Deck 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Question 1

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to
•gender schemas.
•parental influences.
•temperament.
•peer influences.

Answer 1

•parental influences

Question 2

It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating. This suggestion best illustrates
•gender schemas.
•collectivism.
•gender typing.
•an evolutionary perspective.

Answer 2

•an evolutionary perspective

Question 3

Personal space refers to
•our inner private thoughts and personally subjective feelings about ourselves.
•the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people.
•the priority we give to our own personal needs over group needs.
•areas of a home,such as a bedroom,where privacy is important.

Answer 3

•the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people

Question 4

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates
•gender typing.
•a selection effect.
•personal space.
•temperament.

Question 5

For children from impoverished environments,stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to
•facilitate the development of collectivism.
•decrease their emotional attachment to their own parents.
•have no discernable effect on subsequent academic performance.
•prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.

Question 6

The ideas,attitudes,values,and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is called
•a selection effect.
•collectivism.
•gender typing.
•culture.

Question 7

Cultural diversity best illustrates our
•human temperaments.
•genetic variations.
•gender identities.
•adaptive capacities.

Question 8

Compared with northern Europeans,people from Mediterranean cultures are
•more likely to be emotionally expressive and more likely to be punctual.
•less likely to be emotionally expressive and less likely to be punctual.
•more likely to be emotionally expressive and less likely to be punctual.
•less likely to be emotionally expressive and more likely to be punctual.

Question 9

The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of
•culture.
•gender schemas.
•individualism.
•personal space.

Question 10

In comparison to parental influence,peer influence is
•more likely to affect a child's educational success.
•less likely to affect whether a teen smokes.
•more likely to affect a child's English language accent.
•less likely to influence whether a preschooler will reject a certain food.

Question 11

Compared with environmentally impoverished rats,those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their
•Y chromosomes.
•schemas.
•synapses.
•sex hormones.

Question 12

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of
•collectivism.
•gender typing.
•individualism.
•gender schemas.

Question 13

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate
•personal space.
•cultural influence.
•a priming process.
•individualism.

Question 14

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of
•individualism.
•schemas.
•stereotypes.
•norms.

Question 15

Studies indicate that
•North Americans prefer more personal space than do Latin Americans.
•the French prefer more personal space than do the British.
•Arabs prefer more personal space than do Scandinavians.
•women prefer more personal space than do men.

Question 16

Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence,a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.
•shaping
•sculpting
•pruning
•temperament

Question 17

An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to
•emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture.
•assess the stability of personality traits.
•blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
•identify cultural differences in child-rearing practices.

Question 18

Since 1960,most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in
•communication systems.
•genetic predispositions.
•scientific knowledge.
•social norms.

Question 19

Norms are best described as
•the expression of group identity.
•a person's characteristic emotional reactivity.
•rules for socially acceptable behavior.
•buffer zones we like to maintain between ourselves and others.

Question 20

Since 1960,Americans have experienced a(n)
•increase in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.
•decrease in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
•increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
•decrease in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.

Question 21

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to involve hurting others by means of
•painful electric shocks.
•verbal insults.
•expressing support for war.
•physical spanking.

Question 22

Compared with people in individualist cultures,those in collectivist cultures are
•less likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.
•more likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
•less likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
•more likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.

Question 23

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by
•gender schemas.
•collectivism.
•gender typing.
•individualism.

Question 24

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of
•individualism.
•gender typing.
•collectivism.
•temperament.

Question 25

During the course of a conversation between Lola,Martha,and Gus,which of the following events is most likely to occur?
•Gus interrupts Lola.
•Lola interrupts Martha.
•Martha interrupts Gus.
•All of these events are equally likely to occur.

Question 26

Men and women are most likely to differ in their
•happiness.
•intelligence.
•self-esteem.
•aggressiveness.

Question 27

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing
•happiness.
•family loyalty.
•personal freedom.
•marital romance.

Question 28

Compared with females,males use conversation to
•explore relationships.
•communicate solutions.
•obtain feedback on their views.
•offer support.

Question 29

Compared with many Asian and African parents,today's Westernized parents are more likely to teach their children to value
•civil obedience.
•emotional closeness.
•personal independence.
•family traditions.

Question 30

Girls typically play in ________ groups than do boys and,during their teens,girls spend ________ time with friends than do boys.
•larger; more
•smaller; less
•larger; less
•smaller; more

Question 31

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of
•social harmony.
•personal privacy.
•innovation and creativity.
•racial diversity.

Question 32

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.
•norm; role
•nature; nurture
•independence; interdependence
•gender schema; gender type

Question 33

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that
•person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
•differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups.
•gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences.
•developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures.

Question 34

In considering gender differences,it is helpful to remember that
•there are no gender differences in behavior that are common to all human cultures.
•genetic similarities between the genders are much greater than genetic differences.
•genetic differences between the genders do not contribute to gender differences in behavior.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 35

Which of the following would you MOST likely observe on extended visits to foreign countries?
•men and women earning approximately the same salaries
•more women than men holding elected offices
•more men than women engaged in fistfights
•men and women sharing equally in the duties of child-rearing

Question 36

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year,he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by
•social diversity.
•collectivism.
•extraversion.
•individualism.

Question 37

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by
•gender schemas.
•individualism.
•gender typing.
•collectivism.

Question 38

Parents in Asian cultures are more likely than parents in Westernized cultures to encourage children to
•pick out and purchase their own clothes.
•participate in household activities.
•publicly criticize traditional social norms.
•establish close friendships with ethnically diverse groups of people.

Question 39

In everyday behavior,men are LESS likely than women to
•smile at others.
•stare at others.
•interrupt others.
•initiate touching others.

Question 40

Compared with men,women experience a greater risk of
•autism.
•color blindness.
•eating disorders.
•antisocial personality disorders.

Question 41

The social roles assigned to women and men
•are virtually the same in all cultures.
•have been virtually the same in all historical time periods.
•differ widely across cultures.
•differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Question 42

Gender identity refers to
•one's biological sex.
•the sense of being male or female.
•the set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
•how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Question 43

Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by
•twin studies.
•social learning theorists.
•individualists.
•evolutionary psychologists.

Question 44

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries,women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.
•men; men
•women; men
•women; women
•men; women

Question 45

Gender role refers to
•one's biological sex.
•a sense of being male or female.
•a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
•a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.

Question 46

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
•gender role.
•gender identity.
•gender schema.
•gender type.

Question 47

A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the impact of
•neuroticism.
•collectivism.
•the X chromosome.
•gender typing.

Question 48

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits,culturally shaped roles,and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
•collectivism.
•individualism.
•social learning.
•a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 49

Prenatal testosterone secretions exert one of their earliest influences on
•genes.
•individualism.
•gender schemas.
•brain organization.

Question 50

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.
•a Y; either an X or a Y
•either an X or a Y; an X
•an X; either an X or a Y
•either an X or a Y; a Y

Question 51

When teased by his older sister,9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of
•temperament.
•gender roles.
•testosterone.
•collectivism.

Question 52

As people progress through adulthood,women become
•less assertive and men become less empathic.
•less assertive and men become more empathic.
•more assertive and men become more empathic.
•more assertive and men become less empathic.

Question 53

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a
•norm.
•role.
•schema.
•temperament.

Question 54

Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that parts of the
•frontal lobes are thicker in men than in women.
•parietal lobes are thicker in men than in women.
•frontal lobes are thicker in women than in men.
•parietal lobes are thicker in women than in men.

Question 55

Women are more likely than men to
•stare at people who make them angry.
•interrupt others while they are talking.
•express high self-esteem.
•tend and befriend.

Question 56

In agricultural societies,children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from
•cultural influence.
•a pruning process.
•personal space.
•individualism.

Question 57

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him,Jorge protested,"I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of
•norms.
•gender schemas.
•a pruning process.
•collectivism.

Question 58

Social learning theorists emphasize that
•observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
•children will exhibit only those gender-typed behaviors for which they have been directly rewarded.
•children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 59

Ten-year-old Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking clothes because she wants to appear ladylike. This best illustrates the impact of
•individualism.
•personal space.
•collectivism.
•gender typing.

Question 60

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence,the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.
•wanted to kiss; accepted
•wanted to kiss; did not accept
•wanted no part of kissing; accepted
•wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Question 61

Those who suggest that choices we make today determine what our future will be like are emphasizing the importance of
•evolution.
•human responsibility.
•personal space.
•collectivism.

Question 62

Discuss how gender differences in both aggression and social connectedness are influenced by nature and nurture. Describe and justify the approaches you would recommend to reduce the current gender differences in each of these two specific areas.

Question 63

Compared with males,females are more likely to base their sense of personal identity on their
•gender.
•social relationships.
•educational accomplishments.
•socially distinctive personality traits.

Question 64

Research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged,they
•become attached to the person doing the massaging.
•develop faster neurologically.
•have more agreeable temperaments.
•do none of these things.

Question 65

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by
•sound and music.
•light and colors.
•touch and massage.
•movement and acceleration.

Question 66

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.
•gene; X
•gender schema; X
•gene; Y
•gender schema; Y

Question 67

By inventing customs and passing them on to their peers and offspring,chimpanzees exhibit the rudiments of
•temperament.
•culture.
•personal space.
•individualism.

Question 68

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with
•personal space.
•individualism.
•temperament.
•collectivism.

Question 69

In the United States 30 years ago,men were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This best illustrates aspects of
•gender identity.
•collectivism.
•individualism.
•gender roles.

Question 70

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century best illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by
•temperament.
•personal space.
•testosterone.
•norms.

Question 71

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait,14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates the impact of
•sex chromosomes.
•cultural norms.
•gender schemas.
•personal space.

Question 72

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called
•sexual orientation.
•sexual differentiation.
•gender typing.
•gender identification.

Question 73

Describe how differences between individualist and collectivist cultures are likely to manifest themselves in the processes of mate selection,career development,and political organization.

Question 74

Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value
•individualism.
•gender typing.
•collectivism.
•gender schemas.

Question 75

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender
•types.
•schemas.
•roles.
•complexes.

Question 76

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits,it would make the most sense to consider the impact of
•collectivism on gender typing.
•temperament on physical health.
•smoking preferences on friendship choices.
•personal space on connectedness.

Question 77

Over the last century,Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country.
•decreasing; increasing
•increasing; decreasing
•decreasing; decreasing
•increasing; increasing

Question 78

At a social gathering,Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing
•norms.
•schemas.
•gender identities.
•temperaments.

Question 79

The tendency to exaggerate the impact of parents' child-rearing practices on children's personality has been most characteristic of
•collectivists.
•Freudian psychologists.
•gender schema theorists.
•evolutionary psychologists.

Question 80

I am a rat whose cortex is lighter and thinner than my littermates. What happened to me?
•You were born prematurely.
•You suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome.
•You were raised in an enriched environment.
•You were raised in a deprived environment.