Deck 26: Who Likes Whom

Question 1

Researchers have discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is characterized by unusually high levels of
•job dissatisfaction and career change.
•marital dissatisfaction and divorce.
•anxiety and emotional instability.
•none of these feelings or events.

Answer 1

•none of these feelings or events

Question 2

Older people are NOT increasingly susceptible to
•pneumonia.
•Parkinson's disease.
•common cold viruses.
•dementia.

Answer 2

•common cold viruses

Question 3

As men advance through middle adulthood they experience a gradual decline in
•testosterone level.
•sperm count.
•ejaculation speed.
•all of these things.

Answer 3

•all of these things

Question 4

On which of the following tasks is a 20-year-old most likely to outperform a 70-year-old?
•recalling previously presented nonsense syllables
•recognizing previously presented foreign language words
•recalling previously presented names of cities
•recognizing previously presented names of fruits and vegetables

Question 5

Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of ________ on adult development.
•fluid intelligence
•genetic predispositions
•the midlife transition
•the social clock

Question 6

People have been most likely to describe themselves as a "sandwich generation" during their
•adolescence.
•early adulthood.
•middle adulthood.
•late adulthood.

Question 7

Physical abilities such as muscular strength,reaction time,sensory keenness,and cardiac output reach their peak during
•late adolescence.
•early adulthood.
•puberty.
•middle adulthood.

Question 8

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in
•menopause.
•attitudes.
•crystallized intelligence.
•information-processing speed.

Question 9

The terminal decline phenomenon involves a decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of
•menopause.
•retirement.
•death.
•any critical period.

Question 10

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's
•accumulated knowledge.
•ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
•ability to assume the perspective of others.
•ability to utilize diffuse brain regions for storing memories.

Question 11

Aerobic exercise programs during late adulthood stimulate improvement in
•generativity.
•fluid intelligence.
•menopausal symptoms.
•memory.

Question 12

Menopause refers to
•the cessation of menstruation.
•the loss of male sexual potency.
•irregular timing of menstrual periods.
•the loss of sexual interest in late adulthood.

Question 13

Professor Parker suggested that heterosexual adults are genetically predisposed to form monogamous bonds because this practice facilitated the cooperative nurture and survival of children. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n)________ perspective.
•authoritarian
•postconventional
•psychosocial
•evolutionary

Question 14

Explaining why the best work of scientists is often produced in early adulthood while that of novelists often originates during middle adulthood requires a distinction between
•initiative and generativity.
•concrete and formal operations.
•fluid and crystallized intelligence.
•competence and accomplishment.

Question 15

The age at which people are expected to leave home,get a job,and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years. Developmentalists would say that the country's ________ has been altered.
•social clock
•developmental norm
•maturation cycle
•family calendar

Question 16

Older people's capacity to learn and remember meaningful material does not decline as much as their capacity to learn and remember meaningless material. This best illustrates the value of
•concrete operational thought.
•crystallized intelligence.
•formal operational thought.
•fluid intelligence.

Question 17

The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________.
•concrete operations; formal operations
•formal operations; concrete operations
•crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
•fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

Question 18

To qualify for the office manager's job,55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.
•general knowledge
•spelling
•abstract reasoning
•vocabulary

Question 19

When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a recently learned list of 24 words,the older adults demonstrated
•no decline in either recall or recognition.
•a decline in recognition but not in recall.
•a decline in recall but not in recognition.
•a decline in both recognition and recall.

Question 20

Research on older people has shown that
•they grow increasingly fearful of death.
•they become increasingly prone to car accidents.
•they experience less life satisfaction than younger adults.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 21

Which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills?
•fluid intelligence
•concrete operational intelligence
•formal operational intelligence
•crystallized intelligence

Question 22

Compared with their counterparts of 40 years ago,people in Western cultures today are marrying at a(n)
•older age and they are less likely to divorce.
•younger age and they are more likely to divorce.
•older age and they are more likely to divorce.
•younger age and they are less likely to divorce.

Question 23

An integrated understanding of successful aging in terms of appropriate nutrition,family support,and an optimistic outlook is most clearly provided by
•an evolutionary perspective.
•Erikson's psychosocial theory.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Question 24

Compared with their counterparts of 40 years ago,American men today are marrying
•at a younger age and American women are marrying at an older age.
•at an older age and American women are marrying at a younger age.
•at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.
•at a younger age and American women are marrying at a younger age.

Question 25

During the time following the death of a loved one
•those who express the strongest grief immediately do not purge their grief more quickly.
•those who talk frequently with others are unusually likely to prolong their own feelings of depression.
•grieving men are at less risk for ill health than are grieving women.
•both men and women go through predictable stages of denial followed by anger.

Question 26

Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are
•identity and independence.
•intimacy and identity.
•intimacy and generativity.
•independence and generativity.

Question 27

Lewis is a 70-year-old retired college professor. In contrast to when he was 30,he now probably
•does not hear as well.
•is more susceptible to catching the flu.
•has significantly fewer neural connections.
•has all of these problems.

Question 28

According to Erikson,adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
•integrity.
•autonomy.
•generativity.
•intimacy.

Question 29

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is promoted by
•conservation.
•aerobic exercise.
•imprinting.
•intimacy.

Question 30

After living together for a year,Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that
•they have more positive attitudes toward the institution of marriage than the average couple.
•their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of being successful.
•most of their college friends and acquaintances have viewed their cohabitation negatively.
•their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce.

Question 31

Abner,a 70-year-old retired teacher,feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson,Abner has failed to achieve a sense of
•basic trust.
•intimacy.
•autonomy.
•integrity.

Question 32

As people progress into late adulthood,they increasingly use words that convey ________ emotions,and the amygdala shows diminishing activity in response to ________ events.
•negative; negative
•positive; positive
•negative; positive
•positive; negative

Question 33

The grief experienced over the death of a loved one is especially severe when death is experienced
•as a time that requires sharing honest emotions with others.
•after years of anticipating the death of one's loved one.
•as a time for celebrating the life and memory of the deceased person.
•as coming before it's expected time on the social clock.

Question 34

When children grow up and leave home,mothers most frequently report feeling
•depressed.
•bored.
•happy.
•anxious.

Question 35

Happiness is slightly ________ among young adults than among middle-aged adults and slightly ________ among older adults than among middle-aged adults.
•lower; higher
•higher; lower
•lower; lower
•higher; higher

Question 36

When asked to recall the one or two most important events over the last half century,older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between ________ years of age.
•2 and 5
•5 and 10
•10 and 30
•30 and 50

Question 37

Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of
•secure attachment.
•conventional morality.
•generativity.
•conservation.

Question 38

At age 30,Angela hesitates to commit herself to a lifelong marital relationship,primarily because she believes that the personalities of marriage partners often change in surprising and unpredictable ways during their lifetimes. What professional advice could you appropriately provide to Angela in light of the research on marital happiness and adult personality development.

Question 39

Menopause involves a decline in
•testosterone.
•fertility.
•maturation.
•social identity.

Question 40

As adults age,they show the greatest declines in
•fluid intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to recognize recently presented information.
•fluid intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to recall recently presented information.
•crystallized intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to recognize recently presented information.
•crystallized intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to recall recently presented information.

Question 41

Deborah is a mathematician and Willie is a philosopher. Considering their professions
•Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at an earlier age than Willie will.
•Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at a later age than Willie will.
•Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at about the same time as Willie.
•there is still not enough information for predicting such accomplishments.

Question 42

Normal visual sensation in the absence of complete visual perception is best illustrated by
•prosopagnosia.
•retinal disparity.
•the difference threshold.
•subliminal stimulation.

Question 43

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
•priming.
•psychophysics.
•accommodation.
•sensation.

Question 44

Given the text discussion of life satisfaction patterns,which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction?
•Billy,a 7-year-old second-grader
•Kathy,a 17-year-old high-school senior
•Mildred,a 70-year-old retired teacher
•too little information to tell

Question 45

Sixty-five-year-old Calvin cannot reason as well as he could when he was younger. More than likely,Calvin's ________ intelligence has declined.
•analytic
•crystallized
•fluid
•operational

Question 46

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true?
•Aging almost inevitably leads to total memory failure if the individual lives long enough.
•Aging increases susceptibility to short-term ailments such as the flu.
•Significant increases in life satisfaction are associated with aging.
•The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns.

Question 47

An older person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of
•generativity.
•intimacy.
•isolation.
•integrity.

Question 48

The social clock refers to
•an individual or society's distribution of work and leisure time.
•adulthood responsibilities.
•typical ages for starting a career,marrying,and so on.
•age-related changes in one's circle of friends.

Question 49

The popular idea that terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages,such as denial,anger,and so forth
•is widely supported by research.
•more accurately describes grieving in some cultures than others.
•is true of women but not men.
•is not supported by research studies.

Question 50

In terms of incidence,susceptibility to short-term illnesses ________ with age and susceptibility to long-term ailments ________ with age.
•decreases; increases
•increases; decreases
•increases; increases
•decreases; decreases

Question 51

The end of menstruation is called
•menarche.
•menopause.
•the midlife crisis.
•generativity.

Question 52

Perception is the process by which
•stimulus energies are detected.
•stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity.
•sensory input is organized and interpreted.
•nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

Question 53

A person's general ability to think abstractly is called ________ intelligence. This ability generally ________ with age.
•fluid; increases
•fluid; decreases
•crystallized; decreases
•crystallized; increases

Question 54

Research on the American family indicates that
•fewer than 23 percent of unmarried adults,but nearly 40 percent of married adults,report being "very happy" with life.
•the divorce rate is now one-half the marriage rate.
•children born to cohabiting parents are five times more likely to experience their parents' separation.
•all of these statements are true.

Question 55

According to Erikson,older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of
•identity.
•sensory sharpness.
•competence.
•integrity.

Question 56

Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life?
•Adults in their forties have better recognition memory than do adults in their seventies.
•Recall and recognition memory both remain strong throughout life.
•Recognition memory decreases sharply at midlife.
•Adults in their forties have better recall memory than adults in their seventies.

Question 57

After their grown children have left home,most couples experience
•the distress of the empty nest syndrome.
•increased strain in their marital relationship.
•the need to have their children visit often.
•greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship.

Question 58

A person's accumulation of stored information,called ________ intelligence,generally ________ with age.
•fluid; decreases
•fluid; increases
•crystallized; decreases
•crystallized; increases

Question 59

Notable achievements in fields such as ________ are often made by younger adults in their late twenties or early thirties,when ________ intelligence is at its peak.
•mathematics; fluid
•philosophy; fluid
•science; crystallized
•literature; crystallized

Question 60

The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to
•recall new information.
•recognize new information.
•learn meaningful new material.
•use judgment in dealing with daily life problems.

Question 61

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
•encoding; detection
•detection; interpretation
•interpretation; organization
•organization; accommodation

Question 62

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with
•our psychological reactions to physical stress.
•the effects of heredity on the endocrine system.
•the effect of neurotransmitters on depression.
•the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

Question 63

Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation?
•A store plays a musical soundtrack in which a faint and imperceptible verbal warning against shoplifting is repeated frequently.
•The laughter of a studio audience is dubbed into the soundtrack of a televised situation comedy.
•A radio advertiser repeatedly smacks her lips before biting into a candy bar.
•An unseen television narrator repeatedly suggests that you are thirsty while a cold drink is visually displayed on the screen.

Question 64

If a partially deaf person's hearing ability ________,his or her absolute threshold for sound ________.
•improves; remains unchanged
•worsens; decreases
•worsens; remains unchanged
•improves; decreases

Question 65

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
•the opponent-process theory.
•Weber's law.
•feature detection.
•prosopagnosia.

Question 66

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity,Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.
•lower absolute
•higher absolute
•smaller difference
•larger difference

Question 67

Subliminally presented stimuli
•can sometimes be consciously perceived.
•effectively influence purchases of consumer goods.
•increase our absolute thresholds for visual images.
•are usually mentally processed as completely as any other stimuli.

Question 68

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes,preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in
•the optic nerve.
•accommodation.
•bottom-up processing.
•psychopshysics.

Question 69

People's response to subliminal priming indicates that
•they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so.
•their unconscious minds are incapable of resisting subliminally presented suggestions.
•they are more sensitive to subliminal sounds than to subliminal sights.
•they experience a sense of discomfort whenever they are exposed to subliminal stimuli.

Question 70

Sensory adaptation refers to
•the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses.
•diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
•the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
•changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects.

Question 71

Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
•accommodation.
•sensory adaptation.
•difference thresholds.
•top-down processing.

Question 72

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier,it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates
•the opponent-process theory.
•bottom-up processing.
•sensory adaptation.
•Weber's law.

Question 73

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
•optic nerve.
•sensory receptors.
•cerebral cortex.
•feature detectors.

Question 74

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the
•adaptation threshold.
•difference threshold.
•subliminal threshold.
•absolute threshold.

Question 75

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.
•absolute threshold; difference threshold
•sensory adaptation; feature detection
•feature detection; sensory adaptation
•sensation; perception

Question 76

In experiments,an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments,the researchers are studying the effects of
•accommodation.
•adaptation.
•priming.
•blindsight.

Question 77

A subliminal message is one that is presented
•below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
•in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive.
•with very soft background music.
•repetitiously.

Question 78

Experiments evaluating the impact of subliminal self-help tapes indicated that they
•interfere with people's capacity for sensory adaptation.
•did not help more than a placebo.
•improve people's capacity for parallel processing.
•have a positive long-lasting impact on people's health.

Question 79

During a hearing test,many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's
•subliminal threshold.
•absolute threshold.
•adaptation threshold.
•difference threshold.

Question 80

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of
•sensory adaptation.
•absolute thresholds.
•retinal disparity.
•priming.