Deck 14: Classroom Assessment Strategies

Question 1

A classroom teacher and school psychologist are conferring about Gregory, a boy who works very hard in class and yet shows consistently poor performance in any assignments that require reading or writing.Judging from the textbook's discussion of assessments as a means of diagnosing learning and performance problems, what kinds of assessment results should the teacher and psychologist consider as they try to pinpoint the source of Gregory's difficulty?

A)They should focus on results from tests published by reputable test publishers, because these tests have specifically been developed to assess learning disabilities and other sources of learning difficulty.
B)They should focus on Gregory's performance on weekly classroom tests, which provide ongoing assessment of Gregory's progress.
C)They should conduct an in-depth analysis of Gregory's writing samples, which will be much more informative than test scores.
D)They should look for clues about Gregory's difficulties both in his performance on published tests and in his classroom tests and assignments.

Answer 1

They should look for clues about Gregory's difficulties both in his performance on published tests and in his classroom tests and assignments.

Question 2

Which one of the following is the best example of summative evaluation?

A)Ms.Vickery gives her social studies students a quiz at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit.
B)Mr.Waters gives his history students a quiz at midterm to determine whether he needs to spend more time on certain aspects of the Constitution.
C)Ms.Yarborough gives her German students weekly exams to make sure they are keeping up with the material.
D)Mr.Zeller gives his science students a pretest before beginning a unit on water to determine how much they already know.

Answer 2

Ms.Vickery gives her social studies students a quiz at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit.

Question 3

Which one of the following is the best example of performance assessment?

A)Having students do as many push-ups as they can
B)Having students solve several arithmetic word problems
C)Giving students a standardized reading comprehension test
D)Having students write a paragraph explaining why the three angles of a triangle always total 180 degrees

Answer 3

Having students do as many push-ups as they can

Question 4

Which one of the following is most likely to be what educators call a standardized test?

A)Ms.Argon's students are taking a test asking them to find the diameter, circumference, and area of a circle with a radius of 5 centimeters; Ms.Argon wants to find out if her students know this material well enough to proceed on to spheres.
B)Mr.Basili's fifth graders are taking a test of mathematical word problems requiring addition and subtraction.Mr.Basili has instructed his students to work as quickly as they can so he can get an idea of whether they have developed automaticity in their ability to solve such problems.
C)Mr.Conway's students are taking a multiple-choice test, developed by a testing company, that assesses students' knowledge of language, mathematics, and logic; scores on the test have been shown to predict college success with some degree of accuracy.
D)Mr.Delano's eighth graders are taking an objective test over what they have learned in their geography unit on Asia.Students are marking their answers on a bubble sheet with a number two pencil so that Mr.Delano can have the school district's computer center score the tests for him.

Question 5

Which one of the following examples illustrates informal assessment?

A)Asking students to submit their cooperative group projects to be evaluated
B)Giving a quiz that counts for only a small fraction of students' grades
C)Observing how various students handle the ball as they play soccer
D)Giving a five-item short-answer test

Question 6

Which one of the following examples is most consistent with the textbook's definition of assessment?

A)Having a student describe how long she studied
B)Having a student swim two laps using the breast stroke
C)Having a student form a visual image of a nine-sided polygon
D)Having a high school student read two chapters of a college-level textbook

Question 7

Which one of the following illustrates how classroom assessments can affect students' epistemic beliefs?

A)Duncan mistakenly believes that how well he does on his weekly spelling tests will be the determining factor affecting whether he is promoted to fourth grade.
B)Because Geraldine consistently receives low marks on assignments in her history class, she is convinced that her teacher is "out to get me."
C)Susan thinks that "art appreciation" means memorizing the names of paintings and the artists who painted them because every test in her art appreciation class asks her to label a series of paintings and identify the painter of each one.
D)Martin has heard rumors that Mr.Stewart's tests are "really picky," so he is very anxious when he prepares for his first test in Mr.Stewart's class.

Question 8

Three of the following are accurate statements about how classroom assessments affect students' learning.Which one is not accurate?

A)Studying for an assessment encourages students to review material they have previously learned.
B)Students are more motivated to study classroom material when they know their knowledge of the material will be assessed.
C)Studying for an assessment facilitates students' memory even for information that they do not specifically study.
D)Assessments can provide valuable feedback about what students know and what they need to work on.

Question 9

Which one of the following assessments is definitely criterion-referenced?

A)Ivy is taking an achievement test in English.Her score will tell her how her performance compares with that of her classmates.
B)John is taking a math test with questions involving ratios.He will get three separate scores reflecting how much he knows about fractions, decimals, and proportions.
C)Karen is taking a physical fitness test in which she and her classmates run a quarter mile, and their times are compared at the end of the test.
D)Leon is taking a Spanish test that will determine whether he should be placed in an advanced section of Spanish II designed for students who have achieved at an especially high level in Spanish I.

Question 10

Which one of the following is definitely not an example of authentic assessment?

A)Writing an opinion essay
B)Preparing a graph from data
C)Conducting an experiment
D)Taking a multiple-choice test

Question 11

What is the major rationale for the use of authentic assessment rather than traditional assessment to determine what students have learned?

A)Authentic assessment measures are easier to score and therefore more practical.
B)Authentic assessment looks at behaviors similar to those required in the outside world.
C)Authentic assessment methods are more likely to provide a representative sample of the various topics that have been studied in class.
D)Authentic assessment makes more sense from a behaviorist point of view, because the task is clear-cut and the reward is tangible.

Question 12

Which one of the following teachers is definitely scoring students' performance in a norm-referenced manner?

A)Mr.Applebee grades students' essays on the causes of the American Revolution, giving the five best essays an A, the next five best a B, and so on.
B)Mr.Burghs asks his physical education students to do as many chin-ups and push- ups as they can, and he records the number that each student can do.
C)Mr.Carr has his second graders take a quiz on the addition number facts over and over again until they can answer all 100 facts correctly within three minutes' time.
D)Mr.Duchess asks his fifth graders to spell the 20 words in this week's spelling assignment, and he counts the number of words each student spells correctly.

Question 13

Which one of the following is the best example of authentic assessment?

A)Asking essay questions rather than multiple-choice questions
B)Giving students written comments about the strengths and weaknesses of their test papers
C)Asking students to use what they've learned about electricity to fix a flashlight that doesn't work
D)Giving a pretest to assess students' knowledge about invertebrates before a unit on invertebrates begins

Question 14

Which one of the following would typically be most appropriate for assessing the specific things students have learned in a three-week unit about rocks and minerals?

A)Informal assessment
B)A standardized test
C)A norm-referenced assessment instrument
D)A teacher-developed assessment instrument

Question 15

As a teacher, you want your students to use effective information processing strategies as they study classroom subject matter.You consider research about the effects of classroom assessment tasks on learning, and you conclude that you should:

A)Ask many short questions rather than a few lengthy ones.
B)Give assessment tasks that require meaningful understanding of the material.
C)Assess students' rote knowledge of the material first, then ask higher-level questions about the material in a subsequent assessment.
D)Not give paper-pencil tests at all.

Question 16

Which one of the following statements accurately describes the effect of classroom assessments on students' motivation?

A)Only performance assessments promote facilitating anxiety; paper-pencil assessments typically lead to debilitating anxiety.
B)Essay tests enhance students' motivation to study classroom material; multiple- choice tests undermine it.
C)In general, classroom assessments promote greater intrinsic motivation for studying classroom material.
D)In general, classroom assessments promote greater extrinsic motivation for studying classroom material.

Question 17

Midway through a unit on how mountains are formed, Mr.McDonald gives a brief quiz to find out what students do and do not understand.He plans to focus the next few classes on the things about which students are most confused.Which one of the following does Mr.McDonald's quiz exemplify?

A)A performance assessment
B)A norm-referenced test
C)Authentic assessment
D)Formative evaluation

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best example of authentic assessment of students' knowledge of 10 spelling words?

A)Having them write a composition that includes all 10 words
B)Asking them to participate in a spelling bee where they orally spell the words
C)Giving a traditional spelling test in which the teacher says the word, presents it in a sentence, then says the word again; students write the words on a piece of paper
D)Giving students a multiple-choice test in which they choose the correct spelling of each word from a set of four possible spellings

Question 19

Several decades ago, it was common practice to place any student with an IQ score of 70 or below in a class for students with mental retardation.This practice resulted in many children who did not have mental retardation being placed inappropriately in such classes.From the perspective of the textbook, who or what would be at fault for these misplacements?

A)Government officials who wanted more ability grouping of students
B)Poorly constructed intelligence tests
C)Inaccurate norms for the intelligence tests that were used
D)The individuals who made the placement decisions

Question 20

Which one of the following illustrates formative evaluation?

A)A teacher gives students an unexpected "pop")quiz that will be worth extra points toward their grade.
B)A teacher gives students an unexpected quiz to find out what things they need more work on; it won't count toward final grades.
C)A university uses students' SAT scores to determine which students to accept; only the top 5% are admitted.
D)A university uses students' SAT scores to determine which students to accept; all students who score at or above a certain cutoff score are admitted.

Question 21

Which one of the four RSVP characteristics is most obviously compromised when we ask students to complete an assessment activity at home in the evening?

A)Validity
B)Reliability
C)Practicality
D)Standardization

Question 22

As teachers, we need to be concerned that any assessment tool we use is actually assessing what it is supposed to assess.Here we are concerned about the of our assessment practices.

A)validity
B)reliability
C)practicality
D)standardization

Question 23

Three of the following are questions that arise related to the standardization of an assessment instrument.Which question does not reflect an aspect of standardization?

A)Are all students being assessed over equivalent content?
B)Are all students being judged on the basis of similar criteria?
C)Are students' scores lower when points are taken off for spelling errors?
D)Are time limits the same for everyone performing the assessment task?

Question 24

Which one of the following classroom assessment instruments is most likely to have high reliability?

A)A multiple-choice test that has a large number of questions, each of which is worth one point.
B)An essay test that a teacher grades over a three-day weekend, doing a few now, a few more after lunch, etc.
C)A short-answer test that is graded by a teacher and a teacher aide; each of these individuals grades half of the test papers.
D)A performance assessment that the teacher grades subjectively based on a general impression of each student's overall performance.

Question 25

For a standardized test, test administration procedures are often very rigid: All students must take the test with the same directions and under the same conditions.This practice should have the effect of increasing the test's:

A)Reliability
B)Practicality
C)Subjectivity
D)Content validity

Question 26

The reliability of an assessment instrument tells us:

A)Whether the instrument actually measures what it is intended to measure
B)Whether the instrument predicts success in a future profession
C)Whether the instrument assesses something consistently
D)How norms for the instrument were obtained

Question 27

If students complain that a history test was not a good reflection of what they knew about history, then the test may have low:

A)Reliability
B)Objectivity
C)Validity
D)Variability

Question 28

Mr.O'Hara has developed a test of mechanical aptitude.At the beginning of a course in auto mechanics, he gives this test to his students.At the end of the year, he compares students' scores on the test with their actual achievement in his course.What is he probably trying to find out about his test?

A)Its reliability
B)Its practicality
C)Its content validity
D)Its predictive validity

Question 29

Ms.Edgerton wants to construct an assessment instrument that is a good reflection of what her students have learned from a recent unit on the history of their city.To do so, she might best begin by constructing a table of specifications that includes both:

A)The kinds of questions she wants to ask and the scoring criteria she wants to apply
B)The kinds of questions she wants to ask and the types of instructions she intends to give students about how to respond
C)The topics students have studied and the order in which they have studied them
D)The topics students have studied and the things they should be able to do with each topic

Question 30

The content validity of an assessment instrument tells us whether the instrument:

A)Predicts how well students will perform in a particular situation
B)Is representative of the domain being assessed
C)Will be relatively easy and inexpensive to use
D)Measures something in a consistent manner

Question 31

On a weekly quiz, Mr.Harris asks students in his auto mechanics class to figure out what is probably wrong with a car when it has a certain set of "symptoms." His students have never considered this particular combination of symptoms before, but they know everything they need to know in order to determine what must be wrong.Mr.Harris's test question illustrates the value of a classroom assessment as:

A)A means of formative evaluation
B)A learning experience in and of itself
C)A way of giving concrete feedback to students
D)A way of minimizing the negative impact of high-stakes testing

Question 32

By encouraging students to evaluate their own performance during assessment activities, we are most likely to:

A)Promote self-regulation
B)Facilitate meaningful learning
C)Increase the validity of our assessment instruments
D)Increase the reliability of our assessment instruments

Question 33

Three of the following conditions are likely to affect the reliability of classroom assessment instruments.Which condition is likely to have little or no effect on reliability?

A)Whether students are distracted by noise outside the classroom windows
B)Whether students have learned what they were supposed to learn
C)Whether the teacher gives the same or different instructions to different students
D)Whether the teacher responds consistently to various students' questions about the assessment tasks

Question 34

Three of the following strategies are likely to increase the reliability of a classroom assessment instrument.Which one is not likely to do so?

A)Make sure that students know exactly what they are being asked to do.
B)Incorporate knowledge of students' previous achievement levels into judgments about their current performance.
C)Give the same instructions to everyone about how to complete the assessment tasks.
D)Decide on the specific criteria you will use to evaluate students' responses to each task.

Question 35

One disadvantage of assessment tasks that must be scored subjectively rather than objectively is that the of the assessment instrument is likely to decrease.

A)predictive validity
B)content validity
C)authentic nature
D)reliability

Question 36

As a teacher, perhaps you don't want your students only to know information.You may also want them to be able to analyze information and apply it to new situations.To ensure that a classroom assessment measures all of your instructional objectives, you probably should:

A)Use only authentic assessments
B)Develop a table of specifications
C)Ask recall questions rather than recognition questions
D)Use subjective rather than objective assessment tasks whenever possible

Question 37

If we say that a particular classroom assessment instrument is highly reliable, we mean that it:

A)Yields scores that fall in a bell curve
B)Predicts future success in school
C)Gives us similar results on different occasions
D)Accurately assesses whether students have attained our instructional objectives

Question 38

In which one of the following situations do we definitely have a problem with the reliability of a classroom assessment?

A)Ms.Arthur assesses her students' overall physical fitness on Monday; she then assesses it again the following Monday.Students who perform well one week are not the same ones who perform well the following week.
B)Ms.Benavidez uses a test of mechanical aptitude to determine which students are ready for her physics class.She finds out later that the students who scored worst on the mechanical aptitude test are some of the best students in physics.
C)Ms.Candelaria tells students to study Chapter 14 but mistakenly gives them a test over Chapter 15 instead.
D)For her class of 35 students, Ms.D'Amato devises a test that must be given to students one at a time and requires two hours for each student.

Question 39

In which one of the following situations do we definitely have a problem with the content validity of a classroom assessment?

A)Ms.Arthur assesses her students' overall physical fitness on Monday; she then assesses it again the following Monday.Students who perform well one week are not the same ones who perform well the following week.
B)Ms.Benavidez uses a test of mechanical aptitude to determine which students are ready for her physics class.She finds out later that the students who scored worst on the mechanical aptitude test are some of the best students in physics.
C)Ms.Candelaria tells students to study Chapter 14 but mistakenly gives them a test over Chapter 15 instead.
D)For her class of 35 students, Ms.D'Amato devises a test that must be given to students one at a time and requires 2 hours for each student.

Question 40

Mr.Hatch wants to assess what his students have learned in a recent unit on four-sided figures.He realizes that the unit included four figures-squares, rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids.He also knows that he wants students to do three things for each of these figures: 1)recognize examples, 2)calculate the perimeter, and 3)calculate the area.In essence, Mr.Hatch is:

A)Constructing a table of specifications for his assessment instrument
B)Increasing the extent to which his assessment instrument is standardized
C)Enhancing the reliability of his assessment instrument
D)Maximizing the likelihood that his assessment instrument will have predictive validity

Question 41

When teachers ask different questions of different students during a class discussion, they are conducting assessment.

A)authentic
B)informal
C)standardized
D)invalid

Question 42

Which one of the following is a consideration related to an assessment instrument's practicality?

A)What the instrument assesses
B)What the instrument's name
C)How easy it is to administer
D)How consistent students' performance is from one time to the next
E)g., "intelligence test")says it assesses

Question 43

For which one of the following topics would matching items be most appropriate?

A)Meanings of vocabulary words in a foreign language class)
B)Causes of the French and Indian War in a history class)
C)Rules for playing softball in a physical education class)
D)Strategies for solving algebraic equations in a math class)

Question 44

The school district of Wattville, Delaware, is considering using the Colorado Achievement Test CAT)this year.This test must be administered by a school psychologist to each student individually, with each student's testing time being about two hours.Without knowing anything else about the CAT, the Wattville school district should probably question the test's:

A)practicality
B)content validity
C)standardization
D)reliability

Question 45

Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect?

A)Mr.Urquhart overrates Cathy's gymnastic skills because she is head cheerleader.
B)Ms.Rabinowitz believes that all students can learn calculus if they study hard enough.
C)Mr.Gregg likes Frank better than Mark because Frank is more polite than Mark.
D)Ms.Noonan always gives her students the benefit of the doubt when they earn test scores close to her cutoffs for various grades.

Question 46

Which one of the following test items is the best example of an interpretive exercise?

A)"What is the square root of 64?"
B)"Drawing on ideas we identified in class, discuss the underlying themes of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities."
C)"Using the map presented above, estimate the distance between Toronto and Boston."
D)"Give three reasons why many experts believe that a capitalist society must impose certain regulations on free enterprise."

Question 47

In which one of the following situations do we definitely have a problem with the predictive validity of a classroom assessment?

A)Ms.Arthur assesses her students' overall physical fitness on Monday; she then assesses it again the following Monday.Students who perform well one week are not the same ones who perform well the following week.
B)Ms.Benavidez uses a test of mechanical aptitude to determine which students are ready for her physics class.She finds out later that the students who scored worst on the mechanical aptitude test are some of the best students in physics.
C)Ms.Candelaria tells students to study Chapter 14 but mistakenly gives them a test over Chapter 15 instead.
D)For her class of 35 students, Ms.D'Amato devises a test that must be given to students one at a time and requires 2 hours for each student.

Question 48

Three of the following are accurate statements regarding the advantages of informal assessment.Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

A)It is sometimes the only way we can assess students' attitudes and values.
B)It provides ongoing information about the effectiveness of instruction.
C)It often requires little, if any, advance preparation of materials.
D)It is usually more valid than formal assessment.

Question 49

Of the four RSVP characteristics, informal assessment strategies are strongest with respect to:

A)Validity
B)Reliability
C)Practicality
D)Standardization

Question 50

For which one of the following instructional objectives is a paper-pencil assessment probably least appropriate?

A)Students will use a Bunsen burner safely.
B)Students will identify the main idea of a paragraph.
C)Students will recall single-digit addition facts with 100% accuracy.
D)Students will correctly spell 90% of the words on the fifth-grade spelling list.

Question 51

For which kind of assessment are teachers' expectations for students most likely to influence their judgments of students' performance?

A)True-false tests
B)Multiple-choice tests
C)Performance assessments with scoring rubrics
D)Informal assessments

Question 52

Which one of the following is an advantage of essay questions over recognition questions?

A)Essays can be scored with greater reliability.
B)Essays typically have greater predictive validity.
C)Essays allow easier assessment of higher-level skills.
D)Essays allow a broader sampling of the content domain.

Question 53

Which one of the following is a question about the construct validity of an assessment instrument?

A)Does a teacher-developed test of algebraic reasoning measure what students have learned in their algebra class?
B)Does a teacher-developed test of algebraic reasoning predict students' performance in the calculus class they take the following year?
C)Does an instrument called the "Test Anxiety Scale" actually measure test anxiety?
D)Is a performance test in instrumental music comprised of a representative sample of how much students have learned in their instrumental music class?

Question 54

Imagine that, as a teacher, you want to assess students' knowledge of many specific facts.You will be able to ask them more questions in a limited amount of time if you:

A)Ask norm-referenced questions rather than criterion-referenced questions
B)Ask short-answer questions rather than true-false questions
C)Present performance tasks rather than paper-pencil tasks
D)Ask recognition questions rather than recall questions

Question 55

Multiple-choice questions are seen on standardized achievement tests more often than alternative-response and matching items.Why?

A)Because they are more useful in assessing higher-level skills
B)Because they eliminate the guessing factor that plagues other recognition items
C)Because students are more familiar with their format, so testwiseness is less likely to affect students' performance
D)Because they are easier to write

Question 56

Only one of the following is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for constructing multiple-choice items.Which one is consistent with its recommendations?

A)Make the correct answer more precise than the other alternatives.
B)Use distractors that reflect common misconceptions about the topic.
C)When in doubt, use items from the test-item manual that a textbook publisher provides.
D)Put negative words and prefixes no, not, un-, etc.)in both the stem and the possible answers to assess students' logical reasoning ability.

Question 57

Following is an excerpt from your educational psychology textbook: Learners engage in rote learning when they try to learn and remember something without attaching much meaning to it.One common form of rote learning is rehearsal, repeating something over and over within a short timeframe typically a few minutes or less), either by saying it aloud or by continuously thinking about it in a more or less unaltered, verbatim fashion.Contrary to what many students think, rehearsal is not a very effective way of storing information in long-term memory.If learners repeat something often enough, it might eventually "sink in," but the process is slow, laborious, and not much fun.
Furthermore, people who use rehearsal and other forms of rote learning often have trouble remembering what they've learned.
An instructor writes several true-false items to assess what students have learned about rote learning and rehearsal after reading the textbook.Only one of them is consistent with guidelines presented in the textbook.Which one is consistent?

A)"The term rehearsal means repeating information in a relatively unaltered, verbatim form." The item is true.)
B)"Information learned in a rote fashion is not more difficult to retrieve later on." The item is false.)
C)"Rehearsal is a slow, laborious way of storing information in long-term memory." The item is true.)
D)"Rehearsal involves connecting new information with what learners already know." The item is false.)

Question 58

Classroom assessment instruments can be valid only when they are also:

A)Performance-based
B)Practical
C)Authentic
D)Reliable

Question 59

Which one of the following best reflects the trade-off between practicality and validity?

A)Mr.Andrade is trying to decide whether an essay question about Romeo and Juliet or one about The Merchant of Venice would be more suitable for finding out what his students have learned in a unit on Shakespeare.
B)Mr.Bowman is trying to decide whether to assess students' mastery of tennis either by giving them a paper-pencil test about the rules of the game or by having them get on the tennis court to show how well they can serve and return the ball.
C)Ms.Chisholm is trying to decide whether to use true-false or multiple-choice questions to assess her science students' understanding of physics principles related to force, velocity, and acceleration.
D)Ms.Dorrell is trying to decide whether or not she should take off points for misspellings when she grades students' history essay exams.

Question 60

As a chemistry teacher, you want your students to be able to remember the symbols for any chemical element

A)Recognition questions rather than recall questions
B)Recall questions rather than recognition questions
C)Multiple-choice questions rather than true-false questions
D)True-false questions rather than multiple-choice questions
E)g., O is oxygen, C is carbon, Na is sodium, Au is gold)without having any hints about what each symbol might be.With this objective in mind, you will want to assess your students' knowledge using:

Question 61

Which one of the following performance tasks best reflects extended performance?

A)Doing 10 push-ups and 20 pull-ups as quickly as possible
B)Testing the variables that possibly affect a pendulum's oscillation rate
C)Making a Valentine's Day card out of construction paper and paper lace
D)Collecting and analyzing data about the frequency of violent crimes in one's community

Question 62

Which one of the following paper-pencil assessments is most likely to have a reliability problem when the teacher scores students' responses?

A)Ms.Gibbons asks students to describe the "first Thanksgiving" in a short essay.
B)Mr.Hammond gives 50 true-false questions about the geography of Russia.
C)Ms.Sonnenschein administers a 30-item multiple-choice test about invertebrates.
D)Mr.Strong gives a 10-word spelling test.

Question 63

Which one of the following best reflects performance assessment?

A)Reading a science fiction novel that applies principles currently being studied in a physics class
B)Explaining in a couple of paragraphs how you solved a geometry problem
C)Identifying the problem in a car engine that has stalled
D)Writing an essay explaining how one might address health care issues in developing nations

Question 64

Occasionally students may be tempted to cheat during a formal classroom assessment.With the textbook's recommendations in mind, choose the best strategy for addressing cheating.

A)Watch students like a hawk, and immediately remove the test paper of anyone who appears to be looking at someone else's paper.
B)Keep a watchful eye on the class during the assessment, and impose a reasonable consequence when cheating does occur.
C)Punish a cheating student in front of classmates so that others vicariously learn the importance of honesty.
D)Ignore cheating the first or second time it occurs because students are not likely to repeat this type of behavior.

Question 65

Three of the following are accurate statements about cheating in the classroom.Which one is not necessarily accurate?

A)Students are more likely to cheat if they have performance goals rather than mastery goals.
B)Students are more likely to cheat if they think an assessment instrument doesn't reflect classroom objectives.
C)Students are more likely to cheat if they think their teacher is a "softie" who grades leniently.
D)Students are more likely to cheat if they think their teacher's expectations for them are unreasonably high.

Question 66

Some performance assessments focus on processes, whereas others focus on products. Which one of the following pairs best illustrates this distinction?

A)Observing how a student solves algebra problems vs.observing how a student tackles geometry proofs
B)Observing how a student goes about developing a computer program vs.observing how well the final program actually works
C)Observing how a student speaks during an oral presentation in class vs.observing how the student interacts with peers informally in class and at lunch
D)Observing a student's watercolor painting vs.observing a student's clay sculpture

Question 67

When we give high school students instructions about a summative classroom assessment, we should:

A)Give them considerable freedom about how to respond
B)Always deduct points for any grammatical or spelling errors
C)Communicate clear guidelines about how they should respond
D)Assume that they have had experience with such standard item types as true-false and multiple-choice

Question 68

Which one of the following illustrates the use of a rubric in a classroom assessment?

A)Responses to a 10-point essay in a history class are given 5 points for describing historical events accurately, 4 points for explaining how the events are interrelated, and 1 point for using complete sentences throughout the essay.
B)In a swimming test, students are asked to swim one lap each of the breaststroke, backstroke, and crawl.
C)A science test has 30 multiple-choice questions, 10 alternative-response questions, 3 short-answer questions, and one essay.
D)A math assignment presents a complex problem with several parts and asks students to break it down into at least five simpler problems.

Question 69

From the textbook's perspective, which one of the following is the primary advantage of allowing students to use reference materials during a paper-pencil assessment?

A)Students don't have to study the material ahead of time; they can simply learn it during the assessment session.
B)Students are more likely to learn material meaningfully if they know they are going to have an open-book test rather than a closed-book test.
C)Such a procedure better assesses students' ability to apply material that they don't necessarily need to commit to memory.
D)Such a procedure is less likely to lead to test anxiety than would otherwise be true.

Question 70

Which one of the following performance tasks best reflects restricted performance?

A)Creating costumes for the school play
B)Playing Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" on a clarinet
C)Conducting a survey of senior citizens in the local community
D)Raising rabbits using two different diets to see which diet leads to faster growth

Question 71

With the textbook's guidelines for constructing essay questions in mind, identify the best essay question among the four questions below.

A)"List three major turning points of World War II."
B)"Summarize the aftermath of the American Civil War."
C)"Compare George Washington and Abraham Lincoln in terms of their effectiveness as U.S.Presidents."
D)"In five or six sentences, describe three ways in which the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001 changed American diplomatic relationships in the Middle East."

Question 72

As we plan our classroom assessments, one of the decisions we will have to make is whether to use a paper-pencil or performance assessment.Keeping both practicality and validity in mind, we should probably use a performance assessment:

A)Whenever we want to assess recall rather than recognition
B)Whenever we want to assess students' achievement of higher-level objectives
C)Only when a paper-pencil assessment cannot give us sufficient content validity
D)As often as possible

Question 73

You have just written a paper-pencil quiz for a unit on map-reading skills.Following the textbook's advice, you arrange the items by:

A)Putting easier items, as well as those that can be answered quickly, at the beginning of the test
B)Putting more difficult items, as well as those that require considerable thought, at the beginning of the test
C)Arranging topics in the sequence in which they were presented during instruction
D)Interspersing shorter and easier items among longer, more difficult ones

Question 74

The four students below have just received feedback about their test performance.With the textbook's discussion of assessment and feedback in mind, choose the student who is most likely to benefit from the feedback he or she has received.

A)Garry got his multiple-choice science test back with the errors circled in red and the comment, "You need to study harder for the next test" written at the top of the page.
B)Harry received his history essay test with the comment, "You have a thorough knowledge of history, but your discussion is vague and disorganized."
C)Jerry could not see his geography test after it was scored, as his teacher plans to use the test again with next year's class.However, he's gotten the feedback, "You need to work more on the characteristics of the countries we're studying."
D)Kerrie received her math test with any incorrect answers corrected in red and with the comment, "You have learned how to 'carry' in addition but are having trouble with 'borrowing' in subtraction."

Question 75

Which one of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the RSVP characteristics of paper-pencil assessments?

A)Although reliability, standardization, and practicality are almost always high, validity is typically rather low.
B)Such assessments are typically practical and easily standardized; reliability and validity will vary, depending on the circumstances.
C)Reliability will be high only if validity is high; standardization and practicality will vary, depending on the circumstances.
D)There is a trade-off between reliability and validity; to the extent that one is high, the other will be relatively low.

Question 76

Three of the following alternatives are advantages of performance assessment.Which one of the following is not a typical advantage of performance assessment?

A)It is more likely than paper-pencil assessment to resemble real-world tasks.
B)It is especially suitable for assessing students' ability to handle complex tasks.
C)It is often more motivating than paper-pencil assessment.
D)It has greater practicality than paper-pencil assessment.

Question 77

On the day you give a paper-pencil test, your classroom is unusually cold, and a construction crew is working noisily just outside the building.For which one of the following students are such conditions likely to adversely affect test performance?

A)Andrea, who thinks tests are challenging and fun
B)Brittany, who doesn't really care how well she does on the test
C)Corbin, who is receiving special educational services for students who are gifted
D)Dennis, who has done well on similar tests in the past, albeit under more favorable conditions

Question 78

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to score his or her essay tests reliably?

A)Mr.Achziger scores students' responses to each question on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 means "inadequate" and 5 means "excellent."
B)Ms.Brodzinski scores each student's test in its entirety before moving to the next student's test.
C)Ms.Cullen arranges the tests with her higher-achieving students' responses at the top; their responses will give her an idea of what a "good" response is like as she continues to grade other students' papers.
D)Mr.Duning identifies the components that a good response should include and awards a specific number of points for each component he finds in a student's response.

Question 79

We show Antoinette two identical glasses containing equal amounts of water.We pour the water from one glass into a wide, shallow bowl.Antoinette tells us that the other glass has more water than the bowl does.You may recognize this as Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task.)We ask Antoinette to explain why she thinks the glass and bowl have different amounts of water so that we can identify possible strategies to help her develop conservation of liquid.By doing so, we are engaging in performance assessment of for purposes of evaluation.

A)a product; formative
B)a product; summative
C)a process; formative
D)extended performance; summative

Question 80

Which one of the following is a drawback of using essay questions on a paper-pencil assessment?

A)Reliability tends to be lower than that for recognition tasks.
B)The administration of essay questions is difficult to standardize.
C)Lengthy essay questions can limit sampling of the content domain being assessed.
D)Guessing is likely to inflate students' scores considerably.