Deck 13: Gender,genes,and Culture

Question 1

In an experiment to test the spillover effect,college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. Which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?
•those who were led to think the injection would produce no physiological arousal
•those who were promised a large sum of money for participating in the experiment
•those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused
•those who were asked to run in place after receiving the injection

Answer 1

•those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused

Question 2

Boyd,a suspect in a criminal investigation,has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his
•blood sugar levels.
•pupil dilation.
•hormone secretions.
•perspiration levels.

Answer 2

•perspiration levels

Question 3

The emotion of fear is sometimes accompanied by ________ that differ from those that accompany rage.
•hormone secretions and perspiration levels
•breathing rates and hormone secretions
•breathing rates and blood pressure levels
•hormone secretions and finger temperatures

Answer 3

•hormone secretions and finger temperatures

Question 4

The level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be
•lower on tasks that are well-learned.
•higher on tasks that are difficult.
•lower on tasks that are easy.
•lower on tasks that are difficult.

Question 5

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
•increases respiration and increases salivation.
•increases respiration and decreases salivation.
•decreases respiration and decreases salivation.
•decreases respiration and increases salivation.

Question 6

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class,Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.
•sympathetic
•central
•somatic
•parasympathetic

Question 7

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience
•pride.
•joy.
•disgust.
•love.

Question 8

In one experiment,college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that
•some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
•there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions.
•our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
•happiness is largely a function of experience.

Question 9

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.
•raising of blood sugar; lowering of blood sugar
•inhibition of digestion; activation of digestion
•contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils
•increasing blood pressure; decreasing blood pressure

Question 10

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?
•somatic
•central
•sympathetic
•parasympathetic

Question 11

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they
•are more accurate for men than women.
•are accurate only 50 percent of the time,even when administered by experts.
•are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent.
•are more likely to declare the guilty innocent than to declare the innocent guilty.

Question 12

Thaddeus will play a violin solo at his school tomorrow. His musical performance is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.
•best; very low
•worst; moderate
•best; very high
•best; moderate

Question 13

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the ________ associated with each.
•hormone secretions
•finger temperatures
•heart rates
•brain activity

Question 14

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to
•evaluate a criminal's mental health.
•assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime.
•screen potential employees for possible past misdeeds.
•determine the frequency with which an individual lies.

Question 15

When her son fails to arrive home as expected,Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.
•parasympathetic
•sympathetic
•central
•somatic

Question 16

Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ________.
•anger; fear
•disgust; joy
•love; hate
•elation; depression

Question 17

A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds-details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using
•dual processing.
•cognitive appraisal.
•the guilty knowledge test.
•the adaptation-level theory.

Question 18

Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.
•best; moderate
•worst; moderate
•best; very low
•best; very high

Question 19

For purposes of lie detection,investigators have most commonly made use of a(n)
•electrocardiograph.
•electroencephalograph.
•myograph.
•polygraph.

Question 20

As people experience negative emotions
•the right frontal lobe becomes more electrically active.
•the right frontal lobe becomes less electrically active.
•the left frontal lobe becomes more electrically active.
•the left frontal lobe becomes less electrically active.

Question 21

Unlike the low-road brain pathway,the high road for emotional responses extends through the
•thalamus.
•cortex.
•hypothalamus.
•cerebellum.

Question 22

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?
•the two-factor theory
•the James-Lange theory
•the Schachter-Singer theory
•the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 23

When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack,he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the
•spillover effect.
•James-Lange theory.
•arousal theory.
•two-factor theory.

Question 24

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the
•hippocampus.
•hypothalamus.
•cerebellum.
•amygdala.

Question 25

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run,Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the
•two-factor theory.
•James-Lange theory.
•Cannon-Bard theory.
•adaptation-level theory.

Question 26

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
•increases salivation and increases blood pressure.
•decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
•increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
•decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Question 27

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the
•amygdala.
•hypothalamus.
•pituitary gland.
•hippocampus.

Question 28

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
•a decreased blood sugar level.
•a decreased respiration rate.
•contraction of the arteries.
•dilation of his pupils.

Question 29

Exuberant infants and alert,energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the
•limbic system.
•sensory cortex.
•cerebellum.
•left frontal lobe.

Question 30

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the
•hypothalamus.
•amygdala.
•thalamus.
•prefrontal cortex.

Question 31

A lie detector test using a polygraph monitors a person's
•insulin levels.
•stomach contraction.
•brain activity.
•respiration.

Question 32

Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most consistent with the ________.
•spillover effect; arousal theory
•arousal theory; spillover effect
•James-Lange theory; two-factor theory
•two-factor theory; James-Lange theory

Question 33

An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the
•polygraph.
•arousal hypothesis.
•spillover effect.
•guilty knowledge test.

Question 34

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the
•James-Lange theory.
•dual-processing theory.
•adaptation-level theory.
•two-factor theory.

Question 35

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed supports the contention that
•our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states.
•our normal feelings of love and anger are typically irrational.
•the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct.
•emotions can occur apart from our interpretations of events.

Question 36

In their dispute over the role of cognitive appraisal in emotion,both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that
•cognitive reactions always precede emotional reactions.
•emotional reactions always precede cognitive reactions.
•some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking.
•cognitive reactions and emotional reactions always occur simultaneously.

Question 37

A newspaper advice columnist suggests that thinking can be voluntarily controlled and changed but that emotions are gut-level,biological reactions that can't be voluntarily controlled or modified. Use your knowledge of emotion research and theory to either support or refute the columnist's claim.

Question 38

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted,their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused. This is best explained by the
•James-Lange theory.
•Cannon-Bard theory.
•catharsis hypothesis.
•two-factor theory.

Question 39

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often effectively reduce people's subjective experience of intense anger or anxiety. Use one of the major theories of emotion to account for the emotion-reducing effects of such tranquilizers. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining these effects? Why?

Question 40

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car,Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates
•dual processing.
•autonomic activity.
•adaptation-level theory.
•the spillover effect.

Question 41

Emotions consist of which of the following components?
•physiological reactions
•behavioral expressions
•conscious feelings
•all of these components

Question 42

Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal?
•somatic nervous system
•peripheral nervous system
•sympathetic nervous system
•parasympathetic nervous system

Question 43

Julio was extremely angry when he came in for a routine EEG of his brain activity. When he later told this to the doctor,she was no longer concerned about the
•increased electrical activity in Julio's right hemisphere.
•increased electrical activity in Julio's left hemisphere.
•decreased electrical activity in Julio's amygdala.
•increased electrical activity in Julio's amygdala.

Question 44

You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly,on noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating,you feel nervous. With which theory of emotion is this experience most consistent?
•Cannon-Bard theory
•James-Lange theory
•two-factor theory
•Schachter-Singer theory

Question 45

Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both
•the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system.
•verbal and nonverbal expression.
•physical arousal and a cognitive label.
•universal and culture-specific aspects.

Question 46

A student participating in an experiment concerned with physical responses that accompany emotions reports that her mouth is dry,her heart is racing,and she feels flushed. Can the emotion she is experiencing be determined?
•Yes,it is anger.
•Yes,it is fear.
•Yes,it is ecstasy.
•No,it cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 47

After Brenda scolded her brother for forgetting to pick her up from school,the physical arousal that had accompanied her anger diminished. Which division of her nervous system mediated her physical relaxation?
•sympathetic division
•parasympathetic division
•somatic division
•peripheral nervous system

Question 48

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates
•relative arousal.
•the spillover effect.
•subjective well-being.
•dual-track mind.

Question 49

People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's ________,which is rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter ________.
•right frontal lobe; dopamine
•left frontal lobe; dopamine
•amygdala; serotonin
•thalamus; serotonin

Question 50

Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal?
•Emotions prepare the body to fight or flee.
•Emotions are voluntary reactions to emotion-arousing stimuli.
•Because all emotions have the same physiological basis,emotions are primarily psychological events.
•Emotional arousal is always accompanied by cognition.

Question 51

In laboratory experiments,fear and joy
•result in an increase in heart rate.
•stimulate different facial muscles.
•increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles.
•result in a decrease in heart rate.

Question 52

In an emergency situation,emotional arousal will result in
•increased rate of respiration.
•increased blood sugar.
•a slowing of digestion.
•all of these events.

Question 53

Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction?
•James-Lange theory
•Cannon-Bard theory
•two-factor theory
•Schachter-Singer theory

Question 54

Two years ago,Maria,was in an automobile accident in which her spinal cord was severed,leaving her paralyzed from her neck down. Today,Maria finds that she experiences emotions less intensely than she did before her accident. This tends to support which theory of emotion?
•James-Lange theory
•Cannon-Bard theory
•arousal theory
•spillover effect theory

Question 55

Concerning emotions and their accompanying body responses,which of the following appears to be true?
•Each emotion has its own body response and underlying brain circuit.
•All emotions involve the same body response as a result of the same underlying brain circuit.
•Many emotions involve similar body responses but have different underlying brain circuits.
•All emotions have the same underlying brain circuits but different body responses.

Question 56

After hitting a grand-slam home run,Mike noticed that his heart was pounding. Later that evening,after nearly having a collision while driving on the freeway,Mike again noticed that his heart was pounding. That he interpreted this reaction as fear,rather than as ecstasy,can best be explained by the
•James-Lange theory.
•Cannon-Bard theory.
•two-factor theory.
•arousal theory.

Question 57

Which of the following was NOT raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
•The body's responses are too similar to trigger the various emotions.
•Emotional reactions occur before the body's responses can take place.
•The cognitive activity of the cortex plays a role in the emotions we experience.
•People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.

Question 58

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of the body's response and emotional feeling?
•James-Lange theory
•Cannon-Bard theory
•two-factor theory
•Schachter-Singer theory

Question 59

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that
•emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
•the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.
•emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body's responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
•emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run.

Question 60

Nine-month-old Nicole's left frontal lobe is more active than her right frontal lobe. We can expect that,all other things being equal,Nicole
•may suffer from mild depression for most of her life.
•may have trouble "turning off" upsetting feelings later in her life.
•may be more cheerful than those with more active right frontal lobes.
•may have trouble expressing feelings later in her life.

Question 61

Research with subliminally flashed stimuli supports Robert Zajonc's view that
•the heart is always subject to the mind.
•emotional reactions involve deliberate rational thinking.
•cognition is not necessary for emotion.
•responding to a subliminal stimulus is a learned skill.

Question 62

As part of her job interview,Jan is asked to take a lie-detector test. Jan politely refuses and points out that
•a guilty person can be found innocent by the polygraph.
•an innocent person can be found guilty.
•these tests err one-third of the time.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 63

In the Schachter-Singer experiment,which college men reported feeling an emotional change in the presence of the experimenter's highly emotional confederate?
•those receiving epinephrine and expecting to feel physical arousal
•those receiving a placebo and expecting to feel physical arousal
•those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal
•those receiving a placebo and not expecting to feel physical arousal

Question 64

Several studies have shown that physical arousal can intensify just about any emotion. For example,when people who have been physically aroused by exercise are insulted,they often misattribute their arousal to the insult. This finding illustrates the importance of
•cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions.
•a minimum level of arousal in triggering emotional experiences.
•the simultaneous occurrence of physical arousal and cognitive labeling in emotional experience.
•all of these things.

Question 65

(Thinking Critically)Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the
•inductive approach.
•deductive approach.
•guilty knowledge test.
•screening examination.

Question 66

(Thinking Critically)Many psychologists are opposed to the use of lie detectors because
•they represent an invasion of a person's privacy and could easily be used for unethical purposes.
•there are often serious discrepancies among the various indicators such as perspiration and heart rate.
•polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal.
•they are accurate only about 50 percent of the time.

Question 67

(Thinking Critically)Current estimates are that the polygraph is inaccurate approximately ________ of the time.
•three-fourths
•one-half
•one-third
•one-fourth

Question 68

Which of the following was NOT presented in the text as evidence that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate,rational thinking?
•Some of the neural pathways involved in emotion are separate from those involved in thinking and memory.
•Emotional reactions are sometimes quicker than our interpretations of a situation.
•People can develop an emotional preference for visual stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed.
•Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction even when artificially induced by an injection of epinephrine.

Question 69

Who will probably be angrier after getting a parking ticket?
•Bob,who has just awakened from a nap
•Veronica,who has just finished eating a big lunch
•Dan,who has just completed a tennis match
•Alicia,who has been reading a romantic novel

Question 70

(Thinking Critically)The polygraph measures
•lying.
•brain rhythms.
•chemical changes in the body.
•physiological indexes of arousal.