Deck 21: Power to the Person

Question 1

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
•conditioned responses.
•respondent behaviors.
•followed by reinforcement.
•violent or antisocial.

Answer 1

•followed by reinforcement

Question 2

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
•the law of effect.
•spontaneous recovery.
•the violence-viewing effect.
•instinctive drift.

Answer 2

•the violence-viewing effect

Question 3

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
•punishing.
•discriminating.
•modeling.
•generalizing.

Answer 3

•modeling

Question 4

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
•delayed reinforcement.
•observational learning.
•respondent behavior.
•shaping.

Question 5

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates
•respondent behavior.
•prosocial behavior.
•operant conditioning.
•observational learning.

Question 6

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of
•mirror neuron activity.
•spontaneous recovery.
•respondent behavior.
•positive reinforcement.

Question 7

Children are helped by ________ to develop a theory of mind.
•spontaneous recovery
•mirror neurons
•instinctive drift
•partial reinforcement

Question 8

In a well-known experiment,preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of
•operant conditioning.
•respondent behavior.
•observational learning.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 9

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
•conditioned responses.
•prosocial behavior.
•instinctive drift.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 10

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
•the law of effect.
•spontaneous recovery.
•observational learning.
•instinctive drift.

Question 11

Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?
•prosocial behaviors
•respondent behaviors
•cognitive maps
•mirror neurons

Question 12

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward,the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates
•operant conditioning.
•observational learning.
•respondent behavior.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 13

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits
•justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
•unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
•justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
•unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.

Question 14

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
•respondent behavior.
•immediate reinforcement.
•modeling.
•shaping.

Question 15

Dan and Joel,both 4-year-olds,have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof,ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
•delayed reinforcement
•observational learning
•immediate reinforcement
•classical conditioning

Question 16

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to
•partial reinforcement.
•spontaneous recovery.
•mirror neurons.
•cognitive maps.

Question 17

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.
•inhibits
•causes
•is unrelated to
•predicts

Question 18

Although Mr. Wright often tells his children about the importance of donating time and money to charitable causes,he rarely does so himself. He believes that this hypocrisy will not rub off on his children,however,as long as he has plausible excuses for his lack of charity. Use your understanding of learning processes to explain how Mr. Wright's children are likely to be affected by their father's behavior. What advice would you give to Mr. Wright?

Question 19

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of
•operant conditioning.
•spontaneous recovery.
•observational learning.
•respondent behavior.

Question 20

Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?
•Watson
•Bandura
•Skinner
•Pavlov

Question 21

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals,but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to
•practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.
•practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.
•neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.
•preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

Question 22

Learning best defined as
•any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.
•a change in the behavior of an organism.
•a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.
•behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.

Question 23

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children,most researchers believe that
•aggressive children simply prefer violent programs.
•television simply reflects,rather than contributes to,violent social trends.
•watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.
•there is only a weak correlation between exposure to violence and aggressive behavior.

Question 24

In promoting observational learning,the most effective models are those that we perceive as
•similar to ourselves.
•respected and admired.
•successful.
•having any of these characteristics.

Question 25

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ________.
•frontal lobe; observational learning
•frontal lobe; classical conditioning
•temporal lobe; operant conditioning
•temporal lobe; observational learning

Question 26

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ________.
•secondary; Skinner
•observational; Bandura
•secondary; Pavlov
•observational; Watson

Question 27

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to
•react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.
•perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
•be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.
•overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.

Question 28

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car,but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to
•use their seat belts and tell others it is important to do so.
•use their seat belts but not tell others it is important to do so.
•tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.
•neither tell others that seat belts are important nor use them.

Question 29

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of
•cognitive maps.
•spontaneous recovery.
•mirror neurons.
•the law of effect.

Question 30

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence
•causes visible harm.
•goes unpunished.
•seems unjustified.
•is committed by an unattractive person.

Question 31

After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently,Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games." Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?
•classical conditioning
•observational learning
•latent learning
•shaping

Question 32

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?
•Watson
•Bandura
•Pavlov
•Skinner

Question 33

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of
•modeling.
•respondent behavior.
•immediate reinforcement.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 34

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
•ignore both what the model says and does.
•ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says.
•ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does.
•talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.