Deck 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions

Question 1

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
•the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
•what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.
•information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
•our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

Answer 1

•the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Question 2

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by
•the testing effect.
•mood-congruent memory.
•the recency effect.
•priming.

Answer 2

•the testing effect

Question 3

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as
•mnemonics.
•connectionism.
•the peg-word system.
•automatic processing.

Answer 3

•connectionism

Question 4

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
•rehearsal.
•the peg-word system.
•chunking.
•the serial position effect.

Question 5

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
•the serial position effect.
•imagery.
•visual encoding.
•memory.

Question 6

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
•recognition; recall
•imagery; mnemonics
•rehearsal; retrieval
•retention; acquisition

Question 7

The effortful processing of information
•typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively.
•cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited.
•can become automatic through practice.
•occurs less frequently among adults than children.

Question 8

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to
•encoding.
•chunking.
•imagery.
•automatic processing.

Question 9

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
•the spacing effect.
•the serial position effect.
•chunking.
•automatic processing.

Question 10

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
•short-term
•implicit
•mood-congruent
•explicit

Question 11

The conscious repetition of information to maintain it in memory is called
•automatic processing.
•rehearsal.
•priming.
•chunking.

Question 12

Automatic processing occurs without
•iconic memory.
•semantic encoding.
•conscious awareness.
•long-term potentiation.

Question 13

The process of encoding refers to
•the persistence of learning over time.
•the recall of information previously learned.
•getting information into memory.
•a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

Question 14

The process of getting information out of memory is called
•encoding.
•relearning.
•retrieval.
•rehearsal.

Question 15

You are most likely to automatically encode information about
•politicians' names.
•friends' birthdays.
•new phone numbers.
•the sequence of your day's events.

Question 16

During her psychology test,Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term mnemonics. Surprisingly,however,she accurately remembered that the term appeared in the first line of the third paragraph of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
•automatic processing.
•the spacing effect.
•the peg-word system.
•the serial position effect.

Question 17

The retention of encoded information over time refers to
•effortful processing.
•implicit memory.
•retrieval.
•storage.

Question 18

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of
•implicit memory.
•iconic memory.
•sensory memory.
•working memory.

Question 19

Automatic processing and effortful processing are two types of
•encoding.
•retrieval.
•rehearsal.
•storage.

Question 20

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.
•working memory
•sensory memory
•flashbulb memory
•long-term memory

Question 21

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory.
•sensory
•short-term
•flashbulb
•implicit

Question 22

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of
•the spacing effect.
•chunking.
•the serial position effect.
•mood-congruent memory.

Question 23

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized,they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of
•implicit memory.
•acronyms.
•encoding meaning.
•state-dependent memory.

Question 24

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.
•echoic
•implicit
•iconic
•flashbulb

Question 25

Chunking refers to
•getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
•the organization of information into meaningful units.
•the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
•the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.

Question 26

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun,a shoe,a tree,a door,and a hive best illustrates the use of
•the spacing effect.
•implicit memory.
•rosy retrospection.
•the peg-word system.

Question 27

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter,cigarette,and fire" than the words "void,process,and inherent." This best illustrates the value of
•long-term potentiation.
•flashbulb memory.
•imagery.
•iconic memory.

Question 28

Shortly after hearing a list of items,people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
•iconic memory.
•the spacing effect.
•implicit memory.
•a recency effect.

Question 29

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
•iconic memory.
•meaning in encoding.
•rosy retrospection.
•the peg-word system.

Question 30

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish,carrots,pencils,ham,sponges,celery,notebook paper,and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
•the spacing effect.
•hierarchical organization.
•the peg-word system.
•mood-congruent memory.

Question 31

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.
•serial position
•encoding
•semantic
•spacing

Question 32

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
•chunking.
•acronym formation.
•the serial position effect.
•the peg-word system.

Question 33

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook,Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates
•iconic memory.
•meaningful encoding.
•automatic processing.
•the serial position effect.

Question 34

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates
•implicit memory.
•rehearsal.
•rosy retrospection.
•the spacing effect.

Question 35

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second,research participants
•recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them.
•recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations.
•had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
•formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.

Question 36

A mnemonic device is a
•sensory memory.
•test or measure of memory.
•technique for automatic processing.
•memory aid.

Question 37

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of
•meaning in encoding.
•the serial position effect.
•iconic memory.
•long-term potentiation.

Question 38

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon,she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the benefits of
•automatic processing.
•rehearsal.
•flashbulb memory.
•the peg-word system.

Question 39

One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items,Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.
•at the beginning and end
•at the end
•at the beginning
•in the middle

Question 40

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen,but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise,however,he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
•iconic
•implicit
•echoic
•state-dependent

Question 41

After having a stroke,Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from
•long-term potentiation.
•spatial mnemonics.
•mood-congruent memory.
•amnesia.

Question 42

The loss of memory is called
•LTP.
•chunking.
•amnesia.
•déjà vu.

Question 43

Long-term potentiation is
•the elimination of anxiety-producing thoughts from conscious awareness.
•the disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.
•the process of getting information out of memory.
•a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 44

After being asked to remember three consonants,participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
•implicit memory.
•automatic processing.
•the serial position effect.
•rehearsal.

Question 45

Excitement or stress triggers our glands to produce stress hormones. This is most likely to facilitate
•iconic memory.
•explicit memory.
•the spacing effect.
•long-term potentiation.

Question 46

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories
•was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres.
•was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.
•was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes.
•was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Question 47

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by
•decreasing the availability of serotonin.
•increasing the availability of glucose.
•decreasing the availability of epinephrine.
•increasing the availability of dopamine.

Question 48

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the
•structure of DNA molecules.
•release of certain neurotransmitters.
•activity level of the hippocampus.
•development of the cerebellum.

Question 49

Short-term recall is slightly better
•for random digits than for random letters.
•for visual information than for auditory information.
•in children than in adults.
•in females than in males.

Question 50

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.
•implicit
•mood-congruent
•short-term
•flashbulb

Question 51

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a
•flashbulb memory.
•spacing effect.
•mnemonic device.
•memory trace.

Question 52

"The Magical Number Seven,plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
•short-term
•explicit
•flashbulb
•implicit

Question 53

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.
•iconic; short-term
•short-term; sensory
•flashbulb; short-term
•long-term; iconic

Question 54

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
•echoic memory
•short-term memory
•long-term memory
•iconic memory

Question 55

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates
•sensory memory.
•visual stimulation.
•flashbulb memory.
•the serial position effect.

Question 56

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark,Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
•short-term
•iconic
•implicit
•echoic

Question 57

Echoic memory refers to
•the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
•a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
•the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
•a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Question 58

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
•iconic
•implicit
•echoic
•long-term

Question 59

One effect of long-term potentiation is that
•the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters.
•more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity.
•a receiving neuron's receptor sites are increased.
•the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain.

Question 60

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
•12 seconds.
•1 minute.
•12 minutes.
•1 hour.

Question 61

The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between
•iconic memory and echoic memory.
•short-term memory and long-term memory.
•recognition and recall.
•explicit memory and implicit memory.

Question 62

When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures,she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents,her husband,and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful
•encoding devices.
•iconic memories.
•implicit memories.
•retrieval cues.

Question 63

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
•chunking.
•mnemonics.
•encoding.
•priming.

Question 64

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.
•short-term; long-term
•long-term; short-term
•implicit; explicit
•explicit; implicit

Question 65

Words,events,places,and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called
•retrieval cues.
•iconic traces.
•context effects.
•chunks.

Question 66

The hippocampus plays a critical role in ________ memory.
•iconic
•explicit
•echoic
•implicit

Question 67

Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________.
•brainstem; hippocampus
•explicit memory; implicit memory
•automatic processing; effortful processing
•short-term memory; long-term memory

Question 68

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
•explicit
•flashbulb
•implicit
•sensory

Question 69

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of visual designs.
•right hippocampus; left hippocampus
•left hippocampus; right hippocampus
•right cerebellum; left cerebellum
•left cerebellum; right cerebellum

Question 70

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
•state-dependent
•flashbulb
•short-term
•implicit

Question 71

Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the ______ is temporarily deactivated during the process of training.
•hypothalamus
•motor cortex
•hippocampus
•cerebellum

Question 72

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
•recognition
•recall
•relearning
•rehearsal

Question 73

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened,which test of memory is being used?
•recognition
•rehearsal
•recall
•relearning

Question 74

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?
•hippocampus
•cerebellum
•hypothalamus
•motor cortex

Question 75

Explicit memories of facts and personal experiences refer to ________ memories.
•classically conditioned
•consciously recalled
•echoic
•iconic

Question 76

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano,at age 55,still remembers many of his high school classmates?
•recall
•recognition
•rehearsal
•relearning

Question 77

Memories are primed by
•sensory memory.
•retrieval cues.
•chunking.
•implicit memory.

Question 78

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining
•the serial position effect.
•the spacing effect.
•state-dependent memory.
•infantile amnesia.

Question 79

Although Faustina can learn and remember how to read reversed mirror-image writing,she is unable to learn and remember the names of people to whom she has been introduced. Faustina is most likely to have suffered damage to her
•hypothalamus.
•brainstem.
•hippocampus.
•cerebellum.

Question 80

The rear area of the ________ grows bigger the longer a London cab driver has been navigating the maze of city streets.
•thalamus
•amygdala
•hippocampus
•hypothalamus