Deck 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted

Question 1

Professor Langley emphasizes that premature sexual activity among high school students involves the interplay of alcohol consumption,mass media norms,and teens' underestimation of their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
•the evolutionary perspective.
•drive-reduction theory.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•the sexual response cycle.

Answer 1

•a biopsychosocial approach

Question 2

Ivan just spent an evening watching pornographic movies of attractive women who actually seemed to enjoy being sexually molested. This experience is most likely to lead him to
•perceive himself as sexually impotent.
•be more willing to hurt women.
•feel unsure about his gender identity.
•view sexual promiscuity as morally wrong.

Answer 2

•be more willing to hurt women

Question 3

The descriptions of orgasm written by men and women are ________,and the subcortical brain regions active in men and women during orgasm are ________.
•different; similar
•similar; different
•different; different
•similar; similar

Answer 3

•similar; similar

Question 4

Studies in both North America and China find that married fathers tend to have ________ than bachelors or married men without children.
•larger hypothalamic centers
•lower testosterone levels
•more asymmetrical brains
•shorter refractory periods

Question 5

Women's sexual receptivity differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive to ________ levels than to estrogen levels.
•glucose
•serotonin
•endorphin
•testosterone

Question 6

Kamil,a 33-year-old lawyer,experiences premature ejaculation. Through behaviorally oriented therapy,he would most likely learn to minimize his problem by
•engaging in sexual activity less frequently.
•eliminating his high level of sexual guilt.
•uncovering the unconscious fears that underlie his problem.
•learning ways to control his urge to ejaculate.

Question 7

Orgasmic dysfunction is one form of
•erotic plasticity.
•STI.
•refractory period.
•sexual disorder.

Question 8

Brain scans of people viewing erotic material reveal a more active ________ in men than in women.
•thalamus
•medulla
•amygdala
•cerebellum

Question 9

In most nonhuman mammals,female sexual receptivity is greatest when
•testosterone levels are lowest.
•testosterone levels are highest.
•estrogen levels are lowest.
•estrogen levels are highest.

Question 10

Masters and Johnson identified orgasm as the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle.
•first
•second
•third
•fourth

Question 11

The refractory period is the
•moment before orgasm during which sexual arousal is maintained at a fairly high level.
•stage of the sexual response cycle during which sexual excitation reaches its climax.
•span of the monthly female reproductive cycle during which ovulation occurs.
•time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm.

Question 12

During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle,people are most likely to experience a rapid decrease in physiological arousal if
•they have just experienced orgasm.
•they have not used contraceptives.
•their refractory period is unusually short.
•their sexual interaction has not resulted in conception.

Question 13

Women are more likely than men to experience
•an extended refractory period.
•sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm.
•fantasies of being sexually taken by a passionate lover.
•fantasies of coercing someone else into having sex.

Question 14

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that
•women's sexual interests are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles.
•adult men who have been castrated show virtually no reduction in sex drive.
•sexual interests are aroused by decreased testosterone levels in women and increased testosterone levels in men.
•imprisoned male sex offenders typically experience lower-than-normal testosterone levels.

Question 15

Many sexually active American adolescents fail to avoid pregnancy because
•low sex guilt inhibits the careful planning of contraceptive use.
•they have mistaken ideas about effective birth control methods.
•sex education courses have actually discouraged contraceptive use.
•of all these reasons.

Question 16

Researchers observed that the ________ levels of heterosexual male collegians were especially likely to increase while they were conversing with a ________ student.
•testosterone; female
•insulin; male
•glucose; female
•endorphin; male

Question 17

A problem that consistently interferes with one's ability to complete the sexual response cycle is called
•an STI.
•erotic plasticity.
•a sexual disorder.
•a refractory period.

Question 18

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that
•males and females experience an equally long refractory period following orgasm.
•women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced orgasm than if they have not.
•enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.
•during the resolution phase,sexual excitement increases in females but decreases in males.

Question 19

Compared with European teens,American teens have ________ rates of contraceptive use and ________ rates of pregnancy and abortion.
•lower; lower
•higher; higher
•lower; higher
•higher; lower

Question 20

Teens who use alcohol prior to sexual intercourse experience
•enhanced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.
•reduced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.
•enhanced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.
•reduced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.

Question 21

The maternal relatives of homosexual men produce ________ offspring than the maternal relatives of heterosexual men,and male homosexuality is more likely to be transmitted by genes from the ________ side of the family.
•more; mother's
•fewer; father's
•fewer; mother's
•more; father's

Question 22

A birth-order effect seems to play a role in sexual orientation among
•men who are right-handed.
•women who are right-handed.
•men who are not right-handed.
•both men and women who are not right-handed.

Question 23

A biological influence on homosexuality is most clearly seen from evidence of
•sexual relations between same-sex partners in several hundred different animal species.
•an increase in same-sex attraction among women who had fraternal twin brothers.
•the increase in homosexual and bisexual people among males with domineering mothers.
•the link between sexual orientation and the levels of sex hormones currently in a person's blood.

Question 24

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that
•homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been sexually abused during childhood.
•homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been overprotected by their mothers.
•homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been raised in a father-absent home.
•the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar.

Question 25

If pregnant sheep are injected with ________ during a critical period of prenatal development,their female offspring will show homosexual behavior.
•estrogen
•endorphins
•serotonin
•testosterone

Question 26

It has been suggested that the fraternal birth-order effect is a result of
•erotic plasticity.
•refractory periods.
•a maternal immune response.
•mass-media norms.

Question 27

Condoms ________ the risk of contracting skin-to-skin STIs. Condoms ________ the risk of contracting HIV,which causes AIDS.
•reduce; reduce
•fail to reduce; fail to reduce
•reduce; fail to reduce
•fail to reduce; reduce

Question 28

To avoid placing individual refugee families in communities where they are likely to feel socially isolated,U.S. policies today encourage
•erotic plasticity.
•refractory periods.
•chain migration.
•the fraternal birth-order effect.

Question 29

Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by
•manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions.
•exposure only to animals of the same sex.
•injections of sex hormones in early adulthood.
•destruction of the hippocampus.

Question 30

More than a dozen national surveys in the early 1990s indicated that in both Europe and the United States,about ________ percent of men are gay and about ________ percent of women are lesbian.
•3 or 4; 1 or 2
•3 or 4; 3 or 4
•10 or 11; 5 or 6
•10 or 11; 10 or 11

Question 31

Lower rates of pregnancy have been observed among teens who have
•sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm.
•imagined being taken sexually by someone overwhelmed with passion.
•watched a higher-than-average amount of prime-time television.
•participated in a service learning program as tutors or teachers' aides.

Question 32

Isaac,a 25-year-old law student,is heterosexual; his brother Chaim,a 21-year-old college senior,is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their
•erotic plasticity.
•sexual response cycle.
•sexual orientation.
•refractory period.

Question 33

Gender differences in erotic plasticity are best illustrated by the fact that women
•have longer refractory periods than do men.
•tend to be more changeable than men in sexual orientation.
•are less likely than men to be equally aroused by male and female erotic stimuli.
•become aware of their sexual orientation much earlier in life than do men.

Question 34

By manipulating a single gene,scientists have been able to control sexual orientation in
•humans.
•chimpanzees.
•fruit flies.
•all of these organisms.

Question 35

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to suggest that almost all humans are genetically predisposed to
•engage in both homosexual and heterosexual behaviors.
•form close enduring relationships with fellow humans.
•mate with only one person for a lifetime.
•satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.

Question 36

With respect to sex research and human values,the text suggests that
•sexual activity is largely a medical and biological issue,not a moral issue.
•scientific methods prevent sex researchers from being influenced by their own personal values.
•researchers should not reveal their sexual values because sexual standards are a matter of personal taste.
•sex research and education should be accompanied by open consideration of sexual values.

Question 37

A homosexual orientation is
•equally likely among members of both sexes.
•associated with a lack of clear gender identity.
•very persistent and difficult to change.
•characteristic of over 10 percent of American males.

Question 38

A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological need for
•autonomy.
•orgasm.
•refractory periods.
•erotic plasticity.

Question 39

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs.
•safety
•belongingness
•competence
•self-actualization

Question 40

Evidence that brain anatomy differences account for variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these brain differences
•fully account for gender differences in erotic plasticity.
•are triggered by the segregation of genders at the time one's sex drive matures.
•explain the elevated rates of depression experienced by gays and lesbians.
•originate at about the time of birth.

Question 41

People often refer to homosexuals as persons rather than referring to homosexual behavior as something persons do. In fact,those who experience homosexual desires or engage in homosexual practices are often assumed to be gay or lesbian in the same sense that they are male or female. Describe the potential advantages and disadvantages of this assumption,and critically evaluate how it might influence research on the origins of differing sexual orientations.

Question 42

Among American women born before 1900,a mere 3 percent had experienced premarital sex by age 18. In the United States today,almost half of high school students report having had sexual intercourse. How do these changes in sexual behavior reflect cultural changes that have fueled a preoccupation with needs for social relatedness? How effectively have these sexual behavior changes served to fulfill people's need to belong?

Question 43

The first stage of the sexual response cycle is
•a refractory period.
•an excitement stage.
•a plateau stage.
•orgasm.

Question 44

The stress normally experienced by immigrants is lessened by chain migration. This best illustrates the importance of ________ needs.
•self-actualization
•autonomy
•belongingness
•sexual

Question 45

According to Masters and Johnson,the sexual response of males is most likely to differ from that of females during
•the excitement phase.
•the plateau phase.
•orgasm.
•the resolution phase.

Question 46

In a series of studies,research participants were informed that personality test results indicated they were the type likely to end up alone later in life. As a result,they became ________ likely to underperform on aptitude tests and ________ likely to become aggressive toward someone who had insulted them.
•more; less
•less; more
•more; more
•less; less

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to sexual orientation?
•Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual.
•The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown.
•Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation.
•With the help of a therapist,most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation.

Question 48

When asked what is most necessary for a happy and meaningful life,most people first mention the importance of satisfying their ________ needs.
•self-actualization
•safety
•sexual
•belongingness

Question 49

When pregnant sheep were injected with testosterone during a critical period of fetal development,their female offspring later demonstrated
•chain migration.
•refractory periods.
•orgasmic dysfunction.
•homosexual behavior.

Question 50

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is _______.
•testosterone; lowered
•testosterone; raised
•endorphin; lowered
•endorphin; raised

Question 51

Castration of male rats results in
•reduced testosterone and sexual interest.
•reduced testosterone,but no change in sexual interest.
•reduced estradiol and sexual interest.
•reduced estradiol,but no change in sexual interest.

Question 52

Unlike in men,a high sex drive in women is likely to be associated with an increased same-sex attraction as well as an increased opposite-sex attraction. This best illustrates women's greater
•erotic plasticity.
•refractory period.
•orgasmic dysfunction.
•subcortical brain regions.

Question 53

When asked to describe personal episodes that made them feel particularly bad about themselves,about four times in five,people describe
•a sexual disorder.
•an academic failure.
•a relationship difficulty.
•a physical illness.

Question 54

Our ________ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel.
•autonomy
•gender identity
•erotic plasticity
•self-esteem

Question 55

Teenage girls are especially vulnerable to ________ because of their lower levels of protective antibodies.
•lengthy refractory periods
•sexual disorders
•erotic plasticity
•STIs

Question 56

Which of the following is indicative of a sexual disorder?
•nocturnal emissions
•premature ejaculation
•erotic plasticity
•refractory periods

Question 57

Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by
•chain migration.
•drive reduction.
•ostracism.
•habituation.

Question 58

The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is
•plateau; excitement; orgasm; resolution.
•excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution.
•excitement; orgasm; resolution; refractory.
•plateau; excitement; orgasm; refractory.

Question 59

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?
•the plateau phase
•the resolution phase
•the excitement phase
•orgasm

Question 60

The fraternal birth-order effect refers to a factor associated with
•ostracism.
•orgasm.
•sexual disorders.
•sexual orientation.

Question 61

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the
•James-Lange theory.
•polygraph test.
•two-factor theory.
•Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 62

According to the James-Lange theory,we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory,we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.
•before; before
•before; after
•after; at the same time as
•at the same time as; after

Question 63

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?
•Stanley Schachter
•William James
•Walter Cannon
•Richard Lazarus

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT true regarding homosexuality?
•Gays and lesbians suffer elevated levels of depression.
•Most people report never having a homosexual experience.
•About 3 or 4 percent of men are exclusively homosexual.
•Most homosexual people do not think of themselves as gay or lesbian until later in their teens or twenties.

Question 65

Summarizing her report on the need to belong,Rolanda states that
•"Cooperation among our ancestors was uncommon."
•"Social bonding is not in our nature; it is a learned human trait."
•"Because bonding with others increased our ancestors' success at reproduction and survival,it became part of our biological nature."
•"Our male ancestors were more likely to bond than were females."

Question 66

While viewing erotica,men and women differ in the activity levels of which brain area?
•anterior cingulate cortex
•amygdala
•occipital lobe
•temporal lobe

Question 67

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the
•cortex.
•hypothalamus.
•thalamus.
•parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 68

Summarizing his presentation on the origins of homosexuality,Dennis explains that the fraternal birth-order effect refers to the fact that
•men who have younger brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay.
•men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay.
•women with older sisters are somewhat more likely to be gay.
•women with younger sisters are somewhat more likely to be gay.

Question 69

Exposure of a fetus to the hormones typical of females between ________ and ________ months after conception may predispose the developing human to become attracted to males.
•1; 3
•2; 5
•4; 7
•6; 9

Question 70

The basic components of emotion are
•sympathetic arousal,parasympathetic inhibition,and cognitive labeling.
•physical gestures,facial expressions,and psychological drives.
•expressive behaviors,physiological arousal,and conscious experience.
•cognition,affect,and behavior.

Question 71

Sexual orientation refers to
•a person's tendency to display behaviors typical of males or females.
•a person's sense of identity as a male or female.
•a person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender.
•all of these.

Question 72

Which of the following teens is most likely to delay the initiation of sex?
•Jack,who has below-average intelligence
•Jason,who is not religiously active
•Ron,who regularly volunteers his time in community service
•It is impossible to predict.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT true regarding sexual orientation?
•Sexual orientation is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.
•Some homosexuals struggle with their sexual orientation.
•Men's sexual orientation is potentially more fluid and changeable than women's.
•Women,regardless of sexual orientation,respond to both female and male erotic stimuli.

Question 74

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
•to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
•the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
•an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
•to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 75

Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is true?
•Homosexuals have abnormal hormone levels.
•As children,most homosexuals were molested by an adult homosexual.
•Homosexuals had a domineering opposite-sex parent.
•Research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological.

Question 76

Cassandra's mother told her,"You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.
•Cannon-Bard
•two-factor
•Schachter-Singer
•James-Lange

Question 77

When asked what makes life meaningful,most people first mention
•good health.
•challenging work.
•satisfying relationships.
•serving others.

Question 78

It has been said that the body's major sex organ is the brain. With regard to sex education
•transmission of value-free information about the wide range of sexual behaviors should be the primary focus of the educator.
•transmission of technical knowledge about the biological act should be the classroom focus,free from the personal values and attitudes of researchers,teachers,and students.
•the home,not the school,should be the focus of all instruction about reproductive behavior.
•people's attitudes,values,and morals cannot be separated from the biological aspects of sexuality.

Question 79

Some scientific evidence makes a preliminary link between homosexuality and
•late sexual maturation.
•the age of an individual's first erotic experience.
•atypical prenatal hormones.
•early problems in relationships with parents.

Question 80

Which of the following was NOT identified as a contributing factor in the high rate of unprotected sex among adolescents?
•alcohol use
•thrill-seeking
•mass media sexual norms
•ignorance