Deck 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted

Question 1

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue

A)"It is absolutely essential that you continue."
B)"You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
C)"You have no other choice; you must go on."
D)"The experiment requires that you continue."

Answer 1

"You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."

Question 2

A type of compliance involving acting in accord with a direct order or command is known as

A)stereotyping.
B)dissonance.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Answer 2

obedience.

Question 3

In a variation of Milgram's study,teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate.Under these conditions,_____ percent obeyed.

A)100
B)70
C)30
D)15

Answer 3

30

Question 4

In light of the Milgram studies,which of the following is one of the factors that determined obedience?

A)the victim's emotional distance
B)the victim's physical distance
C)the authority's closeness and legitimacy
D)whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Question 5

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists,college students,and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment,the respondents said that they thought _____ would _____.

A)they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks
B)they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
C)other people; disobey by about 210 volts
D)other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Question 6

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men,he found that over 60 percent of them

A)refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B)refused to deliver shocks past the 300 volt level.
C)progressed all the way to 450 volts.
D)asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.

Question 7

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit,they were given

A)shocks to keep them going.
B)money as an incentive to keep going.
C)up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D)a reward for being one of the few to disobey.

Question 8

In follow-up experiments to his initial study,Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition,then scream and plead for release,and finally refuse to answer.Even with this added condition,

A)the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
B)teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks.
C)learners became more real and personal to the teacher.
D)fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Question 9

The results of Asch's study is startling because the study did not employ any

A)judgments about ambiguous stimuli.
B)group larger than four persons.
C)experimental realism.
D)obvious pressure to conform.

Question 10

Jerry Burger (2009)replicated Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments where Milgram's all-male sample was replaced with a group consisting of half men and half women.The results revealed that,when compared to Milgram's 1962 men,the percentage of men who obeyed the command to deliver electric shocks at 150 volts in Burger's study

A)increased from 22 percent to 40 percent.
B)dropped from 83 percent to 67 percent.
C)was consistent at 60 percent.
D)increased from 30 to 60 percent.

Question 11

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people

A)go along with others' decisions.
B)conform even when wrong.
C)tell the truth even when others do not.
D)become confused when confronted.

Question 12

Unkelbach and Memmert (2010)examined soccer matches across five seasons in Germany's premier league.Results indicated that referees

A)rarely made mistakes when awarding yellow cards.
B)tended to favor the visiting teams.
C)awarded more yellow cards to the away teams in louder stadiums.
D)showed bias in awarding yellow cards in live games but not in laboratory settings.

Question 13

Which of the following is term that defines a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.

A)Obedience
B)Conformity
C)Compliance
D)Prejudice

Question 14

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by

A)Sherif.
B)Milgram.
C)Asch.
D)Watson.

Question 15

In a variation of Stanley Milgram's classic obedience experiments,when Milgram's experimenter gave the commands by telephone,full obedience

A)dropped to 1 percent.
B)dropped to 21 percent.
C)dropped to 45 percent.
D)increased to 73 percent.

Question 16

Milgram's studies explored _____; Asch's studies explored _____.

A)obedience; conformity
B)conformity; norm formation
C)obedience; norm formation
D)conformity; obedience

Question 17

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99 percent of the time in Asch's conformity study,his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others _____ percent of the time.

A)12
B)37
C)65
D)87

Question 18

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

A)none had been harmed.
B)many were suspicious of all authorities.
C)a minority of them had lowered self-esteem.
D)most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

Question 19

In a variation of Milgram's study,when a learner was in the same room as the teacher,_____ percent obeyed to 450 volts.

A)100
B)80
C)40
D)20

Question 20

Consistent with what is known about depersonalization,Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994)found that expectant women expressed more _____ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus.

A)apathy
B)resentment
C)commitment
D)hostility

Question 21

During the 1970s,the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority.The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners,then to observe torture,and then to eventually practice torture.This process demonstrates how _____ can breed _____.

A)obedience; conformity
B)conformity; obedience
C)compliance; acceptance
D)acceptance; compliance

Question 22

_____ occurs when soldiers or employees follow questionable orders,such as when nurses willingly follow a physician's order to give a patient a dangerously high dosage of medication.

A)Norm formation
B)Conformity
C)Obedience
D)Acceptance

Question 23

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport,Connecticut,far from the prestige and authority of Yale University,the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _____ compared to the rate at Yale.

A)remained unchanged
B)decreased
C)increased slightly
D)increased significantly

Question 24

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966),22 hospital nurses were called by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose.Results showed that

A)most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference.
B)most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing.
C)less experienced nurses complied but the more experienced ones challenged the order.
D)all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

Question 25

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence,_____ percent of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter.

A)90
B)45
C)20
D)10

Question 26

In one variation of his original experiment,Milgram arranged for a second confederate (posing as a fellow participant)to assume command in the experimenter's absence.As a result of this manipulation,

A)most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B)the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C)participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group,and some even became enthusiastic.
D)80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.