Deck 8: Reasons for Unreason

Question 1

Some contemporary researchers are focusing their work on
•basic dimensions of personality.
•promoting positive aspects of life.
•classic theories of behavior.
•negative states.

Answer 1

•promoting positive aspects of life

Question 2

Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals.
•more dependent
•more intelligent
•better able to cope with stress
•more sociable

Answer 2

•better able to cope with stress

Question 3

Regarding self-esteem,psychologists who study the self have found that self-affirming thinking
•is generally maladaptive to the individual because it distorts reality by overinflating self-esteem.
•is generally adaptive to the individual because it reduces shyness,anxiety,and loneliness.
•tends to prevent the individual from viewing others with compassion and understanding.
•tends not to characterize people who have experienced unconditional positive regard.

Answer 3

•is generally adaptive to the individual because it reduces shyness,anxiety,and loneliness

Question 4

Research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that
•some tendencies decrease during adulthood,while others increase.
•these traits only describe personality in Western,individualist cultures.
•the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 5

With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree?
•People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school.
•"Externals" are better able to cope with stress than "internals."
•"Internals" are less independent than "externals."
•A social-cognitive psychologist would agree with all of these statements.

Question 6

Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents,she chose to enroll in a conservative school. After four years in this environment,Ramona's politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona's upbringing,choice of school,and political viewpoint?
•psychoanalytic
•trait
•humanistic
•social-cognitive

Question 7

Which perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?
•psychoanalytic
•trait
•humanistic
•social-cognitive

Question 8

In studying personality,a social-cognitive theorist would MOST likely make use of
•personality inventories.
•projective tests.
•observing behavior in different situations.
•factor analyses.

Question 9

(Close-Up)During a class discussion,Trevor argues that positive psychology is sure to wane in popularity because it suffers from the same criticisms as humanistic psychology. You counter his argument by pointing out that,unlike humanistic psychology,positive psychology
•focuses on advancing human fulfillment.
•is rooted in science.
•is not based on the study of individual characteristics.
•has all of these characteristics.

Question 10

The Big Five personality factors are
•emotional stability,openness,introversion,sociability,locus of control.
•neuroticism,extraversion,openness,emotional stability,sensitivity.
•neuroticism,gregariousness,extraversion,impulsiveness,conscientiousness.
•emotional stability,extraversion,openness,agreeableness,conscientiousness.

Question 11

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)is a(n)
•projective personality test.
•empirically derived and objective personality test.
•personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants.
•personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.

Question 12

The behavior of many people has been described in terms of a spotlight effect. This means that they
•tend to see themselves as being above average in ability.
•perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control.
•overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.
•do all of these things.

Question 13

In high school,Britta and Debbie were best friends. They thought they were a lot alike,as did everyone else who knew them. After high school,they went on to very different colleges,careers,and life courses. Now,at their twenty-fifth reunion,they are shocked at how little they have in common. Bandura would suggest that their differences reflect the interactive effects of environment,personality,and behavior,which he refers to as
•reciprocal determinism.
•personal control.
•identification.
•self-serving bias.

Question 14

For his class presentation,Bruce plans to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe others or themselves. Which of the following is NOT a factor that Bruce will discuss?
•extraversion
•openness
•independence
•conscientiousness

Question 15

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently
•more critical of others.
•less critical of others.
•more likely to display self-serving bias.
•less likely to display self-serving bias.

Question 16

A major criticism of trait theory is that it
•places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences.
•overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.
•underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development.
•places too great an emphasis on positive traits.

Question 17

With regard to personality,it appears that
•there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and little consistency of traits over the life span.
•there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span.
•there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but little consistency of traits over the life span.
•there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and significant consistency of traits over the life span.

Question 18

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop
•an internal locus of control.
•a reaction formation.
•learned helplessness.
•neurotic anxiety.

Question 19

Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Dayna's inconsistent behavior
•indicates that she is emotionally troubled and may need professional counseling.
•is a sign of learned helplessness.
•is not necessarily unusual.
•probably reflects a temporary problem in another area of her life.

Question 20

Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
•It focuses too much on early childhood experiences.
•It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.
•It provides descriptions but not explanations.
•It lacks appropriate assessment techniques.

Question 21

It would be most difficult to use the ________ to explain why anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in Western cultures.
•learning perspective
•medical model
•social-cognitive perspective
•biopsychosocial approach

Question 22

Dr. Garcia emphasizes that mood disorders result from the interactive influences of individual genes,mood-related perceptions,and cultural definitions of normality and disorder. The doctor's emphasis best illustrates
•the learning perspective.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•the medical model.
•DSM-IV-TR.

Question 23

Although Adderall is a ________ drug,it is commonly used in the treatment of ________.
•stimulant; OCD
•stimulant; ADHD
•depressant; OCD
•depressant; ADHD

Question 24

An example of self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to
•see themselves as average on nearly any desirable dimension.
•accept more responsibility for successes than failures.
•be overly critical of other people.
•exhibit heightened racial prejudice.

Question 25

The medical model would be LEAST helpful for explaining the
•prevalence of schizophrenia throughout the world.
•fluctuations in mood experienced by those suffering a bipolar disorder.
•fear of snakes experienced by a high percentage of Americans.
•dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 or so years.

Question 26

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is
•also noticeable in other members of her family.
•preventing her from functioning effectively.
•not caused by a biological disorder.
•difficult for her to change.

Question 27

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However,________ occurs worldwide.
•generalized anxiety disorder
•anorexia nervosa
•schizophrenia
•susto

Question 28

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of
•psychoanalytic theory.
•the medical model.
•DSM-IV-TR.
•the social-cognitive perspective.

Question 29

Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities. He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because he is easily distracted. Larry's behavior is most characteristic of
•schizophrenia.
•attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
•generalized anxiety disorder.
•obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 30

The greatest shortcoming associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demon possession is that these explanations
•were relevant only to severe disorders such as schizophrenia.
•encouraged many to believe there was no such thing as insanity.
•led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments.
•absolved people of personal responsibility for their own behavior.

Question 31

Inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity are major symptoms of
•OCD.
•schizophrenia.
•ADHD.
•anorexia nervosa.

Question 32

Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by
•DSM-IV-TR.
•the medical model.
•the learning perspective.
•the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 33

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of
•social circumstances and psychological factors.
•biological evolution.
•the DSM-IV-TR.
•genetically influenced abnormalities.

Question 34

DSM-IV-TR focuses on clinicians' reports of observable behavior in order to
•facilitate the reliability of diagnoses.
•shorten the time it takes to make a diagnosis.
•avoid invading clients' psychological privacy.
•reduce the need for medical terminology in psychological assessments.

Question 35

The DSM-IV-TR does NOT
•include a classification of personality disorders.
•explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.
•include a very broad range of psychological disorders.
•provide reliable guidelines for diagnosing psychological disorders.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?
•People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others.
•People with high self-esteem are more persistent at difficult tasks.
•People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists.
•People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia.

Question 37

According to the medical model,psychological disorders are
•sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured.
•maladaptive responses to a troubling environment.
•purely imaginary symptoms of distress.
•learned habits that need to be extinguished.

Question 38

James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies
•an internal locus of control.
•unconditional positive regard.
•self-serving bias.
•reciprocal determinism.

Question 39

ADHD is diagnosed ________ often in girls than in boys. In the decade after 1987,a(n)________ proportion of American children have been treated for this disorder.
•more; increasing
•less; decreasing
•more; decreasing
•less; increasing

Question 40

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is
•aggressive,persistent,and intentional.
•selfish,habitual,and avoidable.
•deviant,distressful,and dysfunctional.
•biologically influenced,unconsciously motivated,and difficult to change.

Question 41

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often
•bias our perceptions of the labeled person.
•represent attempts by psychologists to explain behavior by simply naming it.
•interfere with effective research on the causes of these disorders.
•interfere with effective treatment of these disorders.

Question 42

In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement?
•anxiety disorder
•bipolar disorder
•obsessive-compulsive disorder
•schizophrenia

Question 43

Many clinicians diagnose disorders by answering questions from five levels of the
•ADHD.
•DSM-IV-TR.
•GAD.
•OCD.

Question 44

A deluded Scotsman,Daniel M'Naughten,tried to assassinate a government official in 1843. He was sent to a mental hospital rather than to prison because he was judged to
•have schizophrenia.
•be depressed.
•be manic.
•be insane.

Question 45

Professor Pott emphasizes that normal depression promotes survival and reproduction by slowing people down and preventing them from engaging in life-threatening behaviors. The professor's emphasis best illustrates the ________ perspective.
•social-cognitive
•biological
•psychoanalytic
•learning

Question 46

DSM-IV-TR is most likely to be criticized for
•attempting to explain behavior by simply labeling it.
•classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered.
•failing to base diagnoses on observable behaviors.
•inhibiting scientific efforts to discover the underlying causes of psychological disorders.

Question 47

After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia,he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the
•unreliability of DSM-IV-TR.
•shortcomings of the medical model.
•biasing power of diagnostic labels.
•dangers of the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 48

For the last month,Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from
•seasonal affective disorder.
•major depressive disorder.
•anxiety disorder.
•mania.

Question 49

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by
•delusions of persecution.
•alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.
•a persistent irrational fear of other people.
•feelings of personal worthlessness.

Question 50

The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of
•linkage analysis.
•diagnostic labels.
•the medical model.
•the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 51

Among women,the stresses and demoralization of poverty are especially likely to precipitate
•ADHD.
•depression.
•schizophrenia.
•bulimia nervosa.

Question 52

The prominent feature of mood disorders is the experience of
•role playing.
•flat affect.
•emotional extremes.
•paranoia.

Question 53

When children are told that certain classmates have learning disabilities,they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of those students in the classroom. This best illustrates the dangers of
•the medical model.
•biopsychosocial approach.
•self-fulfilling prophecies.
•the psychoanalytic perspective.

Question 54

Elmer,the owner of an auto service station,suddenly began smashing the front fenders and hoods of two customers' cars. When asked why,he excitedly explained that he was transforming the cars into "real racing machines." When an employee tried to restrain him,he shouted that everybody was fired and quickly began breaking the car windows. Elmer is exhibiting symptoms of
•schizophrenia.
•obsessive-compulsive disorder.
•a panic attack.
•mania.

Question 55

Since the early 1990s,adolescents with strong mood swings have been increasingly likely to be diagnosed as suffering from
•panic disorder.
•seasonal affective disorder.
•bipolar disorder.
•schizophrenia.

Question 56

One facet of the positive psychology movement has been the introduction of a classification system designed to aid in the process of
•assessing human strengths.
•explaining psychological disorders.
•reducing current reliance on the DSM-IV-TR.
•shortening the time it takes to classify psychological disorders.

Question 57

The experience of depression ________ risk taking and ________ aggression.
•inhibits; stimulates
•stimulates; inhibits
•inhibits; inhibits
•stimulates; stimulates

Question 58

A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year.
•Japan
•Germany
•Mexico
•the United States

Question 59

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited,hyperactive,and wildly optimistic is known as
•paranoia.
•mania.
•excessive optimism.
•seasonal affective disorder.

Question 60

Sluggishness and inactivity are most likely to be associated with
•generalized anxiety disorder.
•major depressive disorder.
•schizophrenia.
•ADHD.

Question 61

Gender differences in depression are least noticeable among
•preadolescent children.
•teen children.
•young adults.
•old adults.

Question 62

The risk of suicide is greatest when people
•anticipate the onset of a depressive episode.
•experience the first symptoms of a depressive episode.
•experience depressive symptoms at their most extreme levels of severity.
•begin to rebound from their depression.

Question 63

Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression?
•psychoanalytic
•biological
•social-cognitive
•humanistic

Question 64

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with
•panic attacks.
•schizophrenia.
•depression.
•anxiety disorders.

Question 65

Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n)
•decrease in self-focused thinking.
•increased expectation of negative outcomes.
•increased externalization of blame.
•increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure.

Question 66

Of those who talk of suicide,________ actually attempt suicide. Of those who attempt suicide,________ succeed in completing the act.
•only a few; most
•most; only a few
•only a few; only a few
•most; most

Question 67

Which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents?
•social-cognitive
•biological
•psychoanalytic
•learning

Question 68

Internal,stable,and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of
•optimism.
•extraversion.
•pessimism.
•introversion.

Question 69

Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination,rejection from others,and low serotonin levels. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
•the medical model.
•the learning perspective.
•linkage analysis.
•a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 70

By boosting serotonin,antidepressant drugs stimulate the growth of neurons in the
•cerebellum.
•hippocampus.
•reticular formation.
•sympathetic nervous system.

Question 71

According to the social-cognitive perspective,women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to
•have unrealistically optimistic goals in life.
•experience learned helplessness.
•experience low levels of norepinephrine.
•experience cyclical variations in hormone levels.

Question 72

George Frideric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense,creative energy. Many believe Handel suffered a mild form of
•seasonal affective disorder.
•dissociation.
•bipolar disorder.
•phobia.

Question 73

Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.
•overthink
•externalize blame
•suffer memory loss
•become socially withdrawn

Question 74

The social-cognitive perspective has emphasized that depression is perpetuated by
•motivational conflict.
•self-blaming attributions.
•egocentrism.
•conscious role-playing.

Question 75

Linkage analysis is of greatest interest to those who attempt to explain mood disorders from a ________ perspective.
•psychoanalytic
•biological
•social-cognitive
•humanistic

Question 76

Drugs that alleviate mania tend to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter
•acetylcholine.
•norepinephrine.
•dopamine.
•estrogen.

Question 77

During the manic phase of bipolar disorder,individuals are most likely to
•be overactive.
•experience delusions of persecution.
•feel uncontrollable grief and despair.
•experience visual or auditory hallucinations.

Question 78

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.
•higher; higher
•lower; lower
•higher; lower
•lower; higher

Question 79

Laura's husband died three years ago,but she is still depressed. Her therapist suggests that she is really angry at her husband for abandoning her. The therapist's interpretation reflects the ________ perspective.
•social-cognitive
•psychoanalytic
•learning
•biological

Question 80

Research regarding depression indicates that
•depression is typically unrelated to stressful life events.
•depression is unlikely to be overcome without professional help.
•depression is associated with abnormally high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
•with each new generation,depression is increasing in its prevalence.