixth grade.
D)Nancy may still be at Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Question 20

Judging from what you have learned about how intelligence is typically measured, which one of the following would you be least likely to find on an intelligence test?

A)How many friends do you have?
B)What does the word candid mean?
C)In what way are a tree and a flower alike?
D)What should you do if you see someone trying to break into a neighbor's house?

Question 21

IDEA's requirement that students with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment means that:

A)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as they can do the same work that is assigned to everyone else and as long as they do not exhibit behavior problems.
B)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as they do not pose a danger to themselves or others and as long as, given specially adapted instruction, they are able to make reasonable progress toward their educational goals.
C)Students with emotional and behavioral disorders should not be put in physical restraints, except as a last resort.
D)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as their presence does not restrict the progress of their peers.

Question 22

The practice of inclusion involves which one of the following?

A)Keeping students with disabilities together in one class so they can take part in all of their classroom's activities.
B)Selecting high-achieving students to help with the instruction of special needs students.
C)Educating all students, including those with special needs, in the general education classroom.
D)Incorporating instruction in social skills into the regular classroom curriculum.

Question 23

A student with special needs is guaranteed an individualized education program.Who among the following individuals is least likely to be involved in developing this program?

A)The student's parents
B)The student's classroom teacher
C)A specialist in the student's area of need
D)A representative from the district superintendent's office

Question 24

Which one of the following best illustrates an analytic cognitive style?

A)Jumping to conclusions quickly and accurately
B)Finding triangle shapes hidden within a complex picture
C)Completing seatwork without having to be reminded or prodded
D)Focusing on the overall "whole" of a diagram, with little attention to its specific parts

Question 25

In which pair of students do we see a distinct difference in cognitive style?

A)Abby does her assigned readings only if she knows she will be tested on them.In contrast, Adam reads every assignment because he finds the subject matter fascinating.
B)Bill tries hard to do his best at everything.In contrast, Beth works only at tasks that come easily to her.
C)Cara enjoys every minute that she is at school and approaches each new classroom activity with enthusiasm.In contrast, Connor sits at the back of the classroom uninvolved and mumbling under his breath that every activity is "stupid."
D)During a lecture, David learns more from what the teacher says, whereas Donna can more easily remember the pictures and diagrams the teacher presents.

Question 26

Ms.Webster tells students, "The author of our history textbook knows what he's talking about.He's a well-respected scholar whose specialty is the period we're reading about this month: colonial America." Although such a statement might certainly be beneficial in some respects, it has which one of the following drawbacks?

A)His statement is unlikely to foster the disposition to critically evaluate textbook content.
B)He is discouraging students with a predominantly verbal cognitive style to read the textbook.
C)Making sense of the statement depends almost exclusively on what Sternberg calls "practical intelligence."
D)Making sense of the statement depends almost exclusively on only two of Gardner's multiple intelligences: interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

Question 27

In which one of the following ways are students with special needs different from their classmates?

A)A student with special needs is any student who learns best when classroom instruction is adapted to accommodate his or her existing ability levels.
B)There is a typical profile of academic, social and physical strengths and weaknesses for students at a particular grade level, and students with special needs are those who don't fit that profile.
C)Students with special needs are students who cannot reach their full potential in a general education classroom unless special instructional modifications are made.
D)Students with special needs are students whose classroom behaviors are noticeably different from those of their classmates.

Question 28

In the United States, Public Law 94-142, also known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA), provides several specific guarantees for students with disabilities.Which of the following is not one of the PL 94-142's guarantees?

A)A fair, nondiscriminatory evaluation is conducted to determine a student's specific educational needs.
B)Instruction is tailored to meet a student's unique educational needs.
C)Educational decisions are made by a multidisciplinary team.
D)A student's education must occur entirely within the regular classroom.

Question 29

Three of the following are dispositions that theorists have described.Which one would not be considered a disposition as psychologists typically use the term?

A)Anne has been afraid of snakes since she was a toddler.
B)Barry enjoys logic puzzles, mathematical brainteasers, and other logically challenging tasks.
C)Calvin refuses to take another person's word for something; he always insists that the person back up an idea or opinion with convincing evidence.
D)Drew likes to hear several perspectives on an issue before reaching a conclusion about it.

Question 30

Three of the following are accurate statements about the limitations of intelligence tests.Which one is not an accurate statement?

A)The tests focus more on the kinds of things females are likely to know and so are biased against males.
B)The tests focus on skills important in mainstream Western culture and ignore some skills more important in other cultures.
C)Different tests may yield somewhat different scores for any particular student.
D)The tests may underestimate the intelligence of students who have only limited knowledge of English.

Question 31

Juliana is a five-year-old who is paralyzed from the neck down and cannot speak.To act in accordance with IDEA's concept of a free and appropriate education, her local school district:

A)Probably will not enroll Juliana because she cannot participate in school activities in a typical way, but it will pay for her enrollment in any private school that will accept her.
B)Should make sure its classrooms are wheelchair accessible, hire an aide to take care of Juliana's personal needs, and find ways to modify the curriculum so she can participate.
C)Will accept Juliana for enrollment, but because she cannot move or speak, she will not be expected to participate in classroom activities or follow an instructional plan.
D)Probably will not enroll Juliana, but if her parents want to teach her at home, the school will provide them with textbooks and other materials.

Question 32

Which example best illustrates the idea of least restrictive environment?

A)Jerry, who uses a wheelchair, is educated in a classroom with no desks or other furniture to constrain his movement around the room.
B)Rudy, who has emotional and behavioral problems, is allowed to attend classes or not, as he wishes.
C)Kevin, who has a hearing impairment, receives education in a class where there are no grades, achievement requirements, or other limits on his freedom.
D)Sheila, who is visually impaired, attends a general education class but has special copies of the textbooks written in Braille.

Question 33

Two years ago Sean took an intelligence test and earned a score of 99.Recently he took the same test and earned a score of 102.Yet at school Sean earns straight-A grades, and his teachers consider him to be an outstanding student.Given what you've learned about intelligence tests and IQ scores, choose the most likely explanation for the apparent discrepancy between Sean's IQ score and school performance.

A)Sean probably gets support for academic achievement from family and friends and is motivated to do well at school.
B)School grades are notoriously poor measures of school achievement; Sean's IQ scores are better indicators of what he has learned at school.
C)Sean must have been feeling poorly both times that he took the test, because IQ scores are generally very accurate predictors of children's school grades.
D)Intelligence tests and school grades measure such different abilities that the discrepancy does not require any explanation.

Question 34

Three of the following teachers are likely to promote productive cognitive styles or dispositions related to classroom subject matter.Which teacher is not likely to do so?

A)When talking about the Battle of Normandy during World War II, Ms.Black describes in vivid detail how the Allied forces planned and carried out the invasion.As she talks, she also presents a few maps and many photos to illustrate what happened.
B)In discussions of literature, Mr.Green reminds students that although they may initially have diverse opinions about a novel's underlying theme, they should ultimately agree on a single best way to interpret the novel.
C)In helping an especially impulsive student get ready for an upcoming districtwide achievement test, Mr.Brown gives her a few practice sessions with multiple- choice questions."As you read each new question," he says to her, "tell yourself this: 'I must look at all four choices before I mark an answer.' " He then has her apply this strategy to many practice multiple-choice items.
D)When introducing a new unit about outer space in her science class, Ms.White says, "Astronomers have found some truly fascinating things about the universe.You'll be especially amazed when we look at the nature of black holes.Imagine something with such a strong gravitational pull than even light can't escape it!"

Question 35

A student at an Inuit school in northern Canada is quite a chatterbox in the classroom; in fact, she is often found talking to a classmate when she should be working quietly.Based on their cultural beliefs, her Inuit teachers are likely to think that this student:

A)Has strong leadership skills
B)Has low intelligence
C)Has little respect for authority figures
D)Might benefit from special educational services for the gifted

Question 36

Which one of the following best illustrates inclusion as it is defined by special educators?

A)Amy, who has dramatic mood swings, joins a regular classroom on the days when she is well-behaved.
B)Alice, who has multiple physical disabilities, has a special classroom where she and a student with severe cerebral palsy are taught.
C)Alex, who has mental retardation, is taught in a general education classroom, where his teacher and a specialist both design and deliver instruction.
D)Andrew, who is deaf, joins a regular class when it goes to art and physical education.

Question 37

What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA)?

A)It ensures that all public schools comply with building codes that make them accessible to students with physical disabilities.
B)It provides funding for grants to schools that demonstrate excellence in their special education programs.
C)It guarantees an education to students with cognitive, emotional and physical disabilities and establishes educational policies for that purpose.
D)It declares that schools have a responsibility to educate all students about the civil rights of people with disabilities.

Question 38

The individualized education program of a special needs student typically has several components.With these components in mind, choose the statement that you are least likely to see in an IEP.

A)"The student has a tested IQ of 85."
B)"The student will successfully solve two-digit subtraction programs that require borrowing."
C)"The student will meet with the speech therapist for 30 minutes once a week."
D)"The student's progress will be assessed by teacher-written tests twice a month."

Question 39

Which one of the following is a legitimate reason for not relying solely on intelligence tests when identifying students who are gifted?

A)Because high achievement is a more important criterion than high intelligence when identifying giftedness, achievement test results are more relevant.
B)Because intelligence tests measure innate intelligence, children whose giftedness is due to an enriched environment may be overlooked.
C)Because it is so easy to get a high score on an IQ test, many nongifted children are apt to be erroneously identified as gifted.
D)Because traditional tests are based largely on mainstream Western culture, children from some ethnic minority groups may be overlooked.

Question 40

Which one of the following is the best example of a fair and nondiscriminatory evaluation, as defined by IDEA?

A)Greg's teachers are concerned that he is slow to learn the material that his classmates learn easily.They ask the school psychologist to administer an IQ test, and Greg scores a 65.On that basis, he is coded as having mild mental retardation so that he can begin receiving special services.
B)Niki has always had a tendency to get in trouble at school, but in eighth grade her behavior turns violent.She is often heard threatening classmates, and her teachers find her behavior impossible to manage.They believe that she probably has an emotional and behavioral disability.After reviewing her record of misconduct, the school administration agrees.
C)Brandon does well in most subject areas but is failing to master basic arithmetic.His teacher consults the special educator who assesses Brandon's abilities in math and related areas)and the school psychologist who administers an intelligence test).An interdisciplinary team meets to discuss Brandon's test results and classroom performance and determines that Brandon has a learning disability.
D)Holly seems inattentive and often fails to hear her teacher's instructions.Her teacher contacts her family, and Mother makes an appointment for Holly to see a hearing specialist.In the meantime, Holly is enrolled in the special education program so that she won't miss out on instruction while waiting for a diagnosis from the specialist.

Question 41

How can we best help students with speech and communication disorders?

A)By refraining from having them speak in front of their classmates, as doing so might embarrass them.
B)By calling on them more often than other students, so that they will get used to speaking in front of others.
C)By asking them to clarify any parts of a message that we don't understand.
D)By finishing their sentences for them if they begin to stutter.

Question 42

Which one of the following is most likely to indicate that a student has a possible emotional or behavioral disorder?

A)Betty's mind is often on her boyfriend rather than on classroom discussions.
B)Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he speaks to other students is to insult them.
C)Eliza sometimes forgets to do her homework assignments, even though she really likes her teacher and wants to please him.
D)Harrison is often more interested in talking with his friends than in paying attention to his teacher.

Question 43

Which one of the following students is most likely to be identified as having an emotional or behavioral disorder?

A)Lana, who has no friends and seems to be constantly depressed
B)Rory, who stutters whenever he has to speak in front of his classmates
C)Luke, who gets easily frustrated with his mathematics problems
D)Janeen, who is constantly misinterpreting spoken directions and so is seldom doing what she is supposed to be doing at any given time

Question 44

Which one of the following students is most likely to be classified as having a learning disability?

A)Marcus, who has trouble learning abstract information and cannot easily adapt to new situations
B)George, who gets average scores on intelligence tests but has difficulty with certain kinds of memory tasks and is well below average in reading and writing
C)Justine, who performs well on academic tasks but has a poor self-image and has difficulty behaving appropriately in the classroom
D)Melissa, who has no problem with reading and writing but refuses to speak out to answer questions in class

Question 45

Three of the following have been shown to be potential benefits of including students with special needs in general education classrooms.Which one has not necessarily been shown to be a benefit of inclusive practices?

A)Under some conditions, students have higher self-esteem.
B)Students develop better social skills.
C)Students' classroom behavior improves.
D)Parents become more involved in their children's education.

Question 46

Which one of the following scenarios illustrates response to intervention as a diagnostic tool for students who may have disabilities?

A)Rachel hasn't acquired even the most basic reading skills despite spending several weeks in small-group reading instruction that researchers have found to be effective for 98% of children her age.
B)Over a period of several days, Stephen is given a battery of tests in which he is asked to complete various tasks that make use of different sensory modalities- vision, hearing, touch, and so on.
C)One afternoon Rudy meets with the school psychologist, who tries to determine how much instruction and scaffolding he needs to acquire new skills related to reading, writing, and math.
D)Jewel's parents are asked to keep detailed records of the kinds of activities she engages in at home each day.Midway through this record-keeping process, a special education teacher gives her intensive instruction in visual perception skills.

Question 47

Three of the following children have been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Which one is least likely to have ADHD?

A)Eva daydreams in class a lot.She tends to stare at books without reading them, and her teacher often needs to repeat the same instructions several times.
B)Ben's favorite times of day are recess and gym because he enjoys physical activity.It's hard for him to sit still on rainy afternoons when he hasn't had a chance to burn off some energy, but he usually gets his assignments done.
C)Caroline turns her head toward every sound she hears.The sound of a pencil dropping catches her attention as easily as a fire alarm.Often she is so engrossed in listening to events in the hall or across the room that she does not hear someone speaking directly to her.
D)Martin rarely stays in his seat for more than 10 minutes, and his hands are always fidgeting with something.He needs frequent reminders to get back on task, and transitions to new activities are challenging for him.

Question 48

Mr.Jones is concerned about one of his students, Todd, who has recently been identified as having an emotional and behavioral disorder.Which one of the following is a good strategy for Mr.Jones to use with Todd?

A)Mr.Jones avoids talking to Todd about his problems.That's what the school psychologist is for, and besides, Todd might become too reliant on Mr.Jones for emotional support.
B)Because Todd exhibits defiant behavior, Mr.Jones takes every opportunity to exert his own authority in the classroom.It's the only way he can keep control of the situation and not lose credibility with the other students.
C)To appeal to Todd's interest in trains, Mr.Jones is developing the next history unit around the building of the first transcontinental railroad.
D)In order to reduce the number of conflicts Todd gets into in the classroom, Mr.Jones encourages other students to avoid interacting with Todd any more than necessary.

Question 49

Three of the following questions would be addressed in an individualized education plan.Which one would probably not be addressed?

A)Mr.Rodriguez knows that his son Rodney has a learning disability, and he knows that Rodney feels badly about not being as "smart" as his older sister.Rodney's frustrations about school are starting to put a strain on family dynamics.What can be done to improve Rodney's relationship with various members of his family?
B)Mr.Hansen is a new fourth-grade teacher this year.He isn't sure what to expect from any of the children in his class.How will he know how to make appropriate modifications for children with special needs while still challenging them to achieve all that they can?
C)Mrs.Dawson worries about her daughter, who has cerebral palsy and is now in high school.What kind of work will she be qualified to do, and how will she make the transition from a school environment to the outside world?
D)Mrs.Shaw knows that Courtney has some individual goals which are different from those toward which other children are working.How should she best evaluate Courtney's efforts toward her individualized goals, and how often should she update Courtney's parents on her progress?

Question 50

At the beginning of the school year, Ms.Greenlaw learns that she will have three students with learning disabilities in her classroom.She should expect that these three students will:

A)Benefit from auditory methods of instruction more than from visual methods
B)Benefit from visual methods of instruction more than from auditory methods
C)Require assistance with social skills as well as with academic skills
D)Require individualized instruction that is apt to be different for each student

Question 51

Three of the following examples illustrate specific strategies that can be effective in helping students with learning disabilities learn classroom material.Which strategy has not been shown to be effective with these children?

A)Josie's teacher gives her special memory tricks to help her remember how to spell certain words
B)Nattie's teacher looks at the errors Nattie makes when she solves long division problems for clues about what Nattie might be doing incorrectly.
C)Russell's teacher suggests that he listen to his favorite radio station while he studies for tomorrow's spelling test.
D)Vern's history teacher loans Vern a videotape that depicts some of the historical events about which the class is reading.
E)g., "The principal is my pal").

Question 52

Luther is an elementary school student who has a learning disability in reading.His motor skills are poor, and he has trouble staying on task.Based on the experience of most children with learning disabilities, what might you expect to happen when Luther reaches high school?

A)He will continue to exhibit poor motor skills, and this will prevent him from playing sports and participating in physical education.
B)His attention span and motor skills will improve, but his reading skills may be inadequate to understand many of his textbooks.
C)His reading skills will improve as a result of early intervention, but his attention span will still be as short as it was when he was in elementary school.
D)He will improve dramatically in all areas and probably will not require specialized instruction by the time he reaches high school.

Question 53

Only one of the following strategies is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for helping students with cognitive or academic difficulties succeed in the classroom.Which one is consistent?

A)At the end of each day, talk to students about the areas in which they did not succeed that day.Ask them to concentrate on improving in those areas tomorrow.
B)If students do not maintain a C average or better, keep them in during recess for extra instruction.
C)Spend time clarifying instructions and expectations, and check to make sure students know what they are supposed to do.
D)Maintain high expectations when it comes to reading.Challenge students who have reading difficulties to read the same materials as their peers; doing so will motivate them to improve their skills.

Question 54

Mrs.Fredericks has two students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in her class this year.She wants to make some changes to increase their chances for success.Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for students with ADHD.Which one is not?

A)Presenting challenging academic tasks relatively late in the school day.
B)Helping them establish a daily routine for completing classroom assignments.
C)Asking students to make eye contact with her whenever she gives instructions.
D)Reading a story to the class after lunch to help them settle down and regain their focus.

Question 55

Which one of the following students is exhibiting an externalizing behavior?

A)Tanya, who weighs 93 pounds but has stopped eating lunch and has cut back on other meals because she thinks she's too fat
B)Roberto, who has been overindulging in alcohol and making frequent comments about killing himself
C)Natasha, who has been unable to sleep through the night for months because she cannot stop worrying about her life
D)Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

Question 56

Which one of the following statements uses people-first language?

A)Carl is a mentally retarded fifth grader who has two older sisters.
B)Saloni loves fiction, but she has a learning disability that affects her ability to read.
C)Autistic children like Jeb need extra help in learning social skills.
D)Ms.Ravinsky has two learning-disabled children in her class.

Question 57

Three of the following children have a learning disability.Which one probably does not?

A)Ten-year-old Katrina has a good oral vocabulary, but when she writes she tends to omit many letters, even when spelling common words.
B)Fifteen-year-old Peter has trouble following oral directions.Unless he has them in writing, he gets them mixed up or forgets important steps.
C)Five-year-old Jodi spends hours trying to copy her older sister's drawings.No matter how she tries, Jodi's art lacks proportion and perspective.
D)Twelve-year-old Josh teases Sam about his new glasses.Sam grows silent and looks away but doesn't say anything.Later, Josh is quite surprised to find out that he has hurt Sam's feelings.

Question 58

Only one of the following statements is true about emotional and behavioral disorders.Which one is true?

A)If a student exhibits only internalizing behaviors rather than externalizing behaviors), she or he probably does not need to be evaluated for special services because she or he is not a danger to others.
B)It is possible to be genetically predisposed toward having an emotional or behavioral disorder yet not show signs of a disorder until adolescence.
C)There is a high dropout rate for students with emotional and behavioral disorders because they often come from families who make them work to support themselves at an early age.
D)Almost all emotional and behavioral disorders are due to environmental factors.

Question 59

Zack is a high school student with a speech disorder.Which one of the following characteristics is least likely to be associated with his disability?

A)Zack has difficulty with writing assignments.
B)Zack's reading skills are among the lowest in his class.
C)When asked to speak in front of a group, Zack blushes and looks uncomfortable.
D)Zack shows no interest in contemporary music; in fact, he doesn't even listen to the radio.

Question 60

Students with learning disabilities may have difficulty in three of the following areas.In which area do they not experience particular difficulty?

A)Finding corrective lenses glasses)that provide 20/20 vision
B)Understanding the subtle social signals that others send them
C)Understanding and remembering what other people tell them
D)Paying attention

Question 61

You have referred four students to the school psychologist for evaluation.Which one is the psychologist most likely to identify as having an intellectual disability?

A)Matthew has difficulty in math but performs at grade level in reading and spelling.
B)Wanda is hyperactive and frequently expresses her boredom with class material.
C)Mark is a low achiever in all areas; he is a leader of a local neighborhood gang.
D)Lacy shows low achievement in all areas and prefers to play with younger children.

Question 62

Three of the following students exemplify characteristics of giftedness described in the textbook.Which student is not necessarily gifted?

A)When twelve-year-old Angela tells a story, she captivates her audience with her vivid character portrayals and rich vocabulary.
B)Sixteen-year-old Barry is unusually sensitive to the feelings and needs of others.Not only is he a keen observer of people, but he also has a knack for responding in the best possible way.
C)Fourteen-year-old Calvin is an extremely hard worker; in addition to doing well in his schoolwork, he is an excellent babysitter for children in his neighborhood.
D)Eight-year-old Debbie learns more quickly than her classmates and is already demonstrating aspects of formal operational thought.

Question 63

Kristen has large scars on her neck from surgeries she has received to correct a problem with her esophagus.In the past she has been fed with a tube, but now she is learning to eat through her mouth.Her doctor wants her to snack throughout the day to increase her calorie intake.According to the guidelines set forth by IDEA, the most appropriate school response would be to:

A)Educate Kristen in a self-contained classroom so that she won't be subjected to other children staring at her scars and so that she can eat on a different schedule.
B)Ask Kristen's parents to hire someone to come in and oversee her meal and snack times.
C)Give Kristen frequent short breaks from classroom tasks so that she can eat her snacks.
D)Excuse Kristen from having to do homework in light of the fact that she is going through so much outside of school.

Question 64

Which one of the following characteristics are we most likely to find in students with hearing loss?

A)Delayed language skills
B)Emotional problems
C)Poor motor coordination
D)Low self-esteem

Question 65

Mr.Wilson will have a student with an intellectual disability included in his class for the first time this fall.Her name is Susan, and Mr.Wilson is considering what changes he should make to his style of teaching to promote her success.Which one of the following strategies is least likely to be helpful?

A)Mr.Wilson will structure his lesson plans so that all of the children can work at their own pace as much as possible.This will allow Susan to go as slowly as she needs to in order to succeed.
B)Mr.Wilson will use the Golden Rule "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you")to define acceptable behavior in the classroom.It will be easier for Susan to remember this rule than a more specific list, and it should apply to any unexpected problems that might arise.
C)When teaching math, Mr.Wilson will set up real-life scenarios such as going to the store or balancing a checkbook.That will help Susan know when to apply the skills she learns.
D)Mr.Wilson will make an effort to give Susan complete instructions, step by step, and not assume that she will understand directions he doesn't make explicit.

Question 66

Three of the following students show characteristics consistent with an autism spectrum disorder.Which student is least likely to have such a disorder?

A)Danny is preoccupied with rabbits; he keeps a collection of more than 20 ceramic rabbits in his desk and seems strangely fascinated with them.
B)Faye seldom interacts with other children in class except by repeating things she hears them say.
C)Billy falls on the playground and hurts himself, but he pulls away when the teacher tried to help and comfort him.
D)Candace prefers to work alone rather than in groups.She doesn't have close friends in class, but she seems really attached to her teacher.

Question 67

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that are appropriate for students with intellectual disabilities.Which teacher is not using an appropriate strategy?

A)Ms.Akers has students practice simple new spelling words many times over.
B)Mr.Britton gives students explicit instructions, such as, "Hang up your coat, then come sit at your desk and take out a pencil."
C)Ms.Chang teaches basic math facts but refrains from teaching students how to use them in real-life situations.
D)Mr.DiStefano presents new material at a slower pace than he does for his nondisabled students.

Question 68

Three of the following are common signs that a student is contemplating suicide. Which one is least likely to be indicative of suicidal thoughts?

A)Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.
B)Erik has stopped hanging out with his friends and refuses to take their telephone calls.
C)After being seriously depressed for several weeks, Larinda is suddenly quite happy.
D)Although he loves music, Oscar is giving away all of his favorite CDs.

Question 69

Even when they are not totally deaf, students with hearing loss typically have difficulty understanding what other people say.Which one of the following is the most appropriate strategy for teachers to use in order to increase students' understanding of what is going on in the classroom?

A)Speak much louder than usual, so that students who are only partially hearing- impaired will be able to hear better.
B)Try to stand in front of a window or other light source so that students will be able to read the teacher's lips.
C)Supplement auditory presentations with visual presentations of the same material.
D)Rather than trying to interact with a student directly, talk to a third person who can interpret for the student.

Question 70

Three of the following teachers are using effective strategies to help students with emotional and behavioral disorders and students with autism.Which one is not?

A)When Chris has an emotional outburst, Ms.Wong does whatever she needs to do in order to pacify him.She is afraid that his behavior might get progressively worse if she does otherwise.
B)Every time Karen insults another child something that occurs several times a week), Mr.Connelly asks her to consider what her victim might be thinking and feeling, with a particular focus on the damage that her actions have caused the victim.
C)Mrs.Parks spends time at the beginning of each year defining expectations for behavior in the classroom and outlining consequences of good and bad behavior.That way, when problems arise, she can specifically tell children which rule they are breaking and be consistent in administering consequences.
D)When Mr.Dove sees students using good interpersonal skills to work together or resolve conflicts, he praises them and identifies the specific behaviors he is praising them for.

Question 71

Which one of the following teachers is using a strategy recommended in the textbook for working with students who have physical and sensory challenges?

A)Mr.Nishamura keeps an eye on Sarah so that he can anticipate when she needs help.By offering help before she has to ask, he saves her considerable embarrassment.
B)Ms.Sadatmand builds new supply shelves so that Harvey can access all classroom materials from his wheelchair.
C)Ms.Solomon always gives Yolanda a reduced workload.Although Yolanda is capable of doing all the work, she tires easily.
D)Because Jamal is unable to speak, Mr.Christensen allows him to use an augmentative communication device during language arts.Mr.Christensen discourages use of the device during lessons in other subject areas because he doesn't want Jamal to become overly dependent on technology.

Question 72

As a teacher, you learn that a student with Asperger syndrome will be joining your class.You should expect that the student will probably:

A)Have marked deficits in reading and writing skills
B)Be able to handle most normal classroom assignments but have poor social skills
C)Learn new material effectively only if given many opportunities to practice and apply the material
D)Have poor fine-motor skills, as evidenced in poor handwriting and difficulty in picking up and handling small objects

Question 73

Nota was born with a severe hearing loss.Now in second grade, she is fluent in American Sign Language.However, her teachers are concerned that her reading skills are less developed than those of her classmates and that she has very limited knowledge about the outside world.Which one of the following explanations for Nota's difficulties is most likely to be true?

A)Because she has had less exposure to oral communication than her classmates, Nota's development in these areas has been delayed.
B)Nota's general intelligence was probably affected by the same condition that caused her hearing loss.
C)In addition to having a hearing loss, Nota probably has a language-related learning disability.
D)Nota is probably depressed about her disability and therefore is less motivated to learn than her peers.

Question 74

In addition to low general intelligence and poor academic performance, what other characteristic must be present in order to classify a student as having an intellectual disability?

A)A genetic condition such as Down syndrome
B)A discrepancy between intelligence and the level of academic achievement
C)Distractibility and an inability to focus on the details of a particular task
D)Difficulty functioning in age-appropriate ways in the social environment

Question 75

Three of the following children have visual impairments that qualify them for special services.Which one does not have a qualifying condition?

A)Rita has a restricted field of vision.She can see only what's directly in front of her.
B)Dan wears an extremely strong prescription to bring his eyesight to 20/20.Without his glasses, he can't function in a classroom.
C)As a result of an inherited condition, Tracey has been blind since birth.
D)Gustafo lost his eyesight in a terrible car accident.

Question 76

Three of the following are characteristic of students with intellectual disabilities.Which one is not necessarily associated with intellectual disabilities?

A)Poor reading skills
B)Disruptive classroom behavior
C)Awkwardness on physical tasks
D)Difficulty managing ordinary aspects of daily living

Question 77

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help students with autism?

A)Convey information in a lecture format and use the same key phrases repeatedly.Children with autism tend to repeat those phrases to themselves and so remember them better.
B)Do not tell students ahead of time about unusual events such as fire drills and assemblies, as they would be unable to focus on anything else until the events occur.
C)Keep the classroom environment stable and predictable.Don't rearrange classroom furniture, and keep the classroom schedule constant.
D)Rotate the seating arrangement occasionally so that the students will get to know their classmates.Otherwise, they are unlikely to have the skills and confidence to approach their peers.

Question 78

Mr.McDonald is making accommodations for Emily, who has a visual impairment.Which one of the following strategies is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for students with visual impairments?

A)Because Emily can see objects if they are large and distinct, Mr.McDonald lets her walk around the room to watch other students as they work.
B)Mr.McDonald always thanks Emily for her patience when he shows other students visual material.
C)Mr.McDonald gives Emily full credit for any assignments she cannot accomplish because of her disability.
D)Mr.McDonald asks another student to paint country boundaries with nail polish on a map so that Emily can feel them.

Question 79

On average, how do children who are gifted compare to their peers in social and emotional development?

A)They tend to be loners, preferring such solitary activities as reading or computer games.
B)They tend to be less mature than their peers and more prone to emotional problems.
C)They tend to be above-average in social development, and most are emotionally well adjusted.
D)They tend to be about the same as their peers in emotional adjustment and social development.

Question 80

A characteristic that students with physical and health impairments and those with visual impairments share is:

A)Fewer educational experiences outside the home
B)Psychological denial that they have a disability
C)Limited opportunities to converse with others and develop normal syntax
D)Reduced mental alertness, requiring longer time for processing information