Deck 2: Studying Marriages and Families

Question 1

Social exchange theory has been criticized for:​

A) ​assuming that we are all rational,calculating individuals.
B) ​assuming that we are all irrational individuals.
C) ​not recognizing that exchanges can be cooperative
D) ​not recognizing that exchanges can be competitive.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Kate has not seen or heard from her mother since Hurricane Katrina hit the Louisiana town where her mother lived.She does not know for sure if her mother is dead or alive.Kate feels her mother's psychological presence even though she is not physically with her.Pauline Boss uses the term _____ to describe what Kate is feeling.​

A) mental illness​
B) ​delusional affect
C) ​ambiguous loss
D) ​trauma-induced psychosis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Exchange theory predicts that we will stay in an unhappy marriage when:​

A) ​the costs of leaving are equal to the costs of staying.
B) ​the costs of leaving are greater than the rewards of leaving and/or the costs of staying.
C) ​the costs of leaving are equal to the rewards of leaving.
D) ​none of the above,exchange theory predicts we will always leave an unhappy marriage.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding social exchange theory?

A) We never measure our actions and relationships.
B) We use a cost-benefit analysis in our relationships.
C) Exchanges between people have to balance out or the relationship is likely to end.
D) Cooperation is necessary for stability.

Question 5

The core concepts in ecological theory include:​

A) ​environment and adaptation.
B) ​environment and socialization.
C) ​mesosystem and exosystem.
D) ​microsystem and macrosystem.

Question 6

Equity is a key component of ____________ theory.​

A) ​symbolic interaction
B) ​structural functionalism
C) ​social exchange
D) ​family systems

Question 7

Maria believes the costs of her marriage exceed her rewards.According to exchange theory,Maria is likely to:​

A) ​stay married as long as her husband's costs are greater than his rewards,too.
B) ​stay married as long as she perceives her rewards are greater than her husband's rewards.
C) ​get a divorce no matter what.
D) ​get a divorce if she perceives greater rewards in some alternative and the costs of leaving are not too great.

Question 8

According to __________ theory,when the emotional costs of a relationship outweigh its benefits,we are likely to feel uncomfortable,angry,or distressed.​

A) ​social exchange
B) ​structural functionalism
C) ​symbolic interaction
D) ​family systems

Question 9

The portrayal of family life that results from soap opera families and daytime talk shows is:​

A) ​realistic and highly negative.
B) ​realistic and highly positive.
C) ​unrealistic and highly negative.
D) ​unrealistic and highly positive.

Question 10

Which of the following is a common stereotype related to marriage and family?​

A) ​People who divorce are selfless.
B) ​Stepfamilies are extremely happy.
C) ​Children raised in single-parent homes are advantaged over those raised in two-parent homes.
D) ​Women are instinctively nurturing.

Question 11

Jeff is surprised anytime someone disagrees with his opinion on an important topic because on some level he expects everyone to have the same values he has.Jeff's belief illustrates:​

A) ​ethnomania.
B) ​egocentric fallacy.
C) ​ethnocentric fallacy.
D) ​egomania.

Question 12

When we suspend personal beliefs we are applying:​

A) ​personal experience.
B) ​objectivity.
C) ​values.
D) ​opinions.

Question 13

Symbolic interaction theory:​

A) ​examines how people interact with each other.
B) ​looks at how each individual functions within the family unit.
C) ​examines resources and power.
D) ​focuses on the material exchange and equity between people who love each other.

Question 14

Examining how the sense of self is maintained in the process of acquiring social roles is fundamental to:​

A) ​social exchange theory.
B) ​family development theory.
C) ​symbolic interaction theory.
D) ​structural functionalism.

Question 15

A statement such as "everyone should get married" is an example of a(n):​

A) ​value judgment.
B) ​objective statement.
C) ​ethnocentric fallacy.
D) ​stereotype.

Question 16

Mistaken beliefs that everyone has the same experiences and values as oneself and therefore should think the same way one does are called:​

A) ethnocentric fallacies.​
B) ​egocentric fallacies.
C) ​egotistical fallacies.
D) ​ethnologic fallacies.

Question 17

The concept of "marital happiness" is transformed from an abstract concept to something measurable,such as "a score of 80 or above on the Spousal Satisfaction Scale" in a process called:​

A) ​deductive research.
B) ​inductive research.
C) ​conceptualization.
D) ​operationalization.

Question 18

As of 2014,_____ of U.S.households had at least one television set.​

A) ​100%
B) ​99%
C) ​96%
D) ​87%

Question 19

In Bronfenbrenner's ecologically-based theory,_____ contain the most immediate influences with which individuals have frequent contact.​

A) ​proximal processes
B) ​gradual processes
C) ​exosystems
D) ​macrosystems

Question 20

Which of the following is a common criticism of symbolic interaction theory?​

A) ​It places too much emphasis on the role of power in relationships.
B) ​It does not fully account for the psychological aspects of human life.
C) ​It places too much importance on duty,responsibility,and other family values.
D) ​It overemphasizes the effects of outside forces such as economic discrimination.

Question 21

The feminist perspective has been criticized because it:​

A) ​is not a unified theory.
B) ​ignores other disadvantaged groups.
C) ​does not focus enough on power.
D) ​does not focus enough on economics.

Question 22

Which of the following is not believed by family systems theorists?​

A) ​Interactions must be studied in the context of the family system.
B) ​The family has a structure that can be seen only in its interactions.
C) ​The family is a purposeful system; it has a goal.
D) ​Each family system stays the same over time.

Question 23

Dr.Gunter uses case studies in her research on strengths of single-parent families.She is conducting:​

A) ​quantitative research.
B) ​qualitative research.
C) ​an experiment.
D) ​a meta analysis.

Question 24

Conflict theory assumes that:​

A) ​differences lead to conflict.
B) ​only certain people in the family have power.
C) ​conflict is abnormal.
D) ​money is the universal source of power in the family.

Question 25

Family systems theorists:​

A) focus on the patterns of interaction between various family members.​
B) ​compare the family to the solar system.
C) ​see subsystems with blurred boundaries as functional.
D) ​focus on how a couple reacts to cultural influences.

Question 26

Case studies and in-depth interviews are examples of:​

A) ​qualitative research.
B) ​quantitative research.
C) ​secondary data analysis.
D) ​triangulation.

Question 27

Williams uses data collected by the U.S.Census Bureau in her research on families.This research method is called:​

A) ​survey method.
B) ​borrowed data technique.
C) ​recycled data utilization.
D) ​secondary data analysis.

Question 28

What method of research deals with large amounts of information that is analyzed and presented statistically?​

A) ​Qualitative
B) ​Comparative
C) ​Quantitative
D) ​Meta-study

Question 29

Family development theory has been criticized for:​

A) ​assuming the sequential processes of intact,nuclear families.
B) ​placing too much emphasis on diversity.
C) ​being too complex.
D) ​ignoring the contribution of children to family processes.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a macro-level theory?​

A) ​Structural functionalism
B) ​Conflict theory
C) ​Family ecology theory
D) ​Family systems theory

Question 31

According to conflict theory,four important sources of power in relationships are:​

A) ​love,money,education,and age.
B) ​legitimacy,money,physical coercion,and love.
C) ​physical strength,money,beauty,and gender.
D) ​physical coercion,education,age,and status.

Question 32

Family systems theory is a combination of:​

A) ​structural functionalism and symbolic interaction theory.
B) ​structural functionalism and social exchange theory.
C) ​social exchange theory and symbolic interaction theory.
D) ​family development theory and structural functionalism.

Question 33

The most recent idea used to examine the dynamic nature of the family by family development theorists is the:​

A) ​individual development of each family member.
B) ​family life cycle.
C) ​family career.
D) ​family life course.

Question 34

The feminist perspective maintains that traditional gender roles are not:​

A) ​socially constructed.
B) ​created as oppressive conditions and barriers to opportunity.
C) ​the result of biological conditions.
D) ​created to maintain the power of men over women.

Question 35

Conflict theory has been criticized for:​

A) ​assuming behavior is characterized by self-sacrifice.
B) ​assuming behavior is characterized by cooperation.
C) ​putting too much emphasis on the power of love.
D) ​assuming that differences lead to conflict.

Question 36

Dr.Walker believes that life involves discord and competition.Dr.Walker is a _____ theorist.​

A) ​social exchange
B) ​structural functionalism
C) ​conflict
D) ​family systems

Question 37

According to _____,the family experience is primarily shaped by gender.​

A) ​the masculine perspective
B) ​the feminist perspective
C) ​family systems theory
D) ​family development theory

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of surveys?​

A) ​They are the most popular data gathering tool in marriage and family studies.
B) ​They can only be conducted through written questionnaires.
C) ​They cannot offer complete anonymity.
D) ​They gather information from a large population and infer conclusions valid for a small representative group of people.

Question 39

The primary feminist theory goal is to:​

A) ​get equal pay for equal work within the household.
B) ​minimize the contributions of men in family systems and create female-centered families.
C) ​raise society's level of awareness regarding the oppression of women and all other disadvantaged groups.
D) ​raise awareness regarding the oppression of women as members of all families and households.

Question 40

Examining the needs a family meets for its individual members is an aspect of:​

A) conflict theory.​
B) ​structural functionalism.
C) ​social exchange theory.
D) ​the feminist perspective.

Question 41

Combining observational data with data obtained through other methods such as surveys or secondary analysis is a process referred to as:​

A) data expansion.​
B) ​triangulation.
C) ​operationalization.
D) ​conceptualization.

Question 42

Grounded theory is inductive.​

Question 43

In the hypothesis "race influences marital status," marital status is the:​

A) ​independent variable.
B) ​dependent variable.
C) ​intervening variable.
D) ​dummy variable.

Question 44

In family ecology theory,the macrosystem consists of interconnections between microsystems.​

Question 45

Pauline Boss uses the term ambiguous loss to describe a loss that you feel both happy and sad about.​

Question 46

The research method that is most popular in marriage and family studies is the:​

A) ​interview method.
B) ​survey method.
C) ​clinical experiment method.
D) ​covert observation method.

Question 47

Based on what is known about the media's portrayal of family life,the best advice if looking for accuracy is to:​

A) ​watch soap operas.
B) ​watch daytime talk shows.
C) ​watch reality television.
D) ​turn off the television.

Question 48

Clinical studies have been very beneficial in:​

A) ​providing a model of the normal family.
B) ​developing insights into family processes.
C) ​making inferences to the population in general.
D) ​proving the cause of family dysfunctions.

Question 49

​Which of the following is not a major problem in using the survey method in family research?

A) ​Research participants may under-report undesirable behavior.
B) ​The sample may not be representative.
C) ​Research participants may not understand their own behavior.
D) ​Questionnaires are one of the most expensive and difficult research methods.

Question 50

Stereotypes are fairly resistant to change.​

Question 51

Defining the family as inherently weak and prone to disagreement at all times is critical to conflict theory.​

Question 52

Clinical research examines:​

A) ​people randomly selected from a large population.
B) ​large groups.
C) ​only patients who are hospitalized.
D) ​people who come to a psychiatrist,psychologist,or social worker.

Question 53

Symbolic interactionists study how the sense of self is maintained in the process of acquiring social roles.​

Question 54

A scientist wants to conduct research to determine if change in a certain variable causes predicable change in another variable.Which method should the scientist use?​

A) ​Clinical
B) ​Correlational
C) ​Survey
D) ​Experimental

Question 55

Dr.Byron is conducting research in order to find out if a new parenting program being used at an agency is effective.This best illustrates:​

A) basic research.​
B) deductive research.​
C) ​applied research.
D) ​grounded theory.

Question 56

Popular culture is a key source of accurate information on families.​

Question 57

Biases are strong opinions that may create barriers to hearing anything that is contrary to our opinion.​

Question 58

Ambiguous loss and post-traumatic stress disorder are not the same thing.​

Question 59

The emphasis of family ecology theory is on how families are influenced by and in turn influence the wider environment.​

Question 60

Interviews can be advantageous compared to surveys because they:​

A) ​enable cause-and-effect relationships to be fully determined.
B) ​minimize the effects of bias in interpretation of responses.
C) ​permit probes of greater depth and can follow paths suggested by the interviewee.
D) ​elicit more honest responses.

Question 61

Most of us are consciously aware of calculating benefits and costs when making decisions in our relationships.​

Question 62

Experimental research involves isolating a single factor under controlled circumstances to determine its influence.​

Question 63

Self-help and child-rearing books are typically value-free.​

Question 64

Reality television is more representative of familial reality than daytime talk shows.​

Question 65

Family development theory looks at the changes in the family that typically commence in the formation of a series of stages.​

Question 66

Applied research is used to measure the effectiveness of policies and programs.​

Question 67

Secondary data analysis involves interviewing the same person twice before analyzing the data.​

Question 68

The feminist perspective is a unified theory,which can be applied across cultures and societies.​

Question 69

Feminists customarily extend their concern for greater sensitivity to all disadvantaged groups,not just women.​

Question 70

A family systems approach assumes that the family has a structure that can only be seen in its interaction.​

Question 71

The most popular data-gathering technique in marriage and family studies is the case study method.​

Question 72

Social exchange theory addresses equity and fairness.​

Question 73

According to family systems theorists,the family seeks homeostasis,which makes change difficult.​

Question 74

​Structural functionalists believe social stability is in the best interest of society.

Question 75

Clinical studies are of value because we can use them to make inferences about the general population.​