Deck 32: Epidemiology
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Deck 32: Epidemiology
1
The most common organism associated with urinary tract infections in hospitals is
A) Escherichia coli.
B) Candida albicans.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A) Escherichia coli.
B) Candida albicans.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A
2
Disease is measured by the total number of new reported disease cases within a population over a period of time.
A) morbidity
B) incidence
C) frequency
D) prevalence
A) morbidity
B) incidence
C) frequency
D) prevalence
B
3
Which of the following has the highest mutation rate?
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) HIV
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Escherichia coli
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) HIV
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Escherichia coli
B
4
Which is NOT a disease for which quarantine is required?
A) plague
B) smallpox
C) SARS
D) cholera
A) plague
B) smallpox
C) SARS
D) cholera
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5
Which of the following is NOT a vector important in disease transmission?
A) rodents
B) insects
C) ticks
D) fomites
A) rodents
B) insects
C) ticks
D) fomites
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6
An example of a cyclical disease is
A) anthrax.
B) diphtheria.
C) smallpox.
D) influenza.
A) anthrax.
B) diphtheria.
C) smallpox.
D) influenza.
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7
Initial case studies in the United States suggested an unusually high AIDS prevalence among
A) intravenous (IV) drug users.
B) homosexual men.
C) homosexual men and IV drug users.
D) transfusion recipients.
A) intravenous (IV) drug users.
B) homosexual men.
C) homosexual men and IV drug users.
D) transfusion recipients.
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8
A marked seasonality to a disease is often indicative of
A) a seasonal reservoir.
B) the presence of carriers.
C) a zoonotic infection.
D) certain modes of transmission.
A) a seasonal reservoir.
B) the presence of carriers.
C) a zoonotic infection.
D) certain modes of transmission.
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9
Treponema pallidum cannot be spread via fomites, because the bacterium
A) adheres to fomites in such a way that it cannot be picked up without being destroyed.
B) lives within the host cell, so it would never be found on a fomite.
C) infects the fomites, causing them to become secondary hosts.
D) is so sensitive to drying that it cannot survive away from the body.
A) adheres to fomites in such a way that it cannot be picked up without being destroyed.
B) lives within the host cell, so it would never be found on a fomite.
C) infects the fomites, causing them to become secondary hosts.
D) is so sensitive to drying that it cannot survive away from the body.
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10
Hospital and nursing home patients are susceptible to serious infections because
A) the use of antibiotics selects for antibiotic- resistant organisms.
B) many patients have low resistance to infectious diseases.
C) many diverse human reservoirs are present.
D) of all of the above.
A) the use of antibiotics selects for antibiotic- resistant organisms.
B) many patients have low resistance to infectious diseases.
C) many diverse human reservoirs are present.
D) of all of the above.
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11
A ground- glass appearance on blood agar is characteristic of
A) Bacillus anthracis.
B) Streptococcus pyogenes.
C) Escherichia coli.
D) Yersinia pestis.
A) Bacillus anthracis.
B) Streptococcus pyogenes.
C) Escherichia coli.
D) Yersinia pestis.
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12
Which of the following diseases is NOT normally spread by a common source?
A) cholera
B) waterborne diseases
C) foodborne diseases
D) measles
A) cholera
B) waterborne diseases
C) foodborne diseases
D) measles
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13
Which of the following is an example of herd immunity?
A) Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in the United States.
B) Federal law requires that all cattle not immune to anthrax be destroyed.
C) If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population.
D) All farm animals used for food must be immunized against all the common agents of disease that infect humans.
A) Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in the United States.
B) Federal law requires that all cattle not immune to anthrax be destroyed.
C) If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population.
D) All farm animals used for food must be immunized against all the common agents of disease that infect humans.
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14
The H1N1 strain of influenza virus, which caused a pandemic in 2009, was the result of genome rearrangement of which viruses?
A) bird and human influenza viruses
B) bird and swine influenza viruses
C) bird, cattle, human, and swine viruses
D) bird, human, and swine influenza viruses
A) bird and human influenza viruses
B) bird and swine influenza viruses
C) bird, cattle, human, and swine viruses
D) bird, human, and swine influenza viruses
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15
Which group of organisms is considered a major epidemiological problem because of their rapid, unpredictable genetic mutations?
A) RNA viruses
B) gram- positive bacteria
C) Archaea
D) DNA viruses
A) RNA viruses
B) gram- positive bacteria
C) Archaea
D) DNA viruses
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16
Which body site is preferentially infected by nosocomial pathogens?
A) gastrointestinal tract
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) respiratory tract
D) liver
A) gastrointestinal tract
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) respiratory tract
D) liver
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17
An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most appropriately called a
A) carrier.
B) vector.
C) fomite.
D) reservoir.
A) carrier.
B) vector.
C) fomite.
D) reservoir.
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18
Which of the following is/are considered (a) direct contact infection(s)?
A) syphilis
B) skin infections
C) gonorrhea
D) all of the above
A) syphilis
B) skin infections
C) gonorrhea
D) all of the above
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19
Where is the causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, typically found?
A) in human reservoirs
B) in cattle reservoirs
C) in soil
D) in rodent reservoirs
A) in human reservoirs
B) in cattle reservoirs
C) in soil
D) in rodent reservoirs
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20
A nonliving source of infectious agents that infects large populations of people is called
A) vehicles.
B) vectors.
C) fomites.
D) reservoirs.
A) vehicles.
B) vectors.
C) fomites.
D) reservoirs.
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21
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population is the field of .
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22
Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms?
A) infection
B) decline period
C) incubation period
D) acute period
A) infection
B) decline period
C) incubation period
D) acute period
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23
Pasteurization of milk helped eliminate the spread of _ _ to humans.
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24
are diseases that primarily infect animals but are occasionally transmitted to humans.
A) Vector infections
B) Nosocomial infections
C) Muduranes
D) Zoonoses
A) Vector infections
B) Nosocomial infections
C) Muduranes
D) Zoonoses
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25
The most common vectorborne disease in the United States is
A) rabies.
B) enterohemorrhagic fever.
C) Lyme disease.
D) malaria.
A) rabies.
B) enterohemorrhagic fever.
C) Lyme disease.
D) malaria.
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26
In 2003 the majority of AIDS deaths occurred in _ .
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27
The term is applied to strains and preparations of Bacillus anthracis that exhibit properties that enhance dissemination and use as biological weapons.
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28
"Typhoid Mary" is a classic example of a(n) , because she was infected by the causative agent for typhoid fever yet was asymptomatic.
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29
The number of ill individuals within a population is referred to as
A) residency.
B) morbidity.
C) mortality.
D) prevalence.
A) residency.
B) morbidity.
C) mortality.
D) prevalence.
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30
Which of the following is one of the most important and widespread hospital pathogens, is the most common cause of pneumonia, is the third most common cause of blood infections, and is often resistant to common antibiotics?
A) Klebsiella pneumoniae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Escherichia coli
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A) Klebsiella pneumoniae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Escherichia coli
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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31
A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n)
A) epidemic.
B) sporadic.
C) endemic.
D) pandemic.
A) epidemic.
B) sporadic.
C) endemic.
D) pandemic.
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32
A large number of cases of a particular disease observed in a relatively short period of time in an area that previously experienced only sporadic cases of the disease is known as a(n)
A) outbreak.
B) endemic.
C) pandemic.
D) zoonosis.
A) outbreak.
B) endemic.
C) pandemic.
D) zoonosis.
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33
Filoviruses generally have a mortality rate of greater than percent.
A) 20
B) 80
C) 5
D) 60
A) 20
B) 80
C) 5
D) 60
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34
An animal reservoir for SARS is
A) insects.
B) bats.
C) civet cats.
D) rodents.
A) insects.
B) bats.
C) civet cats.
D) rodents.
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35
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by
A) a rhinovirus.
B) the influenza virus.
C) a coronavirus.
D) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
A) a rhinovirus.
B) the influenza virus.
C) a coronavirus.
D) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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36
Potential candidates for biological warfare
A) are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic.
B) are generally gram- negative rather than gram- positive.
C) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus.
D) must be genetically engineered to be effective.
A) are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic.
B) are generally gram- negative rather than gram- positive.
C) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus.
D) must be genetically engineered to be effective.
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37
Which organism contaminated the municipal water supply of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1993 and resulted in over 400,000 cases of intestinal disease?
A) Vibrio cholera
B) Cryptosporidium
C) Escherichia coli
D) Bordetella pertussis
A) Vibrio cholera
B) Cryptosporidium
C) Escherichia coli
D) Bordetella pertussis
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38
Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen found in a hospital environment?
A) Klebsiella pneumoniae
B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C) Escherichia coli
D) Staphylococcus aureus
A) Klebsiella pneumoniae
B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C) Escherichia coli
D) Staphylococcus aureus
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39
Epidemiological studies of AIDS in Africa have confirmed that _ transmission of the virus is the norm.
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40
The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is
A) mechanical vector.
B) insect vector.
C) a common source.
D) host to host.
A) mechanical vector.
B) insect vector.
C) a common source.
D) host to host.
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41
The World Health Organization (WHO) has presently targeted _ as a disease for eradication.
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42
The virus introduced into Australia in 1950 to control the rabbit population was _ , which was spread among rabbits by .
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43
Individuals who show no symptoms or only mild symptoms are said to have .
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44
In the United States and other developed countries, deaths due to infectious diseases are decreasing.
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45
Based on recent hospital studies, Escherichia coli seems to be decreasing in pathogenic virulence.
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46
Reservoirs of infectious disease agents may be either animate or inanimate.
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47
With regard to mode of disease transmission, respiratory pathogens are generally
, and intestinal pathogens are generally spread by contaminated and contaminated .
, and intestinal pathogens are generally spread by contaminated and contaminated .
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48
Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are referred to as diseases.
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49
Disease cases that exhibit new syndromes or characteristics, or are linked to new pathogens, are surveyed through regional laboratories and are called .
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50
Virtually all mosquito- transmitted encephalitis viruses cause disease primarily during the
months.
months.
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51
Candida albicans is a(n) , because it is generally causes disease only in those with immunocompromised systems.
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52
Currently, about 100 cases of are reported each year in the United States, over half due to infections imported by visitors from other countries.
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53
The disease incidence showing a relatively slow, progressive rise and a gradual decline is indicative of a(n) epidemic.
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54
A disease that is constantly present in low numbers is called an acute disease.
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55
In just over a decade of efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated smallpox through worldwide _ _.
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56
The two main categories of biological weapons classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are _ and , which are distinguished from one another due to their _.
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57
Virtually all individuals who are at risk for acquiring HIV share two specific behavior patterns, which are _ and .
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58
People who have a subclinical case of a disease are frequently of a particular disease.
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59
SARS- CoV is spread among humans by , _ _, , or .
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60
In the absence of susceptible hosts, Clostridium tetani would still survive in nature.
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61
Staphylococci can cause several different skin diseases such as pimples.
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62
Explain how increasing water surface area, such as enlarging a shoreline during damming, can also increase the incidence of disease in the area. Also indicate a disease that can increase due to this action.
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63
Food and water are considered disease vehicles.
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64
What is RHDV? What are the pros and cons of using RHDV environmentally?
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65
Describe three reasons why infectious diseases are easily spread in hospital environments.
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66
When the life cycle of a disease agent is dependent on a single host species the pathogen can be eradicated.
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67
Differentiate between acute and chronic carriers of a disease.
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68
To control a disease in a population, 100% immunization is necessary.
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69
Differentiate between common- source and host- to- host epidemics.
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70
Upper respiratory infectious agents are commonly transmitted from person to person.
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71
Many pathogenic organisms require living hosts as reservoirs to survive.
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72
Morbidity statistics more precisely define the health of a population than mortality statistics.
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73
Certain therapeutic drugs increase susceptibility to infection.
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74
Botswana and Swaziland have roughly 25% of the adult population infected with HIV.
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75
An endemic disease is constantly present, usually at low incidence, in a population.
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76
Nosocomial pathogens are often found as normal flora in either patients or hospital staff.
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77
Ringworm is a skin disease caused by microscopic eukaryotic worms.
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78
Failure to reach equilibrium with a disease agent could result in extinction for a host species.
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79
Many parasites use antigenic variation to decrease virulence within a specific host.
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80
The incidence of HIV among hemophiliacs and transfusion recipients has remained constant since 1994.
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