Deck 10: Becoming Parents and Experiencing Parenthood

Question 1

Which of the following is not a common strategy to defend against child-free stigma?​

A) ​Asserting a right to self-fulfillment
B) ​Using fertility medications
C) ​Claiming a biological deficiency
D) ​Redefining the situation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Compared to mothers,women who are child-free:​

A) ​have lower levels of education.
B) ​are employed in low status occupations.
C) ​are significantly more religious.
D) ​are more likely to be from a dual-career marriage.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Teen mothers are:

A) more at risk of anemia than mothers who have their first child between ages 30-35.
B) more likely to give birth to twins than are mothers between ages 30-35.
C) more numerous today than ever before in history.
D) more likely to attain higher education than women who have children later.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Women who have difficulty conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term are referred to as having:​

A) ​sterile fertility.
B) ​impaired fertility.
C) ​impaired fecundity.
D) ​non-generativity.

Question 5

The number of births to unmarried women in 2010 was:​

A) ​lower than in 1980.
B) ​half the number found in 1940.
C) ​more than twice as high as the number in 1980.
D) ​the same as it was in 1970.

Question 6

In the United States the highest percent of births to unmarried mothers is among:

A) ​Non-Hispanic Blacks.
B) ​Pacific Islanders.
C) ​Asian Americans.
D) ​Native Americans.

Question 7

About what percentage of the U.S.married,childless female population of reproductive age experience infertility?​

A) ​14%
B) ​25%
C) ​30%
D) ​40%

Question 8

Between 2013 and 2014 fertility rates:

A) ​decreased for age groups under 25 years old.
B) ​decreased among Asian women.
C) ​increased dramatically across populations.
D) ​increased among high-school dropouts to the highest levels since 2007.

Question 9

During pregnancy,men tend to:​

A) ​be reluctant to get involved.
B) ​be more involved after the child is born if they were involved prenatally.
C) ​lose interest in the pregnancy once the mother begins to experience noticeable physical changes.
D) ​be most concerned with how their individual freedom will be affected after the birth of the child.

Question 10

The highest fertility rates are found among:​

A) ​women with the highest level of education.
B) ​college graduates.
C) ​women with less than a high school education.
D) ​women with some college or associates degrees.

Question 11

​Fertility rates are highest among:

A) ​Asian Americans.
B) ​African Americans.
C) ​European Americans.
D) ​Hispanic Americans.

Question 12

Older mothers are:​

A) ​more at risk for pregnancy-related hypertension than are mothers between ages 20-40.
B) ​less likely to miscarry than are mothers between ages 20-40.
C) ​less likely to have Cesarean-section deliveries than are women between ages 20-40.
D) ​decreasing in numbers.

Question 13

The term "child-free" is used to describe:

A) homes where children have grown and left.
B) a couple where partners do not choose to have children.
C) homes where there are no children because of inability to conceive
D) families that allow their children a lot of freedom in the home.

Question 14

During pregnancy:​

A) ​women tend to lose interest in sexual activity in the second trimester.
B) ​women tend to lose interest in sexual activity in the third trimester.
C) ​women tend to lose interest in sexual activity in the first trimester.
D) ​there is no change in women's interest in sexual activity throughout the pregnancy.

Question 15

Unintended pregnancy rates are highest among:

A) high-income,white women.
B) middle-class women.
C) poor women.
D) There is no difference in the pregnancy rates for these groups.

Question 16

Women who choose to be child-free are generally:​

A) ​mentally unstable.
B) ​from wealthy families.
C) ​poorly educated.
D) ​well-educated and career-oriented.

Question 17

About what percentage of births to women age 15 to 44 is unplanned?​

A) ​12%
B) ​15%
C) ​22%
D) ​37%

Question 18

Comparing planned and unplanned pregnancies,we find which of the following?​

A) ​Unplanned pregnancies present greater risks due to lack of readiness or planning.
B) ​Babies born from unintended pregnancies suffer no more physical or social disadvantage than do other babies.
C) ​Mothers of unintended babies are less likely to suffer postpartum depression.
D) ​Mothers of planned pregnancies are more likely to suffer depression following the delivery.

Question 19

A typical child born in 2012 and raised to age 18 will cost approximately:​

A) ​$20,000 to $30,000.
B) ​$56,000 to $75,400.
C) ​$163,000 to $174,000.
D) ​$217,000 to $501,000.

Question 20

During pregnancy:​

A) ​couples are advised to refrain from engaging in sexual activity.
B) ​women are rarely interested in engaging in sexual activity.
C) ​women are discouraged from having orgasm.
D) ​couples should remember there are no set rules and sexuality depends on how each partner feels.

Question 21

Feminists criticize contemporary childbirth for which of the following reasons?​

A) ​Women have too much control over the birth process.
B) ​Many of the medical interventions are unnecessary.
C) ​Men are not included in the birth process as much as they should be.
D) ​The medical profession never listens to what women need during pregnancy.

Question 22

Which of the following is characteristic of adoptive families?​

A) ​Internationally-adopted children are more often male than female.
B) ​Adopted children are less likely to have some disability than biological children.
C) ​Families with adopted children are economically worse off than those with biological children.
D) ​Adoptive children benefit from environmentally-enriching households.

Question 23

Postpartum depression involves:​

A) ​only psychological factors.
B) ​biological,psychological,and social factors.
C) ​only biological factors.
D) ​only social factors.

Question 24

The ______ or so following childbirth constitutes the postpartum period.​

A) ​nine months
B) ​two months
C) ​three months
D) ​first year

Question 25

According to the "Listening to Mothers III" surveys,99% of the mothers felt:​

A) ​their childbirth experience was negative.
B) ​"supportive care" regarding their birthing experience.
C) ​"out of control" when working within the hospital system.
D) ​uncomfortable when asking questions about their pregnancy and delivery.

Question 26

Most women form a deep attachment to their children:​

A) ​before birth.
B) ​in the first few weeks after delivery.
C) ​in the child's first year.
D) ​once children begin to walk and talk.

Question 27

With respect to adoption,we find:

A) closed adoption is the norm.
B) open adoption is preferred by most adoption experts.
C) self-esteem is highest for those in closed adoptions.
D) views are mixed about the benefits of open adoption.

Question 28

The impersonal,assembly-line quality of hospital birth is:​

A) ​nonexistent today.
B) ​more popular in the Netherlands than in the United States.
C) ​becoming even more popular all around the world.
D) ​criticized by many.

Question 29

The ideology of intensive mothering refers to:​

A) ​an unrealistic standard against which mothers are judged.
B) ​the belief that mothers are more "intense" parents than fathers.
C) ​the expectation that mothers need to have two or more children to be characterized as "mothers first."
D) ​the adjustment period that mothers experience in the first month after delivering a child.

Question 30

An episiotomy is a:​

A) ​drug given to a woman to decrease labor pains.
B) ​procedure rarely performed in hospital births today.
C) ​form of socially prepared childbirth.
D) ​surgical procedure to enlarge the vagina.

Question 31

In looking at fatherhood,we find that:​

A) ​most fathers can be characterized as "nurturant" fathers.
B) ​new standards of fatherhood are acted upon by most fathers.
C) ​there is a discrepancy between the culture of fatherhood and the conduct of fatherhood.
D) ​fathers today typically engage in five times the number of activities with children than they did in the 1980s.

Question 32

Many stresses experienced by new parents may include which of the following?

A) Concern about having too much free time
B) General anxiety and depression
C) Infant leisure activities
D) Having too much money

Question 33

Obedience is most important in which style of parenting?​

A) Authoritative​
B) ​Authoritarian
C) ​Permissive
D) ​Uninvolved

Question 34

Couples can experience less stress in the first year of child rearing if they:​

A) ​are open in their communication.
B) ​are still in the process of developing a strong relationship with each other.
C) ​wait until the infant is at least a year old before discussing family planning.
D) ​did not feel strongly about having a child until the last trimester.

Question 35

The rate of infant mortality in the United States is:​

A) ​substantially higher than in most of the developed world.
B) ​lower than in most of the developed world.
C) ​the lowest in the world.
D) ​highest in the world.

Question 36

The _____ trimester may be the time of the greatest difficulties in daily living.​

A) ​first
B) ​second
C) ​third
D) ​"fourth" (postpartum period)

Question 37

Feminists assert that most pregnant women:​

A) ​should use a midwife rather than a physician when giving birth.
B) ​are essentially healthy and require minimal medical management during the birth process.
C) ​should all give birth in hospitals.
D) ​need medical intervention to have a safe delivery.

Question 38

Contemporary child-rearing strategies share which of the following tenets?​

A) ​Dominance
B) ​Lack of consequences
C) Open communication​
D) ​Physical punishment

Question 39

In the United States,infant mortality rates are highest among

A) African Americans.
B) whites.
C) Cuban Americans.
D) Asian Americans.

Question 40

Women who lose a pregnancy or young infant generally experience _____ in the initial stage.​

A) ​shock and disbelief
B) ​sadness
C) ​planning for the next pregnancy
D) ​depression

Question 41

Babies born from unintended pregnancies are more likely to suffer both physical and social disadvantages.

Question 42

The term "sandwich generation" refers to parents who:​

A) ​do not cook well-balanced meals for their children.
B) ​feel "sandwiched" in between work and home life.
C) ​have several children with conflicting demands.
D) ​are caring for dependent children and elderly parents simultaneously.

Question 43

Central to a feminist critique of childbirth is what is in the best interest of the fetus.

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the needs of children?​

A) ​Adequate care and nutrition
B) ​Protection from illness
C) ​Safe,nurturing,and challenging schooling
D) ​New or relatively new fashion and electronic devices

Question 45

The rate of infant mortality in the United States remains far lower than the rates in most of the developed world.

Question 46

The loss of a child through miscarriage or stillbirth is not as devastating as losing an older child because the parent has not had time to develop an attachment yet.

Question 47

Within the Hispanic population in the United States,fertility and birth rates are highest among Cuban Americans.

Question 48

A man may feel confusion or conflicts about sexual activity during a partner's pregnancy.

Question 49

What factor is most significant in accounting for differences between children who live with both biological parents and those living in single-parent,remarried,cohabiting,or stepparent households?​

A) ​Religious factors
B) ​Educational factors
C) ​Economic factors
D) ​Racial factors

Question 50

Couples typically have no idea that they will or will not have children before they marry.​

Question 51

When do parents stop feeling like parents?

A) Once their children reach adolescence
B) Once their children transition into adulthood
C) Once their children become parents
D) As long as they have children most parents still feel like parents

Question 52

Parentified children:​

A) ​can experience benefits from taking care of their parents before adulthood.
B) ​tend to reject careers in the helping professions as adults.
C) ​are typically self-focused and self-centered as adults as a result of their early childhood experiences.
D) ​are viewed as abnormal in all cultures.

Question 53

Parents can best foster high self-esteem in their children by doing which of the following?​

A) ​Telling them they are proud of them at least once a day
B) ​Encouraging conformity
C) ​Accepting their children as they are
D) ​Allowing their children unrestrained freedom

Question 54

Most hospitals respond to childbirth as a medical procedure.

Question 55

Although most women begin their families while in their twenties,we can expect that the trend toward later parenthood will continue to grow.​

Question 56

In regards to education,fertility rates are lowest among women with graduate degrees.​

Question 57

The cost of raising children is the same,regardless of one's social class.​

Question 58

The terms "childless" and "child-free" mean the same thing.​

Question 59

Research on gay and lesbian parents compared with children of heterosexual parents reveals that:​

A) ​there are differences in these children's gender identity.
B) ​there are differences in gender-role behavior.
C) ​children with gay and lesbian parents experience more behavioral problems.
D) ​there are no significant differences in gender identities or gender-role behavior.

Question 60

Most women find their hospital birth experiences to be extremely negative.

Question 61

Adoption laws vary widely from state to state.

Question 62

Many infants in the United States die of poverty-related conditions.​

Question 63

In recent years,few Americans have chosen to adopt for reasons other than infertility.

Question 64

Larger percentages of adopted children than biological children are poor.

Question 65

Gay and lesbian parenting alters a child's gender identification.