Deck 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I

Question 1

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
•mood contagion.
•peripheral route persuasion.
•social loafing.
•conformity.

Answer 1

•conformity

Question 2

Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?
•informational social influence
•the chameleon effect
•groupthink
•social facilitation

Answer 2

•the chameleon effect

Question 3

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of
•groupthink.
•informational social influence.
•normative social influence.
•social facilitation.

Answer 3

•normative social influence

Question 4

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
•clarify reality.
•maintain personal control.
•gain social approval.
•demonstrate self-restraint.

Question 5

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
•group polarization.
•the chameleon effect.
•social facilitation.
•social loafing.

Question 6

Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely to vote in favor of their plan if
•the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
•he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion.
•committee voting is done by private ballot.
•he has a high level of self-esteem.

Question 7

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.
•deindividuation; social facilitation
•social facilitation; deindividuation
•informational social influence; normative social influence
•normative social influence; informational social influence

Question 8

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
•he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue.
•there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.
•he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
•there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.

Question 9

In 1942,reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow,Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
•they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong.
•their victims are distant and depersonalized.
•they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
•they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.

Question 10

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
•play the role of the prison guards.
•write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in.
•deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving answers.
•participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.

Question 11

Hearing someone reading a neutral text in a happy-sounding voice is most likely to trigger
•group polarization.
•mood contagion.
•social loafing.
•deindividuation.

Question 12

Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day,she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of
•deindividuation.
•normative social influence.
•informational social influence.
•social facilitation.

Question 13

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
•only when the group was composed of at least six members.
•even when the group judgment was clearly .
•even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
•only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.

Question 14

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise,Raul,who has rarely exercised,begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of
•normative social influence.
•the foot-in-the-door effect.
•social facilitation.
•informational social influence.

Question 15

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage
•nonconformity.
•group polarization.
•groupthink.
•group goals.

Question 16

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
•"teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners."
•"learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.
•experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
•"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

Question 17

Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
•altruism.
•visual perception.
•learning.
•aggression.

Question 18

In Milgram's obedience experiments,"teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when
•the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves.
•the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."
•they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter.
•they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished.

Question 19

In Milgram's obedience experiments,"teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when
•the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
•the "learner" complained of a slight heart condition just before the experiment began.
•the "learner" screamed as the shocks became more punishing.
•the "learner" was in another room where his physical well-being couldn't be observed by the "teacher."

Question 20

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
•the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
•the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person.
•the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
•the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.

Question 21

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
•neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
•perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
•lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
•comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Question 22

Groups of citizens from liberal Boulder,Colorado,and groups of citizens from conservative Colorado Springs,Colorado,were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion,the groups from Boulder expressed increasingly ________ positions and the groups from Colorado Springs expressed increasingly ________ positions.
•liberal; liberal
•moderate; moderate
•conservative; liberal
•liberal; conservative

Question 23

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
•social loafing.
•the chameleon effect.
•group polarization.
•social facilitation.

Question 24

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among
•audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.
•factory workers paid on the basis of individual level of productivity.
•a group of runners competing for first place in a race.
•students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers.

Question 25

According to Milgram,the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
•people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive.
•even ordinary people,who are not usually hostile,can become agents of destruction.
•the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives.
•people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

Question 26

The ill-fated decision of President John
F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of
•deindividuation.
•social facilitation.
•social control.
•groupthink.

Question 27

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them,they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates
•social facilitation.
•group polarization.
•normative social influence.
•the chameleon effect.

Question 28

On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to improved performance?
•reciting the months of the year in alphabetical order
•learning foreign language words
•counting backward from 10 to 1
•learning nonsense syllables

Question 29

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called
•group polarization.
•social facilitation.
•conformity.
•social control.

Question 30

Nora,Ko,Ian,and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so,they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
•social facilitation.
•social loafing.
•group polarization.
•deindividuation.

Question 31

Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among
•women in cultures that value collectivism.
•women in cultures that value individualism.
•men in cultures that value collectivism.
•men in cultures that value individualism.

Question 32

The impact of the foot-in-the-door effect is most clearly illustrated by
•the increased number of suicides shortly after Marilyn Monroe's highly publicized death.
•President John
F. Kennedy's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba.
•the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese just outside her New York apartment.
•the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.

Question 33

A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates
•the chameleon effect.
•deindividuation.
•group polarization.
•social loafing.

Question 34

Deindividuation refers to
•lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
•the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.
•a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
•the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

Question 35

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods,they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
•social facilitation.
•groupthink.
•deindividuation.
•group polarization.

Question 36

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because
•an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.
•the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.
•arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks.
•group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in a group.

Question 37

Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
•even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
•convinced that the death penalty should be retained.
•sharply divided over whether the death penalty should be abolished.
•in favor of a more moderate position on the issue.

Question 38

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
•little communication is possible.
•individuals share a similar opinion.
•each individual has a unique perspective.
•individuals have not formed any opinion.

Question 39

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point,angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
•conformity.
•deindividuation.
•social control.
•social facilitation.

Question 40

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
•perform a complex task more poorly when others are present.
•exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
•exert less effort when they are paid by the hour,not by the amount of work completed.
•become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers.

Question 41

Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
•social facilitation
•deindividuation
•group polarization
•self-disclosure

Question 42

Using the Asch procedure,conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when
•participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so.
•participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.
•it is very difficult to make correct judgments.
•judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

Question 43

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated
•group polarization.
•the chameleon effect.
•social loafing.
•social control.

Question 44

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues,their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates
•group polarization.
•social control.
•social facilitation.
•deindividuation.

Question 45

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
•groupthink.
•the foot-in-the-door effect.
•social facilitation.
•mood contagion.

Question 46

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal of the defendant in a murder trial. To influence the majority he should
•express some uncertainty about his position.
•be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint.
•be the last member to speak and present his argument as briefly as possible.
•address his arguments specifically to the member of the majority who seems most disagreeable.

Question 47

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for
•self-disclosure.
•harmony.
•minority influence.
•social facilitation.

Question 48

David's history teacher asked him why so many German people complied with Hitler's orders to systematically slaughter millions of innocent Jews. David suggested that the atrocities were committed because the Germans had become unusually cruel,sadistic people with abnormal and twisted personalities. Use your knowledge of the fundamental attribution error and Milgram's research on obedience to highlight the weaknesses of David's explanation.

Question 49

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
•"To proceed democratically,we need to know the honest opinions of all group members."
•"We all seem to be in basic agreement,so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."
•"Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?"
•"As a group,we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue."

Question 50

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates
•the chameleon effect.
•conformity.
•social facilitation.
•group polarization.

Question 51

Which of the following is important in promoting conformity in individuals?
•whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
•whether the individual is male or female
•the size of the room in which a group is meeting
•whether the individual is of a higher status than other group members

Question 52

In a study of social loafing,blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought
•three others were pulling with them.
•three others were pulling against them.
•no others were pulling with them.
•no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

Question 53

In making wedding preparations,Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of
•social facilitation.
•normative social influence.
•group polarization.
•the chameleon effect.

Question 54

Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of conformity?
•The group had three or more people.
•The group had high status.
•Individuals were made to feel insecure.
•All of these conditions increased conformity.

Question 55

Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates
•the foot-in-the-door effect.
•social facilitation.
•the chameleon effect.
•personal control.

Question 56

Subjects in Asch's line-judgment experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgments were observed by others but not when they were made in private. This tendency to conform in public demonstrates
•social facilitation.
•overjustification.
•informational social influence.
•normative social influence.

Question 57

Although Frieda is typically very reserved,as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of
•the chameleon effect.
•social facilitation.
•deindividuation.
•mood linkage.

Question 58

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of
•aggression.
•altruism.
•learning.
•visual perception.

Question 59

If a cluster of people stand gazing upward,passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates
•group polarization.
•informational social influence.
•social loafing.
•the chameleon effect.

Question 60

José is the one student member on his school's board of trustees. At the board's first meeting,José wants to disagree with the others on several issues but in each case decides to say nothing. Studies on conformity suggest all except one of the following are factors in José's not speaking up. Which one is NOT a factor?
•The board is a large group.
•The board is prestigious and most of its members are well known.
•The board members are already aware that José and the student body disagree with them on these issues.
•Because this is the first meeting José has attended,he feels insecure and not fully competent.

Question 61

On the basis of what Americans say,in the last half-century
•gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has increased.
•gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has decreased.
•gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.
•gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has increased.

Question 62

Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?
•The group's leader fails to take a firm stance on an issue.
•A minority faction holds to its position.
•The group consults with various experts.
•Group polarization is evident.

Question 63

Jane and Sandy were best friends in their first year of university. Jane joined a sorority; Sandy didn't. By the end of their last year,they found that they had less in common with each other than with the other members of their respective circles of friends. Which of the following phenomena most likely explains their feelings?
•group polarization
•groupthink
•deindividuation
•social facilitation

Question 64

Prejudice is a(n)________; discrimination is a(n)________.
•dispositional attribution; situational attribution
•ingroup bias; outgroup bias
•normative influence; informational influence
•attitude; behavior

Question 65

Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of personal control and social control of our behavior?
•Situational influences on behavior generally are much greater than personal influences.
•Situational influences on behavior generally are slightly greater than personal influences.
•Personal influences on behavior generally are much greater than situational influences.
•Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior.

Question 66

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
•superordinate goals.
•discrimination.
•stereotypes.
•social norms.

Question 67

Prejudice is best defined as
•the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
•an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
•a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
•the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

Question 68

Which of the following would MOST likely be subject to social facilitation?
•proofreading a page for spelling errors
•typing a letter with accuracy
•playing a difficult piece on a musical instrument
•running quickly around a track

Question 69

Maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer. Maria's subsequent decision to stop using aerosol sprays is an example of
•informational social influence.
•normative social influence.
•deindividuation.
•social facilitation.

Question 70

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
•deindividuation.
•stereotyping.
•implicit prejudice.
•discrimination.

Question 71

Which of the following describes a stereotype?
•Vladimir is especially attracted to Latin-American women.
•Peter feels very uncomfortable interacting with Blacks.
•Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful.
•Cyril never hires people over age 50 to work in his restaurant.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true?
•Groups are almost never swayed by minority opinions.
•Group polarization is most likely to occur when group members frequently disagree with one another.
•Groupthink provides the consensus needed for effective decision making.
•A group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through discussion.

Question 73

Research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority,the minority must
•make up a sizable portion of the group.
•express its position as consistently as possible.
•express its position in the most extreme terms possible.
•be able to convince a key majority leader.

Question 74

Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often
•triggered by social traps.
•a response to frustration.
•unconscious.
•unlearned.

Question 75

The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called
•groupthink.
•social facilitation.
•empathy.
•deindividuation.

Question 76

Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of
•deindividuation.
•implicit attitudes.
•the just-world phenomenon.
•mirror-image perceptions.

Question 77

Concluding her presentation on deindividuation,Renée notes that deindividuation is less likely in situations that promote
•anonymity.
•decreased self-awareness.
•increased self-awareness.
•group identity.

Question 78

Which of the following conclusions did Milgram derive from his studies of obedience?
•Even ordinary people,without any particular hostility,can become agents in a destructive process.
•Most people are able,under the proper circumstances,to suppress their natural aggressiveness.
•The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force.
•He reached all of these conclusions.

Question 79

In his study of obedience,Stanley Milgram found that the majority of participants
•refused to shock the "learner" even once.
•complied with the experiment until the "learner" first indicated pain.
•complied with the experiment until the "learner" began screaming in agony.
•complied with all the demands of the experiment.

Question 80

Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies,participants would be less likely to follow the experimenter's orders when
•they hear the "learner" cry out in pain.
•they merely administer the test while someone else delivers the shocks.
•the "learner" is an older person or mentions having some physical problem.
•they see another person disobey instructions.