Deck 10: Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Question 1

Your students will undoubtedly know a great many things and will not be able to show you everything they know.According to social cognitive theorists, your students will be most likely to show you:

A)Things they are especially excited about
B)Things they learned recently rather than a long time ago
C)Things they think they will be reinforced for demonstrating
D)Things they have learned at a concrete rather than abstract level

Answer 1

Things they think they will be reinforced for demonstrating

Question 2

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbolic model?

A)The school principal
B)An older brother or sister
C)A detective on a television show
D)The police officer who lives next door

Answer 2

A detective on a television show

Question 3

Which one of the following instances of learning can be explained more easily by social cognitive theory than by behaviorism?

A)Playing the role of a German butler in the school play, Andy says his lines using a German accent similar to one he's heard in the movies a few times.
B)Brad discovers that to get his teacher's approval, he must turn in his writing assignments without a single error in grammar, spelling, or punctuation.
C)Craig finds that he gets one "special" girl's attention when he shows off on the playground.
D)Darren has stopped trying in school because he seems to get low grades no matter what he does.

Answer 3

Playing the role of a German butler in the school play, Andy says his lines using a German accent similar to one he's heard in the movies a few times.

Question 4

Ms.Goodsell is thinking about how she might help the students in her introductory French class learn to pronounce the word bonjour correctly.Which one of her thoughts below is most consistent with a social cognitive perspective of learning?

A)"If I explain the parts of the word-if I tell them that bon means "good" and jour means "day"-then they will have an easier time understanding why the word is pronounced the way it is."
B)"I need to be patient.Correct pronunciation will come in time for those students who are really motivated to speak French."
C)"Maybe I should explain how certain letters and letter combinations are consistently pronounced differently in French than they are in English."
D)"Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage them to imitate me."

Question 5

Ms.Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the following day.However, Ms.Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised.From the perspective of social cognitive theory, what has just happened to the students who turned in their homework assignments?

A)Their behavior has been extinguished.
B)They have been punished for doing so.
C)They have been vicariously reinforced for doing so.
D)They have been negatively reinforced for doing so.

Question 6

Which one of the following is the best example of a student working for an incentive?

A)Arnold's teacher gives him a big hug after he surprises her by bringing her a cupcake from home.
B)Betsy decides not to talk in class because her teacher ridiculed her earlier in the day when she gave an incorrect answer.
C)Cyril stays out late even though he knows he will be punished when he gets home.
D)Doris is studying with the hopes that she will pass her history test.

Question 7

Three of the following statements are consistent with social cognitive theory.Which one is not?

A)Behavior is goal-directed in nature.
B)Learning occurs only when a change in behavior also occurs.
C)Reinforcement has an indirect rather than direct effect on learning.
D)Reinforcement has an effect not only on the individual being reinforced but on others as well.

Question 8

During a vocabulary lesson, a teacher talks aloud about how she herself tries to remember the meanings of new vocabulary words.For example, she says, "One of our words this week is herald, which means 'to announce or give notice of.' How might I remember that? Oh, I know! I can think of the Boston Herald, a newspaper that my parents subscribed to when I was young.A newspaper announces what's happening in the world, so it makes sense that it's called the Herald." The teacher's statement is a good example of:

A)Cognitive modeling
B)Collective self-efficacy
C)Vicarious reinforcement
D)Self-monitoring

Question 9

Which one of the following statements best illustrates social cognitive theorists' notion of reciprocal causation?

A)Students are more likely to imitate a behavior for which they have seen their peers being reinforced.
B)Learning from a model can occur only if students are capable of performing the behavior they observe.
C)Students are unlikely to exhibit a behavior for which they think they will be punished.
D)The environment affects students' behavior, but their behavior also affects the environment they experience.

Question 10

Two boys are fighting on school grounds during recess.Fighting is against school rules, and the boys know this.Even so, a teacher who sees them lets them continue to fight rather than punishing them for doing so.Judging from what social cognitive theorists say regarding what happens when expected punishments don't occur, we can predict that these boys will be:

A)Less likely to fight in the future
B)More likely to fight in the future
C)Likely to feel guilty unless they stop fighting
D)Likely to imitate more appropriate social behaviors in the future

Question 11

A guest speaker is coming to your classroom, and you want your students to treat her with courtesy and respect.You decide to give your students 15 minutes of free time if they show appropriate behavior during the guest's visit.From the perspective of social cognitive theory, your reinforcement is likely to work only if your students:

A)Also experience intrinsic reinforcement for good behavior
B)Expect that this consequence will follow their good behavior
C)Have previously been directly reinforced for such behavior
D)Have previously been vicariously reinforced for such behavior

Question 12

Sharon knows that Kathy frequently completes her assignments long after they are due. She has noticed that their teacher willingly accepts Kathy's late assignments because Kathy always has a creative excuse for turning them in late.Sharon begins to do the same thing-she turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late.Sharon's increase in excuse-making is due to:

A)A decrease in self-regulation
B)An increase in self-reinforcement
C)Shaping and intrinsic reinforcement
D)Modeling and vicarious reinforcement

Question 13

Which one of the following alternatives best describes vicarious reinforcement?

A)Anticipating future reinforcement
B)Receiving reinforcement after behaving inappropriately
C)Remembering reinforcement that one has previously received
D)Watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior

Question 14

Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

A)Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless.Alice begins to act helpless as well.
B)Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
C)Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class.She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.
D)David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics homework, but David doesn't want to work that hard.

Question 15

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment.He suffers no consequences for doing so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy.From a social cognitive perspective, which one of the following predictions can we make about John's future behavior?

A)He will cheat less frequently.
B)He will cheat as frequently as he has in the past.
C)He will cheat more frequently.
D)He will regress to a lower stage of moral reasoning.

Question 16

Research studies indicate that three of the following can be learned by observing models.For which one has modeling not been shown to be a significant factor in learning?

A)Resisting the advances of strangers
B)Increasing one's IQ score
C)Prosocial behavior
D)Aggression

Question 17

Which one of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

A)Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless.Alice begins to act helpless as well.
B)Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
C)Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class.She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.
D)David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics homework, but David doesn't want to work that hard.

Question 18

According to social cognitive theorists, reinforcement affects learning because it:

A)Encourages students to pay attention
B)Reduces the likelihood of punishment
C)Strengthens stimulus-response connections
D)Makes students feel good, thereby eliminating any emotions that might interfere with the learning process

Question 19

From the perspective of social cognitive theory, it is essential that we follow through with the reinforcement we have said will follow certain behaviors.Why is such follow- through important?

A)When expected reinforcement doesn't occur, students feel punished.
B)Vicarious reinforcement alone is a relatively ineffective means of changing behavior.
C)Students' self-efficacy is adversely affected if they don't receive reinforcement on a regular basis.
D)Students learn more quickly when they are reinforced intermittently rather than continuously.

Question 20

Social cognitive theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning:

A)Communication skills
B)Socially appropriate behaviors
C)Through observations of others
D)From a sociological rather than psychological perspective

Question 21

Jim has a high sense of self-efficacy regarding his ability to work with wood.Based on this information, we would predict three of the following from social cognitive theory.Which one of the following would we not necessarily predict?

A)Jim will frequently choose activities that involve working with wood.
B)Jim will be a bit careless when he works with wood, so he will often make silly little mistakes.
C)Compared to Joe, who has low self-efficacy, Jim will do a better job at woodworking tasks.
D)If Jim has difficulty at a task requiring his woodworking skills, he will tend to "try, try again" until he gets it right.

Question 22

Three of the following statements are true with regard to students' self-efficacy.Which statement is false?

A)Students with low self-efficacy usually try harder at a task.
B)Students with high self-efficacy achieve at higher levels than those with low self- efficacy, even when previous achievement has been equivalent.
C)Students tend to choose activities at which they know they can be successful rather than those at which they think they will fail.
D)Students' perceptions of their ability to succeed at a task are usually fairly accurate, especially as they get older.

Question 23

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy.Which one is the best example of self-efficacy?

A)Amy recently got a score of 120 on an intelligence test.
B)Bryn swims the fastest butterfly on the swim team.
C)Carmen enjoys being with her friends.
D)Danielle knows she is a good singer.

Question 24

Considering what we know about the kinds of models people are likely to imitate, we can guess that the girls in our classes will be least likely to imitate:

A)Anita, a skillful auto mechanic
B)Brianne, head majorette in the school band
C)Claudia, the most popular girl in school
D)Darla, a graceful dancer

Question 25

Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? According to social cognitive theorists, the answer is:

A)Yes.Self-efficacy is highest when students fail at a task several times in a row before accomplishing it successfully.
B)Yes.Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off.
C)No.Failure gives students the message that school is not an enjoyable place to be.
D)No.Even a single failure can seriously deflate students' self-efficacy.

Question 26

Three of the following experiences should promote higher self-efficacy about the task in question.Which one probably won't?

A)Andrea discovers that she does well on her weekly spelling tests only when she wears her lucky necklace.
B)On the first day of geometry, Bob's teacher tells the class, "The things in your textbook may look difficult to you now, but with a little effort and practice you'll have the basics down pat by December."
C)Carmella does better in her Spanish class than she expected to.
D)Dick's friend tells him, "You shouldn't have any problem in American Literature.I'm no smarter than you are, and I got an A."

Question 27

When George attends the first day of an Advanced Placement class in biology, he thinks to himself, "This is going to be a really hard class.I don't know if I have what it takes to understand and remember all this stuff." George's misgivings can best be described as:

A)Emotion regulation
B)Self-monitoring
C)Low self-efficacy for learning
D)Low self-efficacy for performance

Question 28

Three of the following alternatives depict situations in which a teacher is facilitating the retention component of modeling.Which one does not depict such a situation?

A)As he writes a capital J on the board, Mr.Anson tells his kindergartners, "To write a capital J, you make a fishhook with a line across the top."
B)Mr.Byers suggests, "Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil level."
C)Mr.Caruso says, "There are several critical steps involved in throwing a pot on the potter's wheel.Repeat these steps to yourself as you work so you don't forget them."
D)As he demonstrates how to throw a baseball correctly, Mr.Duffy says, "Now repeat these words as you throw the ball: back, up, thrust, release."

Question 29

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?

A)Self-efficacy refers only to behaviors that people learn through modeling.
B)Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious reinforcement and punishment.
C)Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.
D)Self-efficacy appears only after people begin to regulate their own behavior.

Question 30

Mr.Limpitlaw wants to increase his female students' self-efficacy for mastering simple car maintenance procedures.He can best do this by:

A)Presenting a film that shows an experienced auto mechanic at work
B)Describing how easily he learned these things when he was their age
C)Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter
D)Having the students read a book with clear, step-by-step instructions for changing the oil and the air filter

Question 31

Which one of the following best illustrates collective self-efficacy in teachers?

A)The teachers at West Middle School confer weekly about students who they believe are at risk for academic failure, and they are confident that, by working together, they can help these students be successful at school.
B)The teachers at South Elementary School have coordinated what they do at each grade level so that at any particular grade, students master the knowledge and skills they will need in the following grade.
C)The English teachers at East High School have agreed on how they will teach the required freshman English class.That way, students will have a similar classroom experience no matter which teacher they have for the course.
D)A third-grade teacher and a fourth-grade teacher at North Elementary School have combined their two classes into one large class.Sometimes they team-teach the entire group.At other times they divide the class into two smaller groups, one of which is ready for more advanced work than the other.

Question 32

These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from social cognitive theory. Based on the following information, which one is not actually doing so?

A)Mr.Anderson makes sure students are paying attention when he shows them how to do long division problems.
B)Ms.Benson has students read biographies of people who have worked unselfishly for others
C)Mr.Carlson tells his class he smokes cigarettes but admits that he wishes he'd never started.
D)Ms.Donovan shows her new second-grade class how to spell her name by writing it in large letters on the chalkboard.
E)g., Albert Schweitzer, Clara Barton, Mahatma Gandhi).

Question 33

Listed below are four reasons that students might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks.Which one of these reasons is consistent with the concept of self-efficacy?

A)Anthony is more interested in horsing around with his friends.
B)Bernice is so anxious in the classroom that she can't think clearly.
C)Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do the work successfully.
D)Danny thinks his teacher doesn't like him.

Question 34

Social cognitive theorists tell us that students are most likely to work for goals that:

A)Their parents have set for them
B)Their teachers have set for them
C)Peer pressure imposes on them
D)They have chosen for themselves

Question 35

Social cognitive theorists propose that three of the following are essential for students to learn successfully from models.Which one is not essential?

A)Reinforcement for good performance
B)Motivation to perform the behavior
C)Memory of the observed behavior
D)Attention to the model

Question 36

From the perspective of social cognitive theory, why might inner-city African American students learn more from an African American model who grew up in a ghetto than from a model of a different race or background?

A)Because the African American model is more likely to behave in a gender- appropriate manner
B)Because the students are more likely to perceive the African American model as being competent
C)Because the students are more likely to realize that the African American model has prestige
D)Because the students will view the African American model's behavior as being applicable to their own situation

Question 37

Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of collective self- efficacy?

A)Over time, students develop a general sense of self-efficacy that influences their performance in a wide variety of content domains.
B)As students get older, their self-confidence about performing certain tasks becomes fairly stable and so is less influenced by any single success or failure experience.
C)Students may have greater confidence about accomplishing a task when they work with others rather than alone.
D)Some students have greater self-confidence when they have technological resources spreadsheet software, access to the Internet, etc.)to help them in their efforts.

Question 38

Imagine you are a teacher at a junior high school.Below are four behaviors you might exhibit in your classroom.Considering the textbook's discussion of modeling, choose the behavior your students are least likely to imitate.

A)You show them how to make a tasty fruit drink for a hot day.
B)You show them how to fill out their class schedule form for next year.
C)You show them how to estimate the price of an outfit they might want to buy.
D)You show them how much you enjoy reading professional education journals.

Question 39

Three of the following teacher statements are likely to enhance students' self-efficacy for mastering mathematics.Which one will not necessarily do so?

A)"Look at how easily you can multiply and divide with fractions now.Remember how much trouble you had with fractions last fall? You've come a long way since then!"
B)"The right kind of instruction can make all the difference in the world.I'm determined to find out how each of you can best learn mathematical concepts."
C)You seem to be having trouble computing the area of a triangle.I think I know what the trouble is.Here, let me show you what you need to do differently."
D)"Most of my students last year didn't do well simply because they weren't motivated and didn't want to work hard."

Question 40

Claire is 8 years old and in third grade.Considering the aspects of self-regulation typically seen at different grade levels, which one of the following is most likely to be true for Claire?

A)She has little ability to control her impulses.
B)She feels guilty when she does something wrong.
C)She has many ways of keeping herself motivated during boring tasks.
D)She often chooses activities that help her reach her long-range goals.

Question 41

Three of the following are characteristics of self-regulated learning.Which one is not necessarily a characteristic associated with self-regulated learning?

A)Trying to focus one's attention on the task at hand
B)Figuring out how best to use the time available to accomplish a particular learning task
C)Deciding what one wants to learn while studying assigned reading materials
D)Working as hard as possible to achieve the teacher's instructional objectives

Question 42

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote self-regulation in students?

A)Mr.Adams knows that many students have trouble learning algebra.He spends the first few weeks of class having students engage in activities that will make algebraic concepts concrete and understandable.
B)When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr.Barnett advises his students to divide the project into a number of smaller tasks and then to reinforce themselves after they complete each one.
C)To build endurance, Mr.Carruthers asks his physical education students to run progressively longer distances each week.
D)Mr.D'Amato asks his students to look in a mirror and write a poem about what they see.

Question 43

Three of the following strategies should help students become more self-regulating. Which strategy will not promote self-regulation?

A)Ms.Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of sit-ups he will be able to do by the end of the month.
B)Mr.Bottenberg teaches Beth to reinforce herself whenever she gets her homework done on time.
C)Ms.Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn.
D)Mr.D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

Question 44

Which strategy for promoting self-regulation is most consistent with Vygotsky's concept of self-talk?

A)Self-instructions-reminding oneself about appropriate actions
B)Self-reinforcement-praising oneself for appropriate behavior
C)Self-monitoring-keeping track of how one is behaving
D)Self-punishment-reprimanding oneself for inappropriate behavior

Question 45

From a social cognitive theory perspective, which one of the following children most clearly reflects a key ingredient of self-regulation as social cognitive theorists define it?

A)Anne does her chores so that she will get her weekly allowance.
B)Bob is proud of the fact that he always keeps a promise.
C)Carol hopes she can stay awake during class because she knows she will be tested on the information being presented.
D)Donald refrains from punching a classmate because he thinks his teacher might be watching.

Question 46

Several students in Mr.Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments.Mr.Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time.Mr.Samber is using which one of the following techniques for changing behavior?

A)Reinforcement of an incompatible behavior
B)A contingency contract
C)Removal punishment
D)Self-monitoring

Question 47

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for helping students learn to engage in self-evaluation.Which strategy, although possibly beneficial for other reasons, is least likely to promote self-evaluation?

A)Have students compile portfolios of their best work.
B)Give students detailed feedback about their biology lab reports.
C)Have students reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their performance in a daily journal.
D)Give students a checklist of things to look for as they read the first draft of their research papers.

Question 48

Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education.He is getting angry with himself for continually forgetting the necessary footwear.His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers.Mark's teacher is suggesting that Mark use:

A)Self-monitoring
B)Vicarious reinforcement
C)A self-imposed contingency
D)Intermittent reinforcement

Question 49

Maria is what social cognitive theorists would describe as a self-regulating person when it comes to her moral behavior.Given this information, which one of the following descriptions best describes Maria's moral behavior?

A)She works for social incentives; for example, she contributes to charity if she thinks that other people will like her better for doing so.
B)She behaves in morally appropriate ways only when she thinks other people are watching her.
C)She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feels guilty when she violates those standards.
D)She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong, but those standards seldom influence the way she actually behaves.

Question 50

Which one of the following examples is most likely to be the result of one or more students being trained in peer mediation?

A)At the request of his teacher, Saul makes a check mark on an index card every time Robert speaks out in class without permission.At the end of each hour, Saul tells Robert how many check marks he has made.
B)Melinda and Forrest work together on their math homework, thinking carefully about how to do each problem and then taking it one step at a time.
C)When he sees two of his classmates arguing at lunch, Abbott joins them and encourages each of them to view the conflict from the other's perspective.
D)LaVonda and Sally take turns reading excerpts from their textbook; they occasionally stop to reflect on how the new information relates to what they have previously learned.

Question 51

Natalie is sometimes too impulsive when she answers multiple-choice questions on standardized achievement tests: She picks an answer before she has even read all the alternatives.Natalie knows she has a problem and would really like to change her behavior.The concept we can best apply in helping Natalie is:

A)Intermittent reinforcement
B)Self-instructions
C)Punishment
D)Cueing

Question 52

Which one of the following is the closest approximation to co-regulated learning?

A)Kieran takes detailed notes during a lecture in his class.
B)When studying for a quiz, Malika tries to answer the questions on the study guide her teacher has provided.
C)Suki is studying for a history test.She knows she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter.
D)Norm is preparing to take the SAT Reasoning Test, required for admission to many colleges, so he checks out an SAT preparation book from the local library and reads it from cover to cover.

Question 53

Nora has a quick temper, overreacting in anger every time one of her classmates does something she doesn't like.Her teacher suggests that whenever another student annoys her, she should 1)stop to decide what behavior in particular is bothering her, 2)think about several possible ways of responding to the behavior, and 3)choose the response that is most likely to be both productive and prosocial.In self-regulation terminology, the teacher is trying to promote in Nora.

A)self-regulated problem solving
B)self-imposed contingencies
C)self-regulated learning
D)self-monitoring

Question 54

Tammy tells Mr.Brookes that she really wants to do well in his government class, but she doesn't seem to study the right things and so always get low scores on quizzes and tests.Before the next test, the two of them meet after school and create a list of questions she should try to answer as she reads and studies.This situation can best be described as:

A)Self-instructions
B)Co-regulated learning
C)A self-imposed contingency
D)Peer mediation

Question 55

Which one of the following illustrates the self-imposed contingencies aspect of self- regulation?

A)Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate's feelings.
B)Bonnie knows how happy her parents will be if she brings home a good report card.
C)Clint doesn't like striking out when it's his turn at bat because his teammates will think he's a bad baseball player.
D)Daryl checks his watch frequently as he takes a standardized test to be sure he can finish the test in the allotted time.

Question 56

Three of the following are aspects of self-regulated behavior as social cognitive theorists define the term.Which one is not necessarily an aspect of self-regulated behavior?

A)Reading an assigned textbook chapter
B)Keeping angry feelings in check
C)Deciding whether one's own behavior is within an acceptable range
D)Reinforcing oneself for successful performance

Question 57

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote self-regulated learning.Which teacher, while almost certainly helping students learn more effectively, is probably not promoting self-regulated learning?

A)Ms.Henry recruits several parents to provide one-on-one tutoring for students who are having difficulty in a particular subject area.
B)Mr.Isaacs gives his students several criteria they can use to evaluate their own research papers.
C)Mr.Jankowski has his students work in small groups to study various endangered species.
D)Ms.Lin requires all her students to do projects for the school science fair, but she lets them make their own decisions about the nature of their projects.

Question 58

On average, self-regulated learners tend to:

A)Require more of a teacher's time and attention than do other students, but this time and attention is a good investment over the long run
B)Perform better on a continuous reinforcement schedule than on an intermittent reinforcement schedule
C)Be less interested in extracurricular activities than their classmates
D)Achieve at higher levels in the classroom

Question 59

Three of the following students are showing signs of self-regulated learning.Which student does not show any evidence of self-regulated learning?

A)As Adam studies his German vocabulary words, he occasionally stops to check himself to see which words he needs to study further.
B)Blake knows that for purposes of college admission, his performance in math class is more important than his performance in drama class, so he works harder in the first class than in the second.
C)Craig beams with pleasure when his teacher praises his English essay, because her opinion of his work is very important to him.
D)Drew thinks to himself, "I really don't understand this section on quadratic equations.Tomorrow I'll ask my teacher if she can help me make sense of it."

Question 60

When students keep a written record of their own desirable and undesirable behaviors, then:

A)Desirable behaviors increase in frequency, but undesirable behaviors remain the same.
B)Undesirable behaviors decrease in frequency, but desirable behaviors remain the same.
C)Desirable behaviors increase and undesirable behaviors decrease.
D)Such record-keeping has little effect on behavior.

Question 61

Three of the following statements are accurate about students with special needs.Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

A)Students with specific cognitive difficulties often have low self-efficacy for academic tasks.
B)Students with social or behavioral problems may have friends who model inappropriate social behavior.
C)Students with advanced cognitive development
D)Students with general delays in cognitive and social functioning are unable to develop self-regulatory skills even with extensive training.
E)g., students who are gifted)sometimes have little experience in dealing with failure.

Question 62

In social cognitive theorists' conceptualization of reciprocal causation, which one of the following is a person factor?

A)Alma got an A in science last year.
B)Bree expects to do well in science this year.
C)Curt's friend Doug will be in his science class this year.
D)Doug has already read the first two chapters of his science textbook.

Question 63

Peer mediation can often be effective in resolving student conflicts, but it isn't suitable for every occasion.In which one of the following situations is peer mediation most likely to be effective in resolving a conflict between students?

A)Susan says that she hates Peter because he belongs to a different racial group than she does.
B)After Samuel acknowledges that he is gay, Roy consistently calls him insulting names.
C)Martin tells Maria Elena, whose family has recently immigrated from Nicaragua, "You and your family should go home.We don't want you here!"
D)Rachel and Tessa disagree about how much time each of them should be able to spend using the class computer.

Question 64

Which one of the following alternatives illustrates a difference in effortful control?

A)Meghan is good at keeping her impulses in check, whereas Jessie is apt to lash out at the slightest provocation.
B)Robert is always kind and considerate of others, whereas William typically thinks only of his own needs.
C)Lucia is often cheerful and outgoing, whereas Julie is more likely to be quiet and reserved.
D)Donald spends most weekends playing sports and in other ways being physically active, whereas Jasper is more likely to be found reading a good book.

Question 65

If we consider the concept of reciprocal causation, we must conclude that the quality of students' classroom experiences is influenced:

A)Primarily by what teachers do in the classroom
B)Primarily by how students think about classroom material
C)Both by classroom events and by what students themselves do
D)Largely by things that have happened to students in the past

Question 66

Only one of the following statements describes an accurate comparison between behaviorist and social cognitive theories of learning.Which statement is accurate?

A)Both perspectives ignore the role that thought processes play in learning.
B)Only social cognitive theorists propose that reinforcement affects observers as well as the individuals actually being reinforced.
C)Both behaviorists and social cognitive theorists propose that punishment has little or no effect on behavior.
D)Both behaviorists and social cognitive theorists use the concept of extinction to explain what happens when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 67

Fourteen-year-old David rarely turns in his homework and often skips school, and so he is earning Ds and Fs in most of his classes.Yet he expresses his sincere desire to go to college and "make something of myself." This apparent inconsistency between his poor academic performance, on the one hand, and his strong interest in going to college, on the other, can probably best be explained by:

A)Insufficiently developed self-regulation skills
B)A lack of vicarious reinforcement in his life
C)An inability to think abstractly about his goals
D)The general tendency for adolescent boys to punish rather than reinforce themselves for academic success